{"id":36392,"date":"2021-03-01T10:42:29","date_gmt":"2021-03-01T10:42:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/samacheer-kalvi.com\/?p=36392"},"modified":"2021-12-06T15:51:00","modified_gmt":"2021-12-06T10:21:00","slug":"samacheer-kalvi-11th-chemistry-guide-chapter-10","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/samacheer-kalvi.com\/samacheer-kalvi-11th-chemistry-guide-chapter-10\/","title":{"rendered":"Samacheer Kalvi 11th Chemistry Guide Chapter 10 Chemical Bonding"},"content":{"rendered":"

Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus Samacheer Kalvi 11th Chemistry Guide<\/a> Pdf Chapter 10 Chemical Bonding Text Book Back Questions and Answers, Notes.<\/p>\n

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 11th Chemistry Solutions Chapter 10 Chemical Bonding<\/h2>\n

11th Chemistry Guide Chemical Bonding Text Book Back Questions and Answers<\/h3>\n

Textbook Evaluation:<\/span><\/p>\n

I. Choose the best answer:<\/span><\/p>\n

Question 1.
\nIn which of the following compound does the central atom obey the octet rule?
\na) XeF4<\/sub>
\nb) AlCl3<\/sub>
\nc) SF6<\/sub>
\nd) SCl2<\/sub>
\nAnswer:
\nd) SCl2<\/sub><\/p>\n

Question 2.
\nIn the molecule OA<\/sub> = C = OB<\/sub>, the formal charge on OA<\/sub>, C and OB<\/sub> are respectively.
\na) -1, 0, +1
\nb) +1, 0, -1
\nc) -2, 0, +2
\nd) 0, 0, 0
\nAnswer:
\nd) 0, 0, 0<\/p>\n

Question 3.
\nWhich of the following is electron deficient?
\na) PH3<\/sub>
\nb) (CH3<\/sub>)2<\/sub>
\nc) BH3<\/sub>
\nd) NH3<\/sub>
\nAnswer:
\nc) BH3<\/sub><\/p>\n

Question 4.
\nWhich of the following molecule contain no \u03c0 bond?
\na) SO2<\/sub>
\nb) NO2<\/sub>
\nc) CO2<\/sub>
\nd) H2<\/sub>O
\nAnswer:
\nd) H2<\/sub>O<\/p>\n

Question 5.
\nThe ratio of number of sigma (\u03c3) bond and pi (\u03c0) bonds in 2 – butynal is
\na) 8\/3
\nb) 5\/3
\nc) 8\/2
\nd) 9\/2
\nAnswer:
\na) 8\/3<\/p>\n

\"Samacheer<\/p>\n

Question 6.
\nWhich one of the following is the likely bond angles of sulphur tetrafluo-ride molecule?
\na) 120\u00b0, 80\u00b0
\nb) 109\u00b028\u2019
\nc) 90\u00b0
\nd) 89\u00b0, 117\u00b0
\nAnswer:
\nd) 89\u00b0, 117\u00b0<\/p>\n

Question 7.
\nAssertion:
\nOxygen molecule is paramagnetic.
\nReason :
\nIt has two unpaired electron in its bonding molecular orbital
\na) both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
\nb) both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
\nc) assertion is true but reason is false.
\nd) both assertion and reason are false.
\nAnswer:
\nc) assertion is true but reason is false.<\/p>\n

Question 8.
\nAccording to Valence bond theory, a bond between two atoms is formed when
\na) fully filled atomic orbitals overlap
\nb) half filled atomic orbitals overlap
\nc) non – bonding atomic orbitals overlap
\nd) empty atomic orbitals overlap
\nAnswer:
\nb) half filled atomic orbitals overlap<\/p>\n

Question 9.
\nIn ClF3<\/sub>, NF3<\/sub> and BF3<\/sub> molecules the chlorine, nitrogen and boron atoms are
\na) sp3<\/sup> hybridised
\nb) sp3<\/sup>, sp3<\/sup> and sp2<\/sup> respectively
\nc) sp3<\/sup> hybridised
\nd) sp3<\/sup>d, sp3<\/sup> and sp hybridised respectively
\nAnswer:
\nd) sp3<\/sup>d, sp3<\/sup> and sp hybridised respectively<\/p>\n

Question 10.
\nWhen one s and three p orbitals hybridise,
\na) four equivalent orbitals at 90\u00b0 to each other will be formed
\nb) four equivalent orbitals at 109\u00b028\u2019 to each other will be formed
\nc) four equivalent orbitals, that are lying the same plane will be formed
\nd) none of these
\nAnswer:
\nb) four equivalent orbitals at 109\u00b028\u2019 to each other will be formed<\/p>\n

\"Samacheer<\/p>\n

Question 11.
\nWhich of these represents the correct order of their increasing bond order.
\na) C2<\/sub>+<\/sup> < C2<\/sub>2-<\/sup> < O2<\/sub>2-<\/sup> < O2<\/sub>
\nb) C2<\/sub>2-<\/sup> < C2<\/sub>+<\/sup> < O2<\/sub> < O2<\/sub>2-<\/sup>
\nc) O2<\/sub>2-<\/sup> < O2<\/sub> < C2<\/sub>2-<\/sup> < C2<\/sub>+<\/sup>
\nd) O2<\/sub>2-<\/sup> < C2<\/sub>+<\/sup> < O2<\/sub> < C2<\/sub>2-<\/sup>
\nAnswer:
\nd) O2<\/sub>2-<\/sup> < C2<\/sub>+<\/sup> < O2<\/sub> < C2<\/sub>2-<\/sup><\/p>\n

Question 12.
\nHybridisation of central atom in PCl5<\/sub>\u00a0involves the mixing of orbitals.
\na) s, Px<\/sub>, Py<\/sub>,\u00a0dx2<\/sup><\/sub>,\u00a0dx2<\/sup> – y2<\/sup><\/sub>
\nb) s, px<\/sub>, py<\/sub>, pxy<\/sub>, dx2<\/sup> – y2<\/sup><\/sub>
\nc) s, px<\/sub>, py<\/sub>, pz<\/sub>, dx2<\/sup> – y2<\/sup><\/sub>
\nd) s, px<\/sub>, Py<\/sub>, dxy<\/sub>, dx2<\/sup> – y2<\/sup><\/sub>
\nAnswer:
\nc) s, px<\/sub>, py<\/sub>, pz<\/sub>, dx2<\/sup> – y2<\/sup><\/sub><\/p>\n

Question 13.
\nThe correct order of O – O bond length in hydrogen peroxide, ozone and oxygen is
\na) H2<\/sub>O2<\/sub> > O3<\/sub> > O2<\/sub>
\nb) O2<\/sub> > O3<\/sub> > H2<\/sub>O2<\/sub>
\nc) O2<\/sub> > H2<\/sub>O2<\/sub> > O3<\/sub>
\nd) O3<\/sub> > O2<\/sub> > H2<\/sub>O2<\/sub>
\nAnswer:
\nb) O2<\/sub> > O3<\/sub> > H2<\/sub>O2<\/sub><\/p>\n

Question 14.
\nWhich one of the following is diamagnetic?
\na) O2<\/sub>
\nb) O2<\/sub>2-<\/sup>
\nc) O2<\/sub>+<\/sup>
\nd) None of these
\nAnswer:
\nb) O2<\/sub>2-<\/sup><\/p>\n

Question 15.
\nBond order of a species is 2.5 and the number of electrons in its bonding molecular orbital is formed to be 8. The no. of electrons in its antibonding molecular orbital is
\na) three
\nb) four
\nc) Zero
\nd) can not be calculated from the given information
\nAnswer:
\na) three<\/p>\n

\"Samacheer<\/p>\n

Question 16.
\nShape and hybridisation of IF5<\/sub> are
\na) Trigonal bipyramidal, sp3<\/sup>d2<\/sup>
\nb) Trigonal bipyramidal, sp3<\/sup>d
\nc) Square pyramidal, sp3<\/sup>d2<\/sup>
\nd) Octahedral, sp3<\/sup>d2<\/sup>
\nAnswer:
\nc) Square pyramidal, sp3<\/sup>d2<\/sup><\/p>\n

Question 17.
\nPick out the incorrect statement from the following:
\na) sp3<\/sup> hybrid orbitals are equivalent and are at an angle of 109\u00b028\u2019 with each other
\nb) dsp2<\/sup> hybrid orbitals are equivalent and bond angle between any two of them is 90\u00b0
\nc) All five sp3<\/sup>d hybrid orbitals are not equivalent out of these five sp3<\/sup>d hybrid orbitals, three are at an angle of 120\u00b0 remaining two are perpendicular to the plane containing the other three
\nd) none of these
\nAnswer:
\nc) All five sp3<\/sup>d hybrid orbitals are not equivalent out of these five sp3<\/sup>d hybrid orbitals, three are at an angle of 120\u00b0 remaining two are perpendicular to the plane containing the other three<\/p>\n

Question 18.
\nThe molecules having same hybridisation, shape and number of lone pairs of electrons are
\na) SeF4<\/sub>, XeO2<\/sub>F2<\/sub>
\nb) SF4<\/sub>, XeF2<\/sub>
\nc) XeOF4<\/sub>, TeF4<\/sub>
\nd) SeCl4<\/sub>, XeF4<\/sub>
\nAnswer:
\na) SeF4<\/sub>, XeO2<\/sub>F2<\/sub><\/p>\n

Question 19.
\nIn which of the following molecules \/ ions BF3<\/sub>, NO2<\/sub>–<\/sup>\u00a0H2<\/sub>0 the central atom is sp2<\/sup> hybridised?
\na) NH2<\/sub>–<\/sup> and H2<\/sub>O
\nb) NO2<\/sub>–<\/sup> and H2<\/sub>O
\nc) BF3<\/sub> and NO2<\/sub>–<\/sup>
\nd) BF3<\/sub> and NH2<\/sub>–<\/sup>
\nAnswer:
\nc) BF3<\/sub> and NO2<\/sub>–<\/sup><\/p>\n

Question 20.
\nSome of the following properties of two species, NO3<\/sub>–<\/sup> and H3<\/sub>O+<\/sup> are described below. Which one of them is correct?
\na) dissimilar in hybridisation for the central atom with different structure
\nb) isostructural with same hybridisation for the central atom.
\nc) different hybridisation for the central atom with same structure.
\nd) none of these
\nAnswer:
\na) dissimilar in hybridisation for the central atom with different structure<\/p>\n

\"Samacheer<\/p>\n

Question 21.
\nThe types of hybridisation on the five-carbon atom from right to left in the, 2,3 pentadiene.
\na) sp3<\/sup>, sp2<\/sup>, sp, sp2<\/sup>, sp3<\/sup>
\nb) sp3<\/sup>, sp, sp, sp, sp3<\/sup>
\nc) sp2<\/sup>, sp, sp2<\/sup>, sp2<\/sup>, sp3<\/sup>
\nd) sp3<\/sup>, sp3<\/sup>, sp2<\/sup>, sp3<\/sup>, sp3<\/sup>
\nAnswer:
\na) sp3<\/sup>, sp2<\/sup>, sp, sp2<\/sup>, sp3<\/sup><\/p>\n

Question 22.
\nXeF2<\/sub> is isostructural with
\na) SbCl2<\/sub>
\nb) BaCl2<\/sub>
\nc) TeF2<\/sub>
\nd) ICl2<\/sub>–<\/sup>
\nAnswer:
\nd) ICl2<\/sub>–<\/sup><\/p>\n

Question 23.
\nThe percentage of s-character of the hybrid orbitals in methane, ethane, ethene, and ethyne are respectively
\na) 25, 25, 33.3, 50
\nb) 50, 50, 33.3, 25
\nc) 50, 25, 33.3, 50
\nd) 50, 25, 25, 50
\nAnswer:
\na) 25, 25, 33.3, 50<\/p>\n

Question 24.
\nOf the following molecules, which have shape similar to carbondioxide?
\na) SnCl2<\/sub>
\nb) NO2<\/sub>
\nc) C2<\/sub>H2<\/sub>
\nd) All of these
\nAnswer:
\nc) C2<\/sub>H2<\/sub><\/p>\n

Question 25.
\nAccording to VSEPR theory, the repulsion between different parts of electrons obey the order
\na) 1. p – 1. p > b. p – b. p > 1. p – b. p
\nb) b. p – b. p > b. p – 1. p > 1. p – b. p
\nc) 1. p – 1. p > b. p – 1. p > b. p – b. p
\nd) b. p – b. p > 1. p – 1. p > b. p – 1. p
\nAnswer:
\nc) 1. p – 1. p > b. p – 1. p > b. p – b. p<\/p>\n

\"Samacheer<\/p>\n

Question 26.
\nShape of ClF3<\/sub> is
\na) Planar triangular
\nb) Pyramidal
\nc) “T” Shaped
\nd) none of these
\nAnswer:
\nc) “T” Shaped<\/p>\n

Question 27.
\nNon – Zero dipole moment is shown by
\na) CO2<\/sub>
\nb) p – dichlorobenzene
\nc) carbontetrachloride
\nd) water
\nAnswer:
\nd) water<\/p>\n

Question 28.
\nWhich of the following conditions is not correct for resonating structures?
\na) the contributing structure must have the same number of unpaired electrons
\nb) the contributing structures should have similar energies
\nc) the resonance hybrid should have higher energy than any of the contributing structure.
\nd) none of these
\nAnswer:
\nc) the resonance hybrid should have higher energy than any of the contributing structure.<\/p>\n

Question 29.
\nAmong the following, the compound that contains, ionic, covalent, and Coordinate linkage is
\na) NH4<\/sub>Cl
\nb) NH3<\/sub>
\nc) NaCl
\nd) none of these
\nAnswer:
\na) NH4<\/sub>Cl<\/p>\n

Question 30.
\nCaO and NaCl have the same crystal structure and approximately the same radii. If U is the lattice energy of NaCl, the approximate lattice energy of CaO is
\na) U
\nb) 2U
\nc) U \/2
\nd) 4U
\nAnswer:
\nd) 4U<\/p>\n

\"Samacheer<\/p>\n

II. Write brief answer to the following questions:<\/span><\/p>\n

Question 31.
\nDefine the following:
\ni) Bond order
\nii) Hybridisation
\niii) \u03c3 – bond
\nAnswer:
\ni) Bond order:
\nThe number of bonds formed between the two bonded atoms in a molecule is called the bond order.<\/p>\n

ii) Hybridisation:
\nHybridisation is the process of mixing of atomic orbitals of the same atom with comparable energy to form an equal number of new equivalent orbitals with the same energy.<\/p>\n

iii) \u03c3 – bond:
\nWhen two atomic orbitals overlap linearly along the axis, the resultant bond is called a sigma (\u03c3) bond.<\/p>\n

Question 32.
\nWhat is a pi – bond?
\nAnswer:
\nWhen two atomic orbitals overlaps sideways, the resultant covalent bond is called a pi (\u03c0) bond. When we consider x – axis as molecular axis, the py<\/sub> – py<\/sub> and pz<\/sub> – pz<\/sub> overlaps will result in the formation of a \u03c0 – bond.<\/p>\n

Question 33.
\nIn CH4<\/sub>, NH3<\/sub> and H2<\/sub>O, the central atom undergoes sp3 hybridization – yet their bond angles are different. Why?
\nAnswer:
\nAccording to VSEPR theory, as H2<\/sub>O has two lone pairs so it repels the bond pairs much more and makes bond angle shorter of 104.5 degrees, and as NH3<\/sub> has one lone pair that repels the three bond pairs but not much effectively and strongly as two lone pairs of water repel one bond pair.<\/p>\n

So the bond angle between Hydrogen atom of ammonia is 107.5 greater than that of water. Similarly, methane molecule have no lone pair and bond pair repels each other with the equal bond angle between two adjacent hydrogen atoms becomes 109\u00b0.28′.<\/p>\n

Question 34.
\nExplain Sp2<\/sup> hybridization in BF3<\/sub>.
\nAnswer:
\nConsider boron trifluoride molecule. The valence shell electronic configuration of boron atom is [He]2s2<\/sup> 2p1<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

\"Samacheer<\/p>\n

\"Samacheer<\/p>\n

In the ground state boron has only one unpaired electron in the valence shell. In order to form three covalent bonds with fluorine atoms, three unpaired electrons are required. To achieve this, one of the paired electrons in the 2s orbital is promoted to the 2py<\/sub> orbital in the excite state. In boron, the s orbital and two p orbitals (px<\/sub> and py<\/sub>) in the valence shell hybridises, to generate three equivalent sp2<\/sup> orbitals as shown in the Figure. These three orbitals lie in the same xy plane and the angle between any two orbitals is equal to 120\u00b0.<\/p>\n

Overlap with 2pz<\/sub> orbitals of flourine:
\nThe three sp2<\/sup> hybridised orbitals of boron now overlap with the 2pz<\/sub> orbitals of fluorine (3 atoms). This overlap takes place along the axis as shown below.
\n\"Samacheer<\/p>\n

\"Samacheer<\/p>\n

Question 35.
\nDraw the M.O diagram for oxygen molecule calculate its bond order and show that O2<\/sub> is paramagnetic.
\nAnswer:
\n\"Samacheer
\nElectronic configuration of O atom:
\n1s2<\/sup> 2s2<\/sup> 2p4<\/sup><\/p>\n

Electronic configuration of O2<\/sub> molecule:
\n\u03c31s<\/sub>2<\/sup>, \u03c31s<\/sub>*2<\/sup>, \u03c32s<\/sub>2<\/sup>, \u03c32s<\/sub>*2<\/sup>, \u03c32px<\/sub>2<\/sup>, \u03c02py<\/sub>2<\/sup> \u03c02pz<\/sub>2<\/sup> \u03c02py<\/sub>*1<\/sup> \u03c02pz<\/sub>*1<\/sup><\/p>\n

Bond order = \\(\\frac{N_{b}-N_{a}}{2}\\)
\n= \\(\\frac{10-6}{2}\\) = 2
\nMolecule has two unpaired electrons hence it is paramagnetic.<\/p>\n

Question 36.
\nDraw MO diagram of CO and calculate its bond order.
\nAnswer:
\n\"Samacheer<\/p>\n

Bonding in some hetero nuclear di-atomic molecules:
\nMolecular orbital diagram of Carbon monoxide molecule (CO)
\nElectronic configuration of C atom: 1s2<\/sup> 2s2<\/sup> 2p2<\/sup>
\nElectronic configuration of O atom: 1s2<\/sup> 2s2<\/sup> 2p4<\/sup>
\nElectronic configuration of CO molecule :
\n\u03c31s<\/sub>2<\/sup>, \u03c31s<\/sub>*2<\/sup>, \u03c32s<\/sub>2<\/sup>, \u03c32s<\/sub>*2<\/sup>, \u03c02py<\/sub>2<\/sup>, \u03c02pz<\/sub>2<\/sup> \u03c32px<\/sub>2<\/sup><\/p>\n

Bond order = \\(\\frac{N_{b}-N_{a}}{2}\\)
\n= \\(\\frac{10-4}{2}\\)
\n= 3
\nMolecule has no unpaired electrons hence it is diamagnetic.<\/p>\n

Question 37.
\nWhat do you understand by Linear combination of atomic orbitals in MO theory?
\nAnswer:
\nThe wave functions for the molecular orbitals can be obtained by solving Schrodinger wave equation for the molecule. Since solving the Schrodinger equation is too complex, approximation methods are used to obtain the wave function for molecular orbitals. The most common method is the linear combination of atomic orbitals (LCAO).<\/p>\n

We know that the atomic orbitals are represented by the wave function \u03c8. Let us consider two atomic orbitals represented by the wave function \u03c8A<\/sub> and \u03c8B<\/sub> with comparable energy, combines to form two molecular orbitals. One is bonding molecular orbital(\u03c8bonding<\/sub>) and the other is antibonding molecular orbital (\u03c8antibonding<\/sub>) The wave functions for these two molecular orbitals can be obtained by the linear combination of the atomic orbitals \u03c8A<\/sub> and \u03c8B<\/sub> as below,<\/p>\n

\u03c8bonding<\/sub> = \u03c8A<\/sub> + \u03c8B<\/sub>;
\n\u03c8antibonding<\/sub> = \u03c8A<\/sub> – \u03c8B<\/sub><\/p>\n

The formation of bonding molecular orbital can be considered as the result of constructive interference of the atomic orbitals and the formation of anti-bonding molecular orbital can be the result of the destructive interference of the atomic orbitals. The formation of the two molecular orbitals from two is orbitals is shown below.<\/p>\n

Constructive interaction:
\nThe two 1s orbitals are in phase and have the same sign,
\n\"Samacheer<\/p>\n

Destructive interaction:
\nThe two orbitals are out phase
\n\"Samacheer<\/p>\n

\"Samacheer<\/p>\n

Question 38.
\nDiscuss the formation of N2<\/sub> molecule using MO theory.
\nAnswer:
\n\"Samacheer
\nMolecular orbital diagram of nitrogen molecule (N2<\/sub>)
\nElectronic configuration of N atom 1s2<\/sup> 2s2<\/sup> 2p3<\/sup>
\nElectronic configuration of N2<\/sub> molecule:
\n\u03c31s<\/sub>2<\/sup>, \u03c31s<\/sub>*2<\/sup>, \u03c32s<\/sub>2<\/sup>, \u03c32s<\/sub>*2<\/sup>, \u03c02py<\/sub>2<\/sup>, \u03c02pz<\/sub>2<\/sup> \u03c32px<\/sub>2<\/sup>
\nBondorder = \\(\\frac{N_{b}-N_{a}}{2}\\)
\n= \\(\\frac{10-4}{2}\\) = 3
\nMolecule has no unpaired electrons hence it is diamagnetic.<\/p>\n

Question 39.
\nWhat is dipole moment?
\nAnswer:
\nThe polarity of a covalent bond can be measured in terms of dipole moment which is defined as
\n\u03bc = q \u00d7 2d
\nWhere \u03bc is the dipole moment, q is the charge and 2d is the distance between the two charges. The dipole moment is a vector and the direction of the dipole moment vector points from the negative charge to positive charge.
\n\"Samacheer
\nrepresentation of dipole<\/p>\n

The unit of dipole moment is coloumb meter (C m). It is usually expressed in Debye unit (d). The conversion factor is 1 Debye = 3.336 \u00d7 10-30<\/sup> C m.<\/p>\n

Question 40.
\nLinear form of carbondioxide molecule has two polar bonds. Yet the molecule has Zero dipole moment. Why?
\nAnswer:
\nThe linear form of carbon dioxide has zero dipole moment, even though it has two polar bonds. In CO2<\/sub>, the dipole moments of two polar bonds (CO) are equal in magnitude but have opposite direction. Hence, the net dipole moment of the CO2<\/sub> is,
\n\u03bc = \u03bc1<\/sub> + \u03bc2<\/sub> = \u03bc1<\/sub> + (-\u03bc1<\/sub>) = 0
\n\"Samacheer<\/p>\n

Question 41.
\nDraw the Lewis structures for the following species.
\n(i) NO3<\/sub>–<\/sup>
\n(ii) SO4<\/sub>2-<\/sup>
\n(iii) HNO3<\/sub>
\n(iv) O3<\/sub>
\nAnswer:
\n(i) NO3<\/sub>–<\/sup>
\n\"Samacheer<\/p>\n

(ii) SO4<\/sub>2-<\/sup>
\n\"Samacheer<\/p>\n

(iii) HNO3
\n<\/sub>\"Samacheer<\/p>\n

(iv) O3
\n<\/sub>\"Samacheer<\/p>\n

\"Samacheer<\/p>\n

Question 42.
\nExplain the bond formation if BeCl2<\/sub> and MgCl2<\/sub>.
\nAnswer:
\nBond formation of BeCl2<\/sub>:
\nBe = 4;
\nElectronic configuration of Be atom is = 1s2<\/sup> 2s2<\/sup>
\n\"Samacheer<\/p>\n

\"Samacheer
\nBond formation of MgCl2<\/sub>:
\nMg (Z = 12), 1s2<\/sup> 2s2<\/sup> 2p6<\/sup> 3s2<\/sup> it loses two of its valence electron and became Mg2+<\/sup> with inert gas configuration Neon.
\nThe chlorine accept one electron in its valence shell and because Cl–<\/sup> ion with Ar electron configuration.
\nMg + Cl2<\/sub> \u2192 Mg2+<\/sup> + 2 Cl–<\/sup> \u2192 MgCl2<\/sub>
\nMagnesium cation and two chlorides are attracted by strong electro static force to form MgCl2<\/sub> crystals.
\nMg = 12,
\nElectronic configuration: 1s2<\/sup> 2s2<\/sup> 2p6<\/sup> 3s2<\/sup>
\nMg+2<\/sup>:
\nElectronic configuration: 1s2<\/sup> 2s2<\/sup> 2p6<\/sup> 3s0<\/sup>
\nCl = 17, 1s2<\/sup> 2s2<\/sup> 2p6<\/sup> 3s2<\/sup> 3p5<\/sup>
\nCl–<\/sup>:
\nElectronic configuration: 1s2<\/sup> 2s2<\/sup> 2p6<\/sup> 3s2<\/sup> 3p6<\/sup><\/p>\n

\"Samacheer<\/p>\n

Question 43.
\nWhich bond is stronger \u03c3 or \u03c0? Why?
\nAnswer:
\n\u03c3 bond is stronger than \u03c0 bond. A sigma bond is formed by head on overlapping of orbital is more effective. Hence it is stronger bond. But pi bonds are formed by sidewise overlapping of orbitals. The sidewise overlapping of orbitals is less effective than head on overlapping. Hence it is a weaker bond.<\/p>\n

Question 44.
\nDefine bond energy.
\nAnswer:
\nThe bond enthalpy is defined as the minimum amount of energy required to break one mole of a particular bond in molecules in their gaseous state. The unit of bond enthalpy is kJ mol-1<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

Question 45.
\nHydrogen gas is diatomic where as inert gases are monoatomic – Explain on the basis of MO theory.
\nAnswer:
\nThe molecular orbital electronic configuration of hydrogen molecule is (\u03c31s<\/sub>2<\/sup>). The molecular orbital energy level diagram of H2<\/sub> molecule is given in
\n\"Samacheer
\nHere, N2<\/sub> = 2, Na<\/sub> = 0
\nBond order = \\(\\frac{N_{b}-N_{a}}{2}=\\frac{2-0}{2}\\) = 1<\/p>\n

He2<\/sub>: \u03c31s<\/sub>2<\/sup> \u03c31s<\/sub>*2<\/sup>
\nThe molecular orbital energy level diagram of He2<\/sub> (hypothetical) is given in
\n\"Samacheer<\/p>\n

Here, Nb<\/sub> = 2 and Na<\/sub> = 2
\nBond order = \\(\\frac{N_{b}-N_{a}}{2}=\\frac{2-2}{2}\\) = 0<\/p>\n

As the bond order for He2<\/sub> comes out to formed between two hydrogen atoms. But as the bond order of helium is zero, there is no bond between helium atoms and hence it is mono atomic.<\/p>\n

Result:
\nAs the bond order of H2<\/sub> molecule is one, it is diatomic and a single bond is formed between two hydrogen atoms. But as the bond order of helium is zero, there is no bond between helium atoms and hence it is mono atomic.<\/p>\n

\"Samacheer<\/p>\n

Question 46.
\nWhat is the Polar Covalent bond? Explain with example.
\nAnswer:
\nPolar covalent bond is a chemical bond in which the electrons required to form a bond is unequally shared between two atoms. The atom which is more electronegative attracts more electrons from the bonded pair than the other atom. As a result there is a slight separation of charges in a molecule in which more electronegative atom (comparatively) carries a slight negative charge and less electronegative atom carries a positive charge. The bonds formed between two atoms have a permanent electric dipole.<\/p>\n

In water (H2<\/sub>O) molecule, covalent bond exists between Hydrogen and Oxygen. Being more electronegative Oxygen carries negative charge and Hydrogen carries positive charge. In a water molecule Oxygen carries negative charge (anionic in nature) and hydrogen’s carries positive charge (cationic in nature) which forms a polar covalent bond. The size of an oxygen atom is comparatively higher than a hydrogen atom, hence it polarizes the molecule towards itself i.e., it attracts shared pair of bonding electrons towards itself and makes the bond to be more polarized. Hydrogen which is comparatively a small sized cation makes the bond to be polarized better.<\/p>\n

\"Samacheer<\/p>\n

Question 47.
\nconsidering x-axis as molecular axis which out of the following will form a sigma bond.
\ni) 1s and 2py<\/sub>
\nii) 2px<\/sub> and 2py<\/sub>
\niii) 2px<\/sub> and 2pz<\/sub>
\niv) 1s and 2pz<\/sub>
\nAnswer:
\ni) 1s and 2py<\/sub>: No sigma bond
\nii) 2px<\/sub> and 2py<\/sub>: sigma bond
\niii) 2px<\/sub> and 2pz<\/sub>: No sigma bond
\niv) 1s and 2pz<\/sub>: No sigma bond<\/p>\n

Question 48.
\nExplain resonance with reference to carbonate ion.
\nAnswer:
\nIt is evident from the experimental results that all carbon – oxygen bonds in carbonate ions are equivalent. The actual structure of the molecules is said to be resonance hybrid, an average of these three resonance forms. It is important to note that carbonate ion does not change from one structure to another and vice versa. is not possible to picturise the reasonance hybrid by drawing a single Lewis structure. However, the following structure gives a qualitative idea about the correct structure.
\n\"Samacheer<\/p>\n

(b) Resonance structure of CO3<\/sub>2-<\/sup>:
\n\"Samacheer<\/p>\n

Resonance Hybrid structure of CO3<\/sub>2-<\/sup>:
\nIt is found that the energy of the resonance hybrid (structure 4) is lower than that of all possible canonical structures (Structure 1, 2 & 3). The difference in energy between structure 1 or 2 or 3, (most stable canonical structure) and structure 4 (resonance hybrid) is called resonance energy.<\/p>\n

Question 49.
\nExplain the bond formation in ethylene and acetylene.
\nAnswer:
\nBonding in ethylene:
\nThe bonding in ethylene can be explained using hybridization concept. The molecular formula of ethylene is C2<\/sub>H4<\/sub>. The valency of carbon is 4. The electronic configuration of valence shell of carbon in ground state is [He] 2s2<\/sup> 2px<\/sub>1<\/sup> 2py<\/sub>1<\/sup> 2pz<\/sub>0<\/sup>. To satisfy the valency of carbon promote an electron from 2s orbital to 2pz<\/sub> orbital in the excited state.<\/p>\n

\"Samacheer<\/p>\n

\"Samacheer<\/p>\n

In ethylene both the carbon atoms undergoes sp2<\/sup> hybridisation involving 2s, 2px<\/sub>, and 2py<\/sub>, orbitals, resulting in three equivalent sp2<\/sup> hybridised orbitals lying in the xy plane at an angle of 120\u00b0 to each other. The unhybridised 2pz<\/sub> orbital lies perpendicular to the xy plane.<\/p>\n

Formation of sigma bond:
\nOne of the sp2<\/sup> hybridised orbitals of each carbon lying on the molecular axis (x-axis) linearly overlaps with each other resulting in the formation a C-C sigma bond. Other two sp2<\/sup> hybridised orbitals of both carbons linearly overlap with the four is orbitals of four hydrogen atoms leading to the formation of two C-H sigma bonds on each carbon.<\/p>\n

Formation of sigma bond:
\nThe unhybridized 2pz<\/sub> orbital of both carbon atoms can overlap only sideways as they are not in the molecular axis. This lateral overlap results in the formation of a pi bond between the two carbon atoms as shown in the figure.
\n\"Samacheer<\/p>\n

Bonding in acetylene :<\/p>\n

Similar to ethylene, the bonding in acetylene can also be explained using hybridisation concept. The molecular formula of acetylene is C2<\/sub>H2<\/sub>. The electronic configuration of valence shell of carbon in ground state is [He] 2s2<\/sup> 2px<\/sub>1<\/sup> 2py<\/sub>1<\/sup> 2pz<\/sub>0<\/sup>. To satisfy the valency of carbon promote an electron from 2s orbital to 2pz orbital in the excited state.<\/p>\n

In acetylene molecule, both the carbon atoms are in sp hybridized state. The 2s and 2px<\/sub> orbitals, resulting in two equivalent sp hybridized orbitals lying in a straight line along the molecular axis (x-axis). The unhybridized 2py<\/sub> and 2pz<\/sub> orbitals lie perpendicular to the molecular axis.<\/p>\n

\"Samacheer<\/p>\n

Formation of sigma bond:
\nOne of the two sp hybridized orbitals of each carbon lineraly overlaps with each other resulting in the formation a C – C sigma bond. The other sp hybridized orbitals of both carbons linearly overlap with the two 1s orbitals of two hydrogen atoms leading to the formation of one C – H sigma bonds on each carbon.<\/p>\n

Formation of pi bond :
\nThe unhybridized 2py<\/sub> and 2pz<\/sub> orbitals of each carbon overlap sideways. This lateral overlap results in the formation of two pi bonds (py<\/sub> – py<\/sub> and pz<\/sub> – pz<\/sub>) between the two carbon atoms as shown in the figure.
\n\"Samacheer<\/p>\n

Question 50.
\nWhat type of hybridisations are possible in the following geometries?
\na) octahedral b) tetrahedral c) square planar
\nAnswer:
\na) octahedral: sp3<\/sup>d2<\/sup>
\nb) tetrahedral: sp3<\/sup>
\nc) square planar: dsp2<\/sup><\/p>\n

\"Samacheer<\/p>\n

Question 51.
\nExplain VSEPR theory. Applying this theory to predict the shapes of IF7<\/sub> and SF6<\/sub>.
\nAnswer:
\nLewis concept of structure of molecules deals with the relative position of atoms in the molecules and sharing of electron pairs between them. However, we cannot predict the shape of the molecule using Lewis concept. Lewis theory in combination with VSEPR theory will be useful in predicting the shape of molecules.<\/p>\n

IF7<\/sub>:
\nIodine has 7 valence electrons in the valence shell. In excited state it has 6 valency electrons by 1st and 2nd excited state & under sp3<\/sup>d2<\/sup>, hybridization and combines with 7 Fluorine to get pentagonal bipyramidal shape. There are no lone pairs.
\nI = ns2<\/sup> np5<\/sup> nd0<\/sup>
\n\"Samacheer<\/p>\n

SF6<\/sub>:
\nSulphar attain six valence electron in 1st and 2nd excited states undergoes sp3<\/sup>d2<\/sup> hybridization and combines with six ‘F’ atoms, as there no lone pair electrons it geometry in octahedral.
\nS = 16 = ns2<\/sup> np4<\/sup> nd0<\/sup>
\n\"Samacheer<\/p>\n

Question 52.
\nCO2<\/sub> and H2<\/sub>O both are triatomic molecule but their dipole moment values are different. Why?
\nAnswer:<\/p>\n

\"Samacheer
\nSum of the dipole moment are cancelled.<\/p>\n

\"Samacheer
\nWater is ‘v’ shape sum of the dipole moments are not equal to zero.<\/p>\n

Question 53.
\nWhich one of the following has highest bond order?
\n(i) N2<\/sub>
\n(ii) N2<\/sub>+<\/sup>
\n(iii) N2<\/sub>–<\/sup>
\nAnswer:
\n(i) N2<\/sub>
\nN2<\/sub> = 14
\n\u03c31s<\/sub>2<\/sup> \u03c31s<\/sub>*2<\/sup> \u03c32s<\/sub>2<\/sup> \u03c32s<\/sub>*2<\/sup> \u03c02py<\/sub>2<\/sup> \u03c02pz<\/sub>2<\/sup> \u03c02px<\/sub>2<\/sup>
\nBond order = \\(\\frac{6}{2}\\) = 3<\/p>\n

(ii) N2<\/sub>+<\/sup>
\n\u03c31s<\/sub>2<\/sup> \u03c31s<\/sub>*2<\/sup> \u03c32s<\/sub>2<\/sup> \u03c32s<\/sub>*2<\/sup> \u03c02py<\/sub>2<\/sup> \u03c02pz<\/sub>2<\/sup> \u03c02px<\/sub>1<\/sup>
\nBond order = \\(\\frac{5}{2}\\) = 2.5<\/p>\n

(iii) N2<\/sub>–<\/sup>
\n\u03c31s<\/sub>2<\/sup> \u03c31s<\/sub>*2<\/sup> \u03c32s<\/sub>2<\/sup> \u03c32s<\/sub>*2<\/sup> \u03c02py<\/sub>2<\/sup> \u03c02pz<\/sub>2<\/sup> \u03c02px<\/sub>*1<\/sup>
\nBond order = \\(\\frac{5}{2}\\) = 2.5
\nThe highest bond order is N2<\/sub><\/p>\n

Question 54.
\nExplain the covalent character in ionic bond.
\nAnswer:
\nLike the partial ionic character in covalent compounds, ionic compounds show partial covalent character. For example, the ionic compound, lithium chloride shows covalent character and is soluble in organic solvents such as ethanol.<\/p>\n

The partial covalent character in ionic compounds can be explained on the basis of a phenomenon called polarisation. We know that in an ionic compound, there is an electrostatic attractive force between the cation and anion. The positively charged cation attracts the valence electrons of anion while repelling the nucleus.<\/p>\n

This causes a distortion in the electron cloud of the anion and its electron density shift towards the cation, which results in some sharing of the valence electrons between these ions. Thus, a partial covalent character is developed between them. This phenomenon is called polarisation.<\/p>\n

The ability of a cation to polarise an anion is called its polarising ability and the tendency of an anion to get polarised is called its polarisability.<\/p>\n

\"Samacheer<\/p>\n

Question 55.
\nDescribe Fajan\u2019s rule.
\nAnswer:
\n(i) To show greater covalent character, both the cation and anion should have high charge on them. Higher the positive charge on the cation, greater will be the attraction on the electron cloud of the anion. Similarly higher the magnitude of negative charge on the anion, greater is its polarisabiity. Hence, the increase in charge on cation or in anion increases the covalent character.<\/p>\n

Let us consider three ionic compounds aluminum chloride, magnesium chloride and sodium chloride. Since the charge of the cation increase in the order Na+<\/sup> < Mg2+<\/sup> <Al3+<\/sup> the covalent character also follows the same order NaCl < MgCl2<\/sub> < AlCl3<\/sub>.<\/p>\n

(ii) The smaller cation and larger anion show greater covalent character due to the greater extent of polarisation. Lithium chloride is more covalent than sodium chloride. The size of Li+<\/sup> is smaller than Na+<\/sup> and hence the polarizing power of Li+<\/sup> is more. Lithium iodide is more covalent than lithium chloride as the size of I–<\/sup> is larger than the Cl–<\/sup>. Hence I–<\/sup> will be more polarized than Cl–<\/sup> by the cation, Li+<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

(iii) Cations having ns2<\/sup> np6<\/sup> nd10<\/sup> configuration show greater polarizing power than the cations with ns2<\/sup> np6<\/sup> configuration. Hence, they show greater covalent character. CuCl is more covalent than NaCl. Compared to Na+<\/sup> (1.13 \u00c5). Cu+<\/sup>(0.6 \u00c5) is small and have 3s2<\/sup> 3p6<\/sup> 3d10<\/sup> configuration.
\nElectronic configuration of Cu+<\/sup>: [Ar] 3s2<\/sup>, 3p6<\/sup>, 3d10<\/sup>
\nElectronic Configuration of Na+<\/sup>: [He] 2s2<\/sup>, 2p6<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

11th Chemistry Guide Chemical Bonding Additional Questions and Answers<\/h3>\n

I. Choose the best answer:<\/span><\/p>\n

Question 1.
\nWhich among the following elements has the tendency to form covalent compounds?
\na) Ba
\nb) Be
\nc) Mg
\nd) Ca
\nAnswer:
\nb) Be<\/p>\n

Question 2.
\nThe valency of C in CO3<\/sub>2-<\/sup> is
\na) 2
\nb) 3
\nc) 4
\nd) -3
\nAnswer:
\nc) 4<\/p>\n

Question 3.
\nTwo elements X and Y have following electronic configurations
\nX = 1s2<\/sup> 2s2<\/sup> 2p6<\/sup> 3s2<\/sup> 3p6<\/sup> 4s2<\/sup>
\nY = 1s2<\/sup> 2s2<\/sup> 2p6<\/sup> 3s2<\/sup> 3p5<\/sup>
\nThe expressed compound formed by combination of X and Y will be expressed as
\na) X2<\/sub>
\nb) X5<\/sub>Y2<\/sub>
\nc) X2<\/sub>Y5<\/sub>
\nd) XY5<\/sub>
\nAnswer:
\na) X2<\/sub><\/p>\n

Question 4.
\nLattice energy of an ionic compound depends upon:
\na) Charge on the ions only
\nb) Size of the ions only
\nc) Packing of the ions only
\nd) Charge and size of the ion
\nAnswer:
\nd) Charge and size of the ion<\/p>\n

Question 5.
\nIf the cyanide ion, the formal negative charge is on
\na) C
\nb) N
\nc) Both C and N
\nd) Resonate between C and N
\nAnswer:
\nb) N<\/p>\n

\"Samacheer<\/p>\n

Question 6.
\nThe formal charge of the O – atoms in the ion \"Samacheer is
\na) -2
\nb) + 1
\nc) – 1
\nd) 0
\nAnswer:
\nd) 0<\/p>\n

Question 7.
\nA compound with the maximum ionic character is formed from
\na) Na and F
\nb) Cs and F
\nc) Cs and I
\nd) Na and Cl
\nAnswer:
\nb) Cs and F<\/p>\n

Question 8.
\nWhich of the following has the highest ionic character?
\na) MgCl2<\/sub>
\nb) CaCl2<\/sub>
\nc) BaCl2<\/sub>
\nd) BeCl2<\/sub>
\nAnswer:
\nc) BaCl2<\/sub><\/p>\n

Question 9.
\nWhich of the following compounds has the maximum covalent nature?
\na) LiCl
\nb) NaCl
\nc) KCl
\nd) CsCl
\nAnswer:
\na) LiCl<\/p>\n

Question 10.
\nAmong the following the maximum covalent character is shown by the compound
\na) FeCl2<\/sub>
\nb) SnCl2<\/sub>
\nc) AlCl3<\/sub>
\nd) MgCl2<\/sub>
\nAnswer:
\nc) AlCl3<\/sub><\/p>\n

\"Samacheer<\/p>\n

Question 11.
\nPolarization is the distortion of the shape of an anion by an adjacently placed cation. Which of the following statements is correct?
\na) maximum polarization is brought about by a cation of high charge
\nb) Minimum polarization is brought about by a cation of low radius
\nc) A large cation is likely to bring about a large degree of polarization
\nd) A small anion is likely to undergo a large degree of polarization
\nAnswer:
\na) maximum polarization is brought about by a cation of high charge<\/p>\n

Question 12.
\nWhich of the following Lewis structure does not contribute in resonance?<\/p>\n

\"Samacheer
\na) I
\nb) II
\nc) III
\nd) IV
\nAnswer:
\nb) II<\/p>\n

Question 13.
\nPoint out incorrect statement about resonance
\na) Resonance structures should have equal energy
\nb) In resonance structures, the constituent atoms should be in the same position
\nc) In resonance structures, there should not be the same number of electron pairs
\nd) Resonance structures should differ only in the location of electrons around the constituent atoms
\nAnswer:
\nc) In resonance structures, there should not be the same number of electron pairs<\/p>\n

Question 14.
\nA diatomic molecule has dipole moment of 1.2 D. If the bond distance is 1 \u00c5. What percentage of electronic charge exists on each atom?
\na) 12 % of e
\nb) 19 % of e
\nc) 25 % of e
\nd) 29 % of e
\nAnswer:
\nc) 25 % of e<\/p>\n

Question 15.
\nThe electronegativity difference between two atoms A and B is 2, then percentage of covalent character in the molecule is
\na) 54 %
\nb) 46 %
\nc) 23 %
\nd) 72 %
\nAnswer:
\na) 54 %<\/p>\n

\"Samacheer<\/p>\n

Question 16.
\nThe electronegativity of H and Cl are 2.1 and 3.0 respectively. The correct statement (s) about the nature of HCl is\/are:
\na) 17 % ionic
\nb) 83 % ionic
\nc) 50 % ionic
\nd) 100 % ionic
\nAnswer:
\na) 17 % ionic<\/p>\n

Question 17.
\nFor the formation of covalent bond, the difference in the value of electronegativities should be
\na) Equal to or less than 1.7
\nb) More than 1.7
\nc) 1.7 or more
\nd) None of these
\nAnswer:
\na) Equal to or less than 1.7<\/p>\n

Question 18.
\nPick out the molecule which has zero dipole moment
\na) NH3<\/sub>
\nb) H2<\/sub>O
\nc) BCl3<\/sub>
\nd) SO2<\/sub>
\nAnswer:
\nc) BCl3<\/sub><\/p>\n

Question 19.
\nThe dipole moment of HBr is 1.6 \u00d7 10-30<\/sup> cm and interatomic spacing is 1 \u00c5. The % ionic character of HBr is
\na) 7
\nb) 10
\nc) 15
\nd) 27
\nAnswer:
\nb) 10<\/p>\n

Question 20.
\nIn a polar molecule, the ionic charge is 4.8 \u00d7 10-10<\/sup> esu. If the inter ionic distance is 1 \u00c5 unit, then the dipole moment is
\na) 41.8 debye
\nb) 4.18 debye
\nc) 4.8 debye
\nd) 0.48 debye
\nAnswer:
\nc) 4.8 debye<\/p>\n

\"Samacheer<\/p>\n

Question 21.
\nOf the following molecules, the one, which has permanent dipole moment is:
\na) SiF4<\/sub>
\nb) BF3<\/sub>
\nc) PF3<\/sub>
\nd) PF5<\/sub>
\nAnswer:
\nc) PF3<\/sub><\/p>\n

Question 22.
\nIncreasing order of dipole moment is:
\na) CF4<\/sub> < NH3<\/sub> < NF3<\/sub> < H2<\/sub>O
\nb) CF4<\/sub> < NH3<\/sub> < H2<\/sub>O < NF3<\/sub>
\nc) CF4<\/sub> < NF3<\/sub> < H2<\/sub>O < NH3<\/sub>
\nd) CF4<\/sub> < NF3<\/sub> < NH3<\/sub> < H2<\/sub>O
\nAnswer:
\nd) CF4<\/sub> < NF3<\/sub> < NH3<\/sub> < H2<\/sub>O<\/p>\n

Question 23.
\nThe correct sequence of dipole moments among the chlorides of methane is
\na) CHCl3<\/sub> < CH2<\/sub>Cl2<\/sub> > CH3<\/sub>Cl > CCl4<\/sub>
\nb) CH2<\/sub>Cl2<\/sub> > CH3<\/sub>Cl > CHCl3<\/sub> > CCl4<\/sub>
\nc) CH3<\/sub>Cl > CH2<\/sub>Cl2<\/sub> > CHCl3<\/sub> > CCl4<\/sub>
\nd) CH2<\/sub>Cl2<\/sub> > CHCl3<\/sub> > CH3<\/sub>Cl > CCl4<\/sub>
\nAnswer:
\nc) CH3<\/sub>Cl > CH2<\/sub>Cl2<\/sub> > CHCl3<\/sub> > CCl4<\/sub><\/p>\n

Question 24.
\nWhich of the following has been arranged in order of decreasing dipole moment?
\na) CH3<\/sub>Cl > CH3<\/sub>F > CH3<\/sub>Br > CH3<\/sub>I
\nb) CH3<\/sub>F > CH3<\/sub>Cl > CH3<\/sub>Br > CH3<\/sub>I
\nc) CH3<\/sub>Cl > CH3<\/sub>Br > CH3<\/sub>I > CH3<\/sub>F
\nd) CH3<\/sub>F > CH3<\/sub>Cl > CH3<\/sub>I > CH3<\/sub>Br
\nAnswer:
\na) CH3<\/sub>Cl > CH3<\/sub>F > CH3<\/sub>Br > CH3<\/sub>I<\/p>\n

Question 25.
\nWhich of the following has the least dipole moment?
\na) NF3<\/sub>
\nb) CO2<\/sub>
\nc) SO2<\/sub>
\nd) NH3<\/sub>
\nAnswer:
\nb) CO2<\/sub><\/p>\n

\"Samacheer<\/p>\n

Question 26.
\nAmong the following compounds, the one that is polar and has central atom with sp2<\/sup> hybridization is
\na) H2<\/sub>CO3<\/sub>
\nb) SiF4<\/sub>
\nc) BF3<\/sub>
\nd) HClO2<\/sub>
\nAnswer:
\na) H2<\/sub>CO3<\/sub><\/p>\n

Question 27.
\nWhich of the following will provide the most efficient overlap?
\na) s – s
\nb) s – p
\nc) sp2<\/sup> – sp2<\/sup>
\nd) sp – sp
\nAnswer:
\nd) sp – sp<\/p>\n

Question 28.
\nThe number and type of bonds between two carbon atoms in CaC2<\/sub> are:
\na) one sigma (\u03c3) and one pi (\u03c0) bonds
\nb) one sigma (\u03c3) and two pi (\u03c0) bonds
\nc) one sigma (\u03c3) and one half pi (\u03c0) bonds
\nd) one sigma (\u03c3) bond
\nAnswer:
\nb) one sigma (\u03c3) and two pi (\u03c0) bonds<\/p>\n

Question 29.
\nWhich is not true according to VBT?
\na) A covalent bond is formed by the overlapping of orbitals with unpaired electrons of opposite spins
\nb) A covalent bond is formed by the overlapping of orbitals with unpaired electrons of same spins
\nc) The greater the extent of overlapping the stronger is the bond
\nd) Overlapping takes place only in the direction of maximum electron density of the orbital
\nAnswer:
\nb) A covalent bond is formed by the overlapping of orbitals with unpaired electrons of same spins<\/p>\n

Question 30.
\nThe hybridization of carbon atoms in C – C single bond of H – C \u2261 C = CH = CH2<\/sub> is
\na) sp3<\/sup> – sp3<\/sup>
\nb) sp2<\/sup> – sp
\nc) sp – sp2<\/sup>
\nd) sp3<\/sup> – sp
\nAnswer:
\nb) sp2<\/sup> – sp<\/p>\n

\"Samacheer<\/p>\n

Question 31.
\nThe bond in the formation of fluorine molecule will be
\na) Due to s – s overlapping
\nb) Due to s – p overlapping
\nc) Due to p – p overlapping
\nd) Due to hybridization
\nAnswer:
\nc) Due to p – p overlapping<\/p>\n

Question 32.
\nWhich of the following overlaps gives a a bond with x as internuclear axis?
\na) Pz<\/sub> and Pz<\/sub>
\nb) s and pz<\/sub>
\nc) s and Px<\/sub>
\nd) dx2<\/sup> – y2<\/sup><\/sub> and dx2<\/sup> – y2<\/sup><\/sub>
\nAnswer:
\nc) s and Px<\/sub><\/p>\n

Question 33.
\nThe strength of bonds by overlapping of atomic orbitals is in the order
\na) s – s > s – p > p – p
\nb) s – s < p – p < s – p
\nc) s – p < s – s < p – p
\nd) p – p < s – s < s – p
\nAnswer:
\na) s – s > s – p > p – p<\/p>\n

Question 34.
\nWhich cannot be explained by VBT?
\na) Overlapping
\nb) Bond formation
\nc) Paramagnetic nature of oxygen
\nd) Shapes of molecules
\nAnswer:
\nc) Paramagnetic nature of oxygen<\/p>\n

Question 35.
\nThe structure of IF7<\/sub> is
\na) square pyramidal
\nb) trigonal bipyramidal
\nc) octahedral
\nd) pentagonal bipyramidal
\nAnswer:
\nd) pentagonal bipyramidal<\/p>\n

\"Samacheer<\/p>\n

Question 36.
\nThe structure of XeOF4<\/sub> is
\na) tetrahedral
\nb) square pyramidal
\nc) square planner
\nd) octahedral
\nAnswer:
\nb) square pyramidal<\/p>\n

Question 37.
\nThe molecule that has linear structure is :
\na) CO2<\/sub>
\nb) NO2<\/sub>
\nc) SO2<\/sub>
\nd) SiO2<\/sub>
\nAnswer:
\na) CO2<\/sub><\/p>\n

Question 38.
\nThe molecule which has pyramidal shape is:
\na) PCl5<\/sub>
\nb) SO3<\/sub>
\nc) CO3<\/sub>2-<\/sup>
\nd) NO3<\/sub>–<\/sup>
\nAnswer:
\na) PCl5<\/sub><\/p>\n

Question 39.
\nThe type of hybrid orbitals used by the chlorine atom in ClO2<\/sub>–<\/sup>
\na) sp3<\/sup>
\nb) sp2<\/sup>
\nc) sp
\nd) none of these
\nAnswer:
\na) sp3<\/sup><\/p>\n

Question 40.
\nWhich one of the following molecule is planar?
\na) NF3<\/sub>
\nb) NCl3<\/sub>
\nc) PH3<\/sub>
\nd) BF3<\/sub>
\nAnswer:
\nd) BF3<\/sub><\/p>\n

\"Samacheer<\/p>\n

Question 41.
\nWhich one of the following compounds has sp2 hybridization?
\na) CO2<\/sub>
\nb) SO2<\/sub>
\nc) NO2<\/sub>+<\/sup>
\nd) CO
\nAnswer:
\nb) SO2<\/sub><\/p>\n

Question 42.
\nWhich of the following molecules has trigonal planar geometry?
\na) IF3<\/sub>
\nb) PCl3<\/sub>
\nc) NH3<\/sub>
\nd) BF3<\/sub>
\nAnswer:
\nd) BF3<\/sub><\/p>\n

Question 43.
\nThe percentage s – character of the hybrid orbitals in methane, ethane, and ethyne are respectively
\na) 25, 33, 50
\nb) 25, 50, 75
\nc) 50, 75, 100
\nd) 10, 20, 40
\nAnswer:
\na) 25, 33, 50<\/p>\n

Question 44.
\nNumber of lone pair (s) in XeOF4<\/sub> is \/ are
\na) 0
\nb) 1
\nc) 2
\nd) 3
\nAnswer:
\nb) 1<\/p>\n

Question 45.
\nWhich of the following molecule contains one pair of non – bonding electrons?
\na) CH4<\/sub>
\nb) NH3<\/sub>
\nc) H2<\/sub>O
\nd) HF
\nAnswer:
\nb) NH3<\/sub><\/p>\n

\"Samacheer<\/p>\n

Question 46.
\nIf XeF2<\/sub>, XeF4<\/sub> and XeF6<\/sub>, the number of lone pair of electrons on Xe are respectively.
\na) 2, 3, 1
\nb) 1, 2, 3
\nc) 4, 1, 2
\nd) 3, 2, 1
\nAnswer:
\nd) 3, 2, 1<\/p>\n

Question 47.
\nThe shape of XeO2<\/sub> F2<\/sub> molecule is
\na) Trigonal bipyramidal
\nb) square planar
\nc) tetrahedral
\nd) see – saw
\nAnswer:
\nd) see – saw<\/p>\n

Question 48.
\nAccording to MO theory,
\na) O2<\/sub>+<\/sup> is paramagnetic and bond order is greater than O2<\/sub>
\nb) O2<\/sub>+<\/sup> is paramagnetic and bond order is less than O2<\/sub>
\nc) O2<\/sub>+<\/sup> is diamagnetic and bond order is less than O2<\/sub>
\nd) O2<\/sub>+<\/sup> is diamagnetic and bond order is more than O2<\/sub>
\nAnswer:
\na) O2<\/sub>+<\/sup> is paramagnetic and bond order is greater than O2<\/sub><\/p>\n

Question 49.
\nBond order of O2<\/sub>, O2<\/sub>+<\/sup>, O2<\/sub>–<\/sup> and O2<\/sub>2-<\/sup> is in order
\na) O2<\/sub>– <\/sup>< O2<\/sub>2- <\/sup>\u00a0< O2<\/sub> < O2<\/sub>+<\/sup>
\nb) O2<\/sub>2<\/sup> < O2<\/sub>–<\/sup> < O2,<\/sub> < O2<\/sub>+<\/sup>
\nc) O2<\/sub>+<\/sup> < O2<\/sub> < O2<\/sub>–<\/sup> < O2<\/sub>2-<\/sup>
\nd) O2,<\/sub> < O2<\/sub>+<\/sup> < O2<\/sub>–<\/sup> < O2<\/sub>2-<\/sup>
\nAnswer:
\nb) O2<\/sub>2<\/sup> < O2<\/sub>–<\/sup> < O2,<\/sub> < O2<\/sub>+<\/sup><\/p>\n

Question 50.
\nWhich of the following pairs have Identical values of bond order?
\na) N2<\/sub>+<\/sup> and O2<\/sub>+<\/sup>
\nb) F2<\/sub> and Ne2<\/sub>
\nc) O2<\/sub> and B2<\/sub>
\nd) C2<\/sub> and N2<\/sub>
\nAnswer:
\na) N2<\/sub>+<\/sup> and O2<\/sub>+<\/sup><\/p>\n

\"Samacheer<\/p>\n

Question 51.
\nWhich of the following is paramagnetic?
\na) O2<\/sub>–<\/sup>
\nb) CN–<\/sup>
\nc) CO
\nd) NO+<\/sup>
\nAnswer:
\na) O2<\/sub>–<\/sup><\/p>\n

Question 52.
\nWhich of the following compounds is paramagnetic?
\na) CO
\nb) NO
\nc) O2<\/sub>2-<\/sup>
\nd) O3<\/sub>
\nAnswer:
\nb) NO<\/p>\n

Question 53.
\nThe number of antibonding electron pairs O2<\/sub>2-<\/sup> molecular ion on the basis of molecular orbital theory is
\na) 4
\nb) 3
\nc) 2
\nd) 5
\nAnswer:
\na) 4<\/p>\n

Question 54.
\nThe bond length of the species O2<\/sub>, O2<\/sub>+<\/sup> and O2<\/sub>–<\/sup> if are in the order of
\na) O2<\/sub>+<\/sup> > O2<\/sub> > O
\nb) O2<\/sub>+<\/sup> > O2<\/sub>–<\/sup> > O2<\/sub>
\nc) O2<\/sub> > O2<\/sub>+<\/sup> > O2<\/sub>–<\/sup>
\nd) O2<\/sub>–<\/sup> > O2<\/sub> > O2<\/sub>+<\/sup>
\nAnswer:
\na) O2<\/sub>+<\/sup> > O2<\/sub> > O<\/p>\n

Question 55.
\nWhich of the following is a zero overlap which leads to non – bonding?
\na) \"Samacheer
\nb) \"Samacheer
\nc) \"Samacheer
\nd) All
\nAnswer:
\na) \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

\"Samacheer<\/p>\n

Question 56.
\nIdentify the least stable ion amongst the following:
\na) Li–<\/sup>
\nb) Be–<\/sup>
\nc) B–<\/sup>
\nd) C–<\/sup>
\nAnswer:
\nb) Be–<\/sup><\/p>\n

Question 57.
\nWhich of the following molecular species has unpaired electrons(s)?
\na) N2<\/sub>
\nb) F2<\/sub>
\nc) O2<\/sub>–<\/sup>
\nd) O2<\/sub>2-<\/sup>
\nAnswer:
\nc) O2<\/sub>–<\/sup><\/p>\n

Question 58.
\nAmong the following species which has minimum bond length?
\na) B2<\/sub>
\nb) C2<\/sub>
\nc) F2<\/sub>
\nd) O2<\/sub>–<\/sup>
\nAnswer:
\nc) F2<\/sub><\/p>\n

Question 59.
\nThe correct order of bond strength is :
\na) O2<\/sub>–<\/sup> < O2<\/sub> < O2<\/sub>+<\/sup> < O2<\/sub>2-<\/sup>
\nb) O2<\/sub>2-<\/sup> < O2<\/sub>–<\/sup> < O2<\/sub> < O2<\/sub>+<\/sup>
\nc) O2<\/sub>–<\/sup> < O2<\/sub>2-<\/sup> < O2<\/sub> < O2<\/sub>+<\/sup>
\nd) O2<\/sub>+<\/sup> < O2<\/sub> < O2<\/sub>–<\/sup> < O2<\/sub>2-<\/sup>
\nAnswer:
\nb) O2<\/sub>2-<\/sup> < O2<\/sub>–<\/sup> < O2<\/sub> < O2<\/sub>+<\/sup><\/p>\n

Question 60.
\nThe species having bond order different from that in CO is
\na) NO–<\/sup>
\nb) NO+<\/sup>
\nc) CN–<\/sup>
\nd) N2<\/sub>
\nAnswer:
\na) NO–<\/sup><\/p>\n

\"Samacheer<\/p>\n

Question 61.
\nWhich one of the following species is diamagnetic in nature?
\na) He2<\/sub>+<\/sup>
\nb) H2<\/sub>
\nc) H2<\/sub>+<\/sup>
\nd) H2<\/sub>–<\/sup>
\nAnswer:
\nb) H2<\/sub><\/p>\n

Question 62.
\nWhich of the following species exhibits the diamagnetic behavior?
\na) O2<\/sub>2-<\/sup>
\nb) O2<\/sub>+<\/sup>
\nc) O2<\/sub>
\nd) NO
\nAnswer:
\na) O2<\/sub>2-<\/sup><\/p>\n

Question 63.
\nWhich one of the following pairs of species have the same bond order?
\na) CN–<\/sup> and NO+<\/sup>
\nb) CN–<\/sup> and CN+<\/sup>
\nc) O2<\/sub>–<\/sup> and CN–<\/sup>
\nd) NO+<\/sup> and CN+<\/sup>
\nAnswer:
\nb) CN–<\/sup> and CN+<\/sup><\/p>\n

Question 64.
\nWhich one is the the electron deficient compound?
\na) ICl
\nb) NH3<\/sub>
\nc) BCl3<\/sub>
\nd) PCl3<\/sub>
\nAnswer:
\nc) BCl3<\/sub><\/p>\n

Question 65.
\nThe number of electrons shared by each outermost shell of N2<\/sub> is
\na) 2
\nb) 3
\nc) 4
\nd) 5
\nAnswer:
\nb) 3<\/p>\n

\"Samacheer<\/p>\n

Question 66.
\nWhich of the following has zero dipole moment?
\na) CH2<\/sub>Cl2<\/sub>
\nb) CH4<\/sub>
\nc) NH3<\/sub>
\nd) PH3<\/sub>
\nAnswer:
\nb) CH4<\/sub><\/p>\n

Question 67.
\nWhich of the following statement is not correct?
\na) Hybridization is the mixing of atomic orbitals prior to their combining into molecular orbitals
\nb) sp2<\/sup> hybrid orbitals are formed from two p atomic orbitals and one s atomic orbital.
\nc) d2<\/sup>sp3<\/sup> hybrid orbitals are directed towards the corners of a regular octahedron
\nd) dsp3<\/sup> hybrid orbitals are all at 90\u00b0 to one another
\nAnswer:
\nd) dsp3<\/sup> hybrid orbitals are all at 90\u00b0 to one another<\/p>\n

Question 68.
\nShape of XeF4<\/sub> molecule is
\na) linear
\nb) pyramidal
\nc) tetrahedral
\nd) square planar
\nAnswer:
\nd) square planar<\/p>\n

Question 69.
\nWhich of the following compounds, the one having a linear structure is
\na) NH2<\/sub>
\nb) CH4<\/sub>
\nc) C2<\/sub>H2<\/sub>
\nd) H2<\/sub>O
\nAnswer:
\nc) C2<\/sub>H2<\/sub><\/p>\n

Question 70.
\nThe isoelectronic pair is
\na) Cl2<\/sub>, ICl2<\/sub>–<\/sup>
\nb) ICl2<\/sub>–<\/sup>, ClO2<\/sub>
\nc) IF2<\/sub>+<\/sup>, I3<\/sub>–<\/sup>
\nd) ClO2<\/sub>–<\/sup>, ClF2<\/sub>+<\/sup>
\nAnswer:
\nd) ClO2<\/sub>–<\/sup>, ClF2<\/sub>+<\/sup><\/p>\n

\"Samacheer<\/p>\n

Question 71.
\nThe bond order is maximum in
\na) O2<\/sub>
\nb) O2<\/sub>–<\/sup>
\nc) O2<\/sub>+<\/sup>
\nd) O2<\/sub>2-<\/sup>
\nAnswer:
\nc) O2<\/sub>+<\/sup><\/p>\n

Question 72.
\nWhich of the following does not exist on the basis of molecular orbital theory?
\na) H2<\/sub>+<\/sup>
\nb) He2<\/sub>+<\/sup>
\nc) He2<\/sub>
\nd) Li2<\/sub>
\nAnswer:
\nc) He2<\/sub><\/p>\n

Question 73.
\nWhich of the following species have maximum number of unpaired electrons?
\na) O2<\/sub>
\nb) O2<\/sub>+<\/sup>
\nc) O2<\/sub>–<\/sup>
\nd) O2<\/sub>2-<\/sup>
\nAnswer:
\na) O2<\/sub><\/p>\n

Question 74.
\nIn a polar molecule, the ionic charge is 4.8 \u00d7 10-10<\/sup> esu. If the inter ionic distance is 1 \u00c5 unit, then the dipole moment is
\na) 41.8 debye
\nb) 4.18 debye
\nc) 4.8 debye
\nd) 0.48 debye
\nAnswer:
\nc) 4.8 debye<\/p>\n

Question 75.
\nThe molecule of CO2<\/sub> has 180\u00b0 bond angle. It can be explained on the basis of
\na) sp3<\/sup> hybridisation
\nb) sp2<\/sup> hybridisation
\nc) sp hybridisation
\nd) d2<\/sup>sp3<\/sup> hybridisation
\nAnswer:
\nc) sp hybridisation<\/p>\n

\"Samacheer<\/p>\n

Question 76.
\nWhich of the following have both polar and non – polar bonds?
\na) C2<\/sub>H6<\/sub>
\nb) NH4<\/sub>Cl
\nc) HCl
\nd) AlCl3<\/sub>
\nAnswer:
\nb) NH4<\/sub>Cl<\/p>\n

Question 77.
\nBlue vitriol has
\na) Ionic bond
\nb) Coordinate bond
\nc) Hydrogen bond
\nd) All the above
\nAnswer:
\nd) All the above<\/p>\n

Question 78.
\nThe number of ionic, covalent, and coordinate bond NH4<\/sub>Cl are respectively
\na) 1, 3 and 1
\nb) 1, 3 and 2
\nc) 1, 2 and 3
\nd) 1, 1 and 3
\nAnswer:
\nb) 1, 3 and 2<\/p>\n

Question 79.
\nWhich of the following does not contain a coordinate bond?
\na) H3<\/sub>O+<\/sup>
\nb) BF4<\/sub>–<\/sup>
\nc) HF2<\/sub>–<\/sup>
\nd) NH4<\/sub>+<\/sup>
\nAnswer:
\nc) HF2<\/sub>–<\/sup><\/p>\n

Question 80.
\nMaximum covalent character is associated with the compound
\na) NaI
\nb) MgI2<\/sub>
\nc) AlCl3<\/sub>
\nd) AlI3<\/sub>
\nAnswer:
\nd) AlI3<\/sub><\/p>\n

\"Samacheer<\/p>\n

Question 81.
\nAmongst LiCl, RbCl, BeCl3,<\/sub> and MgCl2<\/sub> the compounds with the greatest and the least ionic character, respectively, are
\na) LiCl and RbCl
\nb) RbCl and BeCl2<\/sub>
\nc) RbCl and MgCl2<\/sub>
\nd) MgCl2<\/sub> and BeCl2<\/sub>
\nAnswer:
\nb) RbCl and BeCl2<\/sub><\/p>\n

Question 82.
\nLiF is least soluble among the fluorides of alkali metals, because
\na) smaller size Li+<\/sup> impart significant covalent character in LiF
\nb) the hydration energies of Li+<\/sup> and F–<\/sup> are quite higher
\nc) lattice energy of LiF is quite higher due to the smaller size of Li+<\/sup> and F–<\/sup>
\nd) LiF has strong polymeric network in solid
\nAnswer:
\nc) lattice energy of LiF is quite higher due to the smaller size of Li+<\/sup> and F–<\/sup><\/p>\n

Question 83.
\nThe molecule which has zero dipole moment is
\na) CH2<\/sub>Cl2<\/sub>
\nb) BF3<\/sub>
\nc) NF3<\/sub>
\nd) ClO2<\/sub>
\nAnswer:
\nb) BF3<\/sub><\/p>\n

Question 84.
\nCarbon tetrachloride has no net dipole moment because of
\na) Its planar structure
\nb) Its regular tetrahedral structure
\nc) similar sizes of carbon and chlorine atoms
\nd) Similar electron affinities of carbon and chlorine
\nAnswer:
\nb) Its regular tetrahedral structure<\/p>\n

Question 85.
\nOf the following compounds, which will have a zero dipole moment?
\na) 1, 1 dichloroethylene
\nb) cis – 1,2 dichloroethylene
\nc) trans – 1,2 dichloroethylene
\nd) none of these
\nAnswer:
\nc) trans – 1,2 dichloroethylene<\/p>\n

\"Samacheer<\/p>\n

Question 86.
\nWhich contains both polar and non – polar bonds?
\na) NH 4<\/sub>Cl
\nb) HCN
\nc) H2<\/sub>O2<\/sub>
\nd) CH4<\/sub>
\nAnswer:
\nc) H2<\/sub>O2<\/sub><\/p>\n

Question 87.
\nIn which of the following species, is the underlined carbon has sp3 hybridisation:
\na) CH3<\/sub>C<\/span>OOH
\nb) CH3<\/sub>C<\/span>H2<\/sub>OH
\nc) CH3<\/sub>C<\/span>OCH3<\/sub>
\nd) CH2<\/sub> = C<\/span>H – CH3<\/sub>
\nAnswer:
\nb) CH3<\/sub>C<\/span>H2<\/sub>OH<\/p>\n

Question 88.
\nRation of a and bonds is maximum in
\na) naphthalene
\nb) tetracyano methane
\nc) enolic form of urea
\nd) equal
\nAnswer:
\nc) enolic form of urea<\/p>\n

Question 89.
\nHCN and HNC molecules have equal number of
\na) lone pair of \u03c3 bonds
\nb) \u03c3 bonds and \u03c0 bonds
\nc) \u03c0 bonds and lone pairs
\nd) lone pairs, \u03c3 bonds, and \u03c0 bonds
\nAnswer:
\nd) lone pairs, \u03c3 bonds, and \u03c0 bonds<\/p>\n

Question 90.
\nAllyl cyanide has
\na) 9 sigma bonds and 4 pi bonds
\nb) 9 sigma bonds, 3 pi bonds, and 1 lone pair
\nc) 8 sigma bonds and 5 pi bonds
\nd) 8 sigma bonds, 3 pi bonds
\nAnswer:
\nb) 9 sigma bonds, 3 pi bonds, and 1 lone pair<\/p>\n

\"Samacheer<\/p>\n

Question 91.
\nEffective overlapping will be shown by:
\na) \\(\\oplus \\Theta+\\oplus \\Theta\\)<\/p>\n

b) \\(\\left(\\frac{\\oplus}{\\Theta}\\right)+\\left(\\frac{\\Theta}{\\oplus}\\right)\\)<\/p>\n

c) \\(\\oplus \\Theta+\\Theta \\oplus\\)
\nd) All the above
\nAnswer:
\nc) \\(\\oplus \\Theta+\\Theta \\oplus\\)<\/p>\n

Question 92.
\nIn which of the following pairs, the two species are not Isostructural?
\na) CO3<\/sub>2-<\/sup> and NO3<\/sub>–<\/sup>
\nb) PCl4<\/sub>+<\/sup>; and SiCl4<\/sub>
\nc) PF5<\/sub> and BrF5<\/sub>
\nd) AlF6<\/sub>3-<\/sup> and SF6<\/sub>
\nAnswer:
\nc) PF5<\/sub> and BrF5<\/sub><\/p>\n

Question 93.
\nThe hybridization of orbitals of N atom in NO3<\/sub>–<\/sup>, NO3<\/sub>+<\/sup> and NH4<\/sub>+<\/sup> are respectively.
\na) sp, sp2<\/sup>, sp3<\/sup>
\nb) sp2<\/sup>, sp, sp3<\/sup>
\nc) sp, sp3<\/sup>, sp2<\/sup>
\nd) sp2<\/sup>, sp3<\/sup>, sp
\nAnswer:
\nb) sp2<\/sup>, sp, sp3<\/sup><\/p>\n

Question 94.
\nOn hybridization of one s and one p -orbital we get:
\na) two mutually perpendicular orbitals
\nb) two orbitals at 180\u00b0
\nc) four orbitals directed tetrahedrally
\nd) three orbitais in a plane
\nAnswer:
\nb) two orbitals at 180\u00b0<\/p>\n

Question 95.
\nA molecule XY2<\/sub> contains two \u03c3 bonds, two \u03c0 bonds, and one lone pair of electrons in the valence shell of X. The arrangement of lone pair, as well as bond pairs, is
\na) Square pyramidal
\nb) Linear
\nc) Trigonal planar
\nd) Unpredictable
\nAnswer:
\nc) Trigonal planar<\/p>\n

\"Samacheer<\/p>\n

Question 96.
\nThe maximum number of 90\u00b0 angles between bond pair of electron is observed in :
\na) sp3<\/sup>d2<\/sup> hybridisation
\nb) sp3<\/sup>d hybridisation
\nc) dsp2<\/sup> hybridisation
\nd) dsp3<\/sup> hybridisation
\nAnswer:
\na) sp3<\/sup> d2<\/sup> hybridisation<\/p>\n

Question 97.
\nWhich of the following has a 3 centred 2 electron bond?
\na) BF3<\/sub>
\nb) NH3<\/sub>
\nc) CO2<\/sub>
\nd) B2<\/sub>H6<\/sub>
\nAnswer:
\nd) B2<\/sub>H6<\/sub><\/p>\n

Question 98.
\nWhich has regular tetrahedral geometry?
\na) SF4<\/sub>
\nb) BF4<\/sub>–<\/sup>
\nc) XeF4<\/sub>
\nd) [Ni(CN)4<\/sub>]2-<\/sup>
\nAnswer:
\nb) BF4<\/sub>–<\/sup><\/p>\n

Question 99.
\nWhich of the following statement is incorrect?
\na) During N2<\/sub>+<\/sup> formation, one electron is removed from the bonding molecular orbital of N2<\/sub>.
\nb) During O2<\/sub>+<\/sup> formation, one electron is removed from the anti-bonding molecular orbital of O2<\/sub>.
\nc) During O2<\/sub>–<\/sup> formation, one electron is added to the bonding molecular orbital of O2<\/sub>
\nd) During CN–<\/sup> formation, one electron is added to the bonding molecular orbital of CN
\nAnswer:
\nc) During O2<\/sub>–<\/sup> formation, one electron is added to the bonding molecular orbital of O2<\/sub><\/p>\n

Question 100.
\nWhich concept best explains that O – nitrophenol is more volatile than p – nitrophenol?
\na) Resonance
\nb) Hyper conjugation
\nc) Hydrogen bonding
\nd) Steric hindrance
\nAnswer:
\nc) Hydrogen bonding<\/p>\n

\"Samacheer<\/p>\n

II. Very short question and answers (2 Marks):<\/span><\/p>\n

Question 1.
\nState Octet rule.
\nAnswer:
\n“The atoms transfer or share electrons so that all atoms involved in chemical bonding obtain 8 electrons in their outer shell (valence shell)”.<\/p>\n

Question 2.
\nWhat is an electrovalent bond?
\nAnswer:
\nThe complete transfer of electron leads to the formation of a cation and an anion. Both these ions are held together by the electrostatic attractive force which is known as ionic bond.<\/p>\n

Question 3.
\nWhat is covalent bond?
\nAnswer:
\nThis type of mutual sharing of one or more pairs of electrons between two combining atoms results in the formation of a chemical bond called a covalent bond<\/p>\n

Question 4.
\nWhat is Co-ordinate bond?
\nAnswer:
\nOne of the combining atoms donates a pair of electrons i.e., two electrons which are necessary for the covalent bond formation, and these electrons are shared by both the combining atoms. These type of bonds are called coordinate covalent bond or coordinate bond.<\/p>\n

Question 5.
\nDraw the lewis dot structure of the following.
\n(i) SO3<\/sub>
\n(ii) NH3<\/sub>
\n(iii) N2<\/sub>O5<\/sub>
\nAnswer:
\n\"Samacheer<\/p>\n

\"Samacheer<\/p>\n

Question 6.
\nWhat is bond length?
\nAnswer:
\nThe distance between the nuclei of the two covalently bonded atoms is called bond length.
\nExample:
\nCarbon-carbon single bond length (1.54 \u00c5).<\/p>\n

Question 7.
\nWhat is bond angle?
\nAnswer:
\nCovalent bonds are directional in nature and are oriented in specific directions in space. This directional nature creates a fixed angle between two covalent bonds in a molecule and this angle is termed as bond angle.
\nExample :
\nMolecule = CH4<\/sub>;
\nAtoms defining the angle = H-C-H
\nBond angle is 109\u00b0 28′
\n\"Samacheer<\/p>\n

Question 8.
\nWhat is resonance?
\nAnswer:
\nWhen we write Lewis structures for a molecule, more than one valid Lewis structures are possible in certain cases.
\nThey only differ in the position of bonding and lone pair of electrons. Such structures are called structures (canonical structures) and this phenomenon is called resonance.<\/p>\n

Question 9.
\nDraw the resonance structure of CO3<\/sub>2-<\/sup> ion?
\nAnswer:<\/p>\n

\"Samacheer<\/p>\n

\"Samacheer<\/p>\n

III. Short question and answers (3 Marks):<\/span><\/p>\n

Question 1.
\nWhat is dipole moment of a covalent bond in a polar molecule?
\nAnswer:
\nDipole moment of a covalent bond in a polar molecule is defined as the product of the magnitude of the charge present on either of the two atoms and the distance by which the two atoms are separated in the molecule. It is a vector quantity and works in the direction of the line joining the positively charged end to the negatively charged end.
\nThe unit of dipole moment is Debye.
\nThus 1D = 1 \u00d7 10-18<\/sup> e.s.u.cm.<\/p>\n

Question 2.
\nDistinguish between \u03c3 – molecular orbital & \u03c0 – molecular orbital.
\nAnswer:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\u03c3 molecular orbital<\/td>\n\u03c0 molecular orbital<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1. It is formed by head on overlapping of atomic orbitals.<\/td>\nIt is formed by the sidewise overlapping of atomic orbitals.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2. The overlapping of atomic orbital is maximum.<\/td>\nThe overlapping of atomic orbital is less.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
3. The orbital is symmetrical to rotation about the intemuclear axis.<\/td>\nThe orbital is not symmetrical to rotation about the internuclear axis.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
4. The resulting covalent bond is strong.<\/td>\nThe resulting covalent bond is weak.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Question 3.
\nExplain formation of H2<\/sub> molecule by MO theory.
\nAnswer:
\n\"Samacheer<\/p>\n

Molecular orbital diagram of hydrogen molecule (H2<\/sub>)
\nElectronic configuration of H atom 1s1<\/sup>
\nElectronic configuration of H2<\/sub> molecule: \u03c31s<\/sub>2<\/sup>
\nBond order = \\(\\frac{N_{b}-N_{a}}{2}=\\frac{2-0}{2}\\) = 1
\nMolecule has no impaired electrons hence it is dimagnetic.<\/p>\n

Question 4.
\nExplain the formation of Li2<\/sub> molecule by MOT.
\nAnswer:
\n\"Samacheer<\/p>\n

Molecular orbital diagram of Lithium molecule (Li2<\/sub>)
\nElectronic configuration of Li atom 1s2<\/sup> 2s1<\/sup>
\nElectronic configuration of Li2<\/sub> molecule: \u03c31s<\/sub>2<\/sup> \u03c31s<\/sub>*2<\/sup> \u03c32s<\/sub>2<\/sup>
\nBond order = \\(\\frac{N_{b}-N_{a}}{2}=\\frac{4-2}{2}\\) = 1
\nMolecule has no impaired electrons hence it is dimagnetic.<\/p>\n

Question 5.
\nExplain the formation of B2<\/sub> molecule by MOT.
\nAnswer:
\n\"Samacheer<\/p>\n

Molecular orbital diagram of Boron molecule (B2<\/sub>)
\nElectronic configuration of B atom 1s2<\/sup> 2s2<\/sup> 2P1<\/sup>
\nElectronic configuration of B2<\/sub> molecule: \u03c31s<\/sub>2<\/sup> \u03c31s<\/sub>*2<\/sup> \u03c32s<\/sub>2<\/sup> \u03c32s<\/sub>*2<\/sup> \u03c02py<\/sub>1<\/sup> \u03c02pz<\/sub>1<\/sup>
\nBond order = \\(\\frac{N_{b}-N_{a}}{2}=\\frac{6-4}{2}\\) = 1
\nMolecule has two unpaired electrons hence it is paramagnetic.<\/p>\n

\"Samacheer<\/p>\n

Question 6.
\nExplain the formation of C2<\/sub> molecule by MOT.
\nAnswer:
\n\"Samacheer<\/p>\n

Molecular orbital diagram of Carbon molecule (B2<\/sub>)
\nElectronic configuration of C atom 1s2<\/sup> 2s2<\/sup> 2p1<\/sup>
\nElectronic configuration of C2<\/sub> molecule: \u03c31s<\/sub>2<\/sup> \u03c31s<\/sub>*2<\/sup> \u03c32s<\/sub>2<\/sup> \u03c32s<\/sub>*2<\/sup> \u03c02py<\/sub>1<\/sup> \u03c02pz<\/sub>1<\/sup>
\nBond order = \\(\\frac{N_{b}-N_{a}}{2}=\\frac{8-4}{2}\\) = 2
\nMolecule has two unpaired electrons hence it is diamagnetic.<\/p>\n

Question 7.
\nHow is \u03c3 and \u03c0 – bond formed?
\nAnswer:
\nWhen two atomic orbitals overlap linearly along the axis, the resultant bond is called a sigma (\u03c3) bond. This overlap is also called \u2018Tread – on overlap\u201d or “axial overlap\u201d. Overlap involves an orbital (s- s and s – p overlaps) will always result in a sigma bond as the s orbital is spherical. Overlap between two p orbitals along the molecular axis will also result in sigma bond formation. When we consider x-axis as molecular axis, the px<\/sub> – px<\/sub> overlap will result in \u03c3 – bond.<\/p>\n

When two atomic orbitals overlaps sideways, the resultant covalent bond is called a pi bond. When we consider x – axis as molecular axis, py<\/sub> – py<\/sub> and pz<\/sub> – pz<\/sub> overlap will result in the formation of a \u03c0 – bond.<\/p>\n

Question 8.
\nExplain Salient features of VB theory?
\nAnswer:
\nSalient features :<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. When half filled orbitais of two atoms overlap, a covalent bond will be formed between them.<\/li>\n
  2. The resultant overlapping orbital is occupied by the two electrons with opposite spins. For example, when H2<\/sub> is formed, the two is electrons of two hydrogen atoms get paired up and occupy the overlapped orbital.<\/li>\n
  3. The strength of a covalent bond depends upon the extent of overlap of atomic orbitals. Greater the overlap, larger is the energy released and stronger will be the bond formed.<\/li>\n
  4. Each atomic orbital has a specific direction (except s-orbital which is spherical) and hence orbital overlap takes place in the direction that maximizes overlap.<\/li>\n
  5. Let us explain the covalent bond formation in hydrogen, fluorine, and hydrogen fluoride using VB theory.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    Question 9.
    \nHow is HF & F2<\/sub> molecule formed by using VB theory?
    \nAnswer:
    \nFormation of HF molecule:
    \n1. Electronic configuration of hydrogen atom is 1s1<\/sup>
    \n2. Valence shell electronic configuration of fluorine atom: 2s2<\/sup>, 2px<\/sub>2<\/sup>, 2py<\/sub>2<\/sup>, 2pz<\/sub>1<\/sup>
    \n3. When half filled 1s orbital of hydrogen linearly overlaps with a half filled 2pz<\/sub> orbital of fluorine, a \u03c3 – covalent bond is formed between hydrogen and fluorine.
    \n\"Samacheer<\/p>\n

    Formation of fluorine molecule (F2<\/sub>):
    \n1. Valence shell electronic configuration of fluorine atom: 2s2<\/sup>, 2px<\/sub>2<\/sup>, 2Py<\/sub>2<\/sup> 2pz<\/sub>1<\/sup>
    \n2. When the half filled pz<\/sub> orbitals of two fluorine overlaps along the z-axis, a \u03c3 – covalent bond is formed between them.<\/p>\n

    \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

    IV. Long question and answers (5 Marks):<\/span><\/p>\n

    Question 1.
    \nExplain the Postulates of VSEPR theory.
    \nAnswer:<\/p>\n

      \n
    1. The shape of the molecule depends on the number of valence shell electron pair around the central atom.<\/li>\n
    2. There are two types of electron pairs namely bond pairs and lone pairs. The bond pair of electrons are those shared between two atoms, while the lone pairs are the valence electron pairs that are not involved in bonding.<\/li>\n
    3. Each pair of valence electrons around the central atom repels each other and hence, they are located as far away as possible in three dimensional space to minimize the repulsion between them.<\/li>\n
    4. The repulsive interaction between the different types of electron pairs is in the following order.
      \n1p – 1p > 1p – bp > bp – bp
      \n1p – lone pair; bp – bond pair<\/li>\n
    5. The lone pair of electrons are localised only on the central atom and interacts with only one nucleus whereas the bond pairs are shared between two atoms and they interact with two nuclei.<\/li>\n
    6. Because of this lone pairs occupy more space and have greater repulsive power than the bond pairs in a molecule.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      Question 2.
      \nExplain the qualitative treatment of VB theory for the formation of H2<\/sub> molecule.
      \nAnswer:
      \nA simple qualitative treatment of VB theory for the formation of hydrogen molecule is discussed below.
      \nConsider a situation where in two hydrogen atoms (Ha<\/sub> and Hb<\/sub>) are separated by infinite distance. At this stage there is no interaction between these two atoms and the potential energy of this system is arbitrarily taken as zero. As these two atoms approach each other, in addition to the electrostatic attractive force between the nucleus and its own electron (purple arrows), the following new forces begins to operate.<\/p>\n

      \"Samacheer
      \nVB theory for the formation of hydrogen molecule<\/p>\n

      The new attractive forces (green arrows) arise between
      \n(i) nucleus of Ha<\/sub> and valence electron of Hb<\/sub>
      \n(ii) nucleus of Hb<\/sub> and the valence electron of Ha<\/sub>.<\/p>\n

      The new repulsive forces (red arrows) arise between
      \n(i) nucleus of Ha<\/sub> and Hb<\/sub>
      \n(ii) valence electrons of Ha<\/sub> and Hb<\/sub><\/p>\n

      The attractive forces tend to bring Ha<\/sub> and Hb<\/sub> together whereas the repulsive forces tends to push them apart. At the initial stage, as the two hydrogen atoms approach each other, the attractive forces are stronger than the repulsive forces and the potential energy decreases. A stage is reached where the net attractive forces are exactly balanced by repulsive forces and the potential energy of the system acquires a minimum energy.<\/p>\n

      \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

      At this stage, there is a maximum overlap between the atomic orbitals of Ha<\/sub> and Hb,<\/sub> and the atoms Ha<\/sub> and Hb<\/sub> are now said to be bonded together by a covalent bond. The internuclear distance at this stage gives the H – H bond length and is equal to 74 pm.<\/p>\n

      The liberated energy is 436 kJ mol-1<\/sup> and is known as bond energy. Since the energy is released during the bond formation, the resultant molecule is more stable. If the distance between the two atoms is decreased further, the repulsive forces dominate the attractive forces and the potential energy of the system sharply increases.<\/p>\n

      \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

      Question 3.
      \nExplain hybridization and geometry of BeCl2<\/sub> molecule.
      \nAnswer:
      \nLet us consider the bond formation in beryllium chloride. The valence shell electronic configuration of beryllium in the ground state is shown in the figure.
      \n\"Samacheer
      \n\"Samacheer<\/p>\n

      In BeCl2<\/sub> both the Be-Cl bonds are equivalent and it was observed that the molecule is linear. VB theory explain this observed behaviour by sp hybridisation. One of the paired electrons in the 2s orbital gets excited to 2p orbital and the electronic configuration at the excited state is shown.<\/p>\n

      Now, the 2s and 2p orbitals hybridise and produce two equivalent sp hybridised orbitals which have 50% s-character and 50% p-character. These sp hybridised orbitals are oriented in opposite direction as shown in the figure.<\/p>\n

      Overlap with orbital of chlorine:
      \nEach of the sp hybridized orbitals linearly overlap with pz<\/sub> orbital of the chlorine to form a covalent bond between Be and Cl as shown in the Figure
      \n\"Samacheer
      \nsp hybridization of BeCl2<\/sub><\/p>\n

      Question 4.
      \nDistinguish between \u03c3 – bond and \u03c0 – bond.
      \nAnswer:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
      Sigma (\u03c3) Bond<\/td>\nPi (\u03c0) Bond<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      1. Sigma (\u03c3) bond is formed by axial overlap of atomic orbitals.<\/td>\nPi (\u03c0) bond is formed by the sidewise overlap of atomic orbitals.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      2. This bond can be formed by overlap of s-s, s-p or p-p orbitals.<\/td>\nIt involves of overlap of p-p orbitals only.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      3. The bond is strong because, overlapping can take place to a large extent.<\/td>\nThe bond is weak because the overlapping occurs to a small extent.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      4. The electron cloud formed by axial overlap is symmetrical about the inter nuclear axis and consists of single charged cloud.<\/td>\nThe electron cloud of Pi bond is discontinuous and consists of two changed clouds above and below the plane of atoms.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      5. There can be a free rotation of atoms about the \u03c3 bond.<\/td>\nFree rotation of atoms around \u03c0 bond is not possible because it involves breaking of \u03c0 -bond.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      6. The bond may be present between the two atoms either alone or along with a \u03c0 -bond.<\/td>\nThe bond is always present between the two \u00a0atoms along with the sigma (\u03c3) bond.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      7. The shape of molecule is determined by the sigma framework around the central atom.<\/td>\nThe \u03c0 bonds do not contribute to the shape.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

      \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

      Question 5.
      \nExplain hybridisation & geometry of methane molecule?
      \nAnswer:
      \nsp3<\/sup> hybridisation can be explained by considering methane as an example. In methane molecule the central carbon atom bound to four hydrogen atoms. The ground state valence shell electronic configuration of carbon is [He]2s2<\/sup> 2px<\/sub>1<\/sup> 2py<\/sub>1<\/sup> 2Pz<\/sub>0<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

      \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

      In order to form four covalent bonds with the four hydrogen atoms, one of the paired electrons in the 2s orbital of
      \ncarbon is promoted to its 2pz<\/sub> orbital in the excite state. The one 2s orbital and the three 2p orbitals of carbon mixes to give four equivalent sp3<\/sup> hybridised orbitals. The angle between any two sp3<\/sup> hybridised orbitals is 109\u00b0 28′.
      \n\"Samacheer<\/p>\n

      Overlap with 1s orbitals of hydrogen:
      \nThe 1s orbitals of the four hydrogen atoms overlap linearly with the four sp3<\/sup> hybridised orbitals of carbon to form four C-H \u03c3-bonds in the methane molecule, as shown below.
      \n\"Samacheer
      \nsp3 hybridization of CH4<\/sub><\/p>\n

      Question 6.
      \nExplain hybridization & geometry of PCl5<\/sub> molecule.
      \nAnswer:
      \nIn the molecules such as PCl5<\/sub>, the central atom phosphorus is covalently bound to five chlorine atoms. Here the atomic orbitals of phosphorous undergoes sp3<\/sup>d hybridization which involves its one 3s orbital, three 3p orbitals and one vacant 3d orbital (dz<\/sub>2<\/sup>). The ground state electronic configuration of phosphorous is [Ne] 3s2<\/sup> 3px<\/sub>2<\/sup> 3py<\/sub>1<\/sup> 3pz<\/sub>1<\/sup> as shown below.<\/p>\n

      \"Samacheer
      \n\"Samacheer<\/p>\n

      One of the paired electrons in the 3s orbital of phosphorous is promoted to one of its vacant 3d orbital (dz<\/sub>2<\/sup>) in the excite state. One 3s orbital, three 3p orbitals, and one 3dz<\/sub>2<\/sup>. orbital of phosphorus atom mixes to give five equivalent sp3<\/sup>d hybridised orbitals. The orbitals geometry of sp3<\/sup>d hyrbridised orbitals is trigonal bi – pyramidal.<\/p>\n

      Overlap with 3pz<\/sub> orbitals of chlorine :
      \nThe 3pz<\/sub> orbitals of the five chlorine atoms linearly overlap along the axis with the five sp3<\/sup>d hybridized orbitals of phosphorous to form the five P – Cl \u03c3 – bonds, as shown below.<\/p>\n

      \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

      \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

      Question 7.
      \nExplain hybridization & geometry of SF6<\/sub> molecule.
      \nAnswer:
      \nIn sulphur hexafluoride (SF6<\/sub>) the central atom sulphur extend its octet to undergo sp3<\/sup>d2<\/sup> hybridization to generate six sp3<\/sup>d2<\/sup> hybridized orbitals which accounts for six equivalent S – F bonds. The ground state electronic configuration of sulphur is [Ne] 3s2<\/sup> 3px<\/sub>2<\/sup>, 3py<\/sub>2<\/sup>, 3pz<\/sub>1<\/sup><\/p>\n

      \"Samacheer
      \n\"Samacheer<\/p>\n

      One electron each from 3s orbital and 3p orbital of sulphur is promoted to its two vacant 3d orbitals (dz<\/sub>2<\/sup> and dx2<\/sup> – y2<\/sup><\/sub>) in the excite state. A total of six valence orbitals from sulphur (one 3s orbital, three 3p orbitals, and two 3d orbitals) mixes to give six equivalent sp3<\/sup>d2<\/sup> hybridized orbitals. The orbital geometry is octahedral as shown in the figure.<\/p>\n

      Overlap with 2pz<\/sub> orbitals of fluorine:
      \nThe six sp3<\/sup>d2<\/sup> hybridized orbitals of sulphur overlaps linearly with 2pz<\/sub> orbitals of six fluorine atoms to form the six S – F bonds in the sulphur hexafluoride molecule.<\/p>\n

      \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

      Question 8.
      \nWrite the postulates of molecular orbital theory.
      \nAnswer:<\/p>\n

        \n
      1. When atoms combines to form molecules, their individual atomic orbitals lose their identity and forms new orbitals called molecule orbitals.<\/li>\n
      2. The shapes of molecular orbitals depend upon the shapes of combining atomic orbitals.<\/li>\n
      3. The number of molecular orbitals formed is the same as the number of combining atomic orbitals. Half the number of molecular orbitals formed will have lower energy than the corresponding atomic orbital, while the remaining molecular orbitals will have higher energy.<\/li>\n
      4. The molecular orbital with lower energy is called bonding molecular orbital and the one with higher energy is called anti-bonding molecular orbital. The bonding molecular orbitals are represented as \u03c3 (Sigma), \u03c0 (pi), \u03b4 (delta) and the corresponding antibonding orbitals are denoted as \u03c3*, \u03c0* and \u03b4*.<\/li>\n
      5. The electrons in a molecule are accommodated in the newly formed molecular orbitals. The filling of electrons in these orbitals follows Aufbau\u2019s principle, Pauli\u2019s exclusion principle, and Hund\u2019s rule as in the case of filling of electrons in atomic orbitals.<\/li>\n
      6. Bond order gives the number of covalent bonds between the two combining atoms. The bond order of a molecule can be calculated using the following equation<\/li>\n
      7. Bond order = \\(\\frac{\\mathrm{N}_{\\mathrm{b}}-\\mathrm{N}_{\\mathrm{a}}}{2}\\)
        \nWhere, Nb<\/sub> = Total number of electrons present in the bonding molecular orbitals.
        \nNa<\/sub> = Total number of electrons present in the antibonding molecular orbitals.
        \nA bond order of zero value indicates that the molecule doesn\u2019t exist.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

        Question 9.
        \nDistinguish between molecular orbital & anti bonding molecular orbitals.
        \nAnswer:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
        Bonding molecular orbital<\/td>\nAnti-bonding molecular orbital<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        1. A bonding molecular orbital is formed when the electron waves of combining atoms are in phase, i.e the lobes of atomic orbitals have same sign.<\/td>\nAn anti-bonding molecular orbital is formed when the electron waves of the combining atoms are not in phase ie the lobes of atomic orbital have opposite sign.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        2. For bonding molecular orbital wave function are summed up.<\/td>\nFor anti-bonding molecular orbital, the wave functions are subtracted.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        3. The electron density is centered between the nuclei of the combining atoms.<\/td>\nThe probability of finding the electron between the nuclei of the combining atom is negligible.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        4. The energy of bonding molecular orbital is less than that of the atomic orbitals of the combining atoms.<\/td>\nThe energy of an antibonding molecular orbital is higher than the atomic orbitals of combining atoms.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        5. Electron present in bonding molecular orbital lead to attraction between the atoms and stabilize the molecule.<\/td>\nElectrons present in anti-bonding molecular orbitals lead to repulsion between the atoms and destabilize the molecule.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

        \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

        Question 10.
        \nExplain the formation of NO by MOT?
        \nAnswer:
        \n\"Samacheer
        \nMolecular orbital diagram of nitrogen molecule (NO)<\/p>\n

        Electronic configuration of N atom 1s2<\/sup> 2s2<\/sup> 2p3<\/sup>
        \nElectronic configuration of NO molecule
        \n\u03c31s<\/sub>2<\/sup> \u03c31s<\/sub>*2<\/sup> \u03c32s<\/sub>2<\/sup> \u03c32s<\/sub>*2<\/sup> \u03c02py<\/sub>2<\/sup> \u03c02pz<\/sub>2<\/sup> \u03c32px<\/sub>2<\/sup> \u03c02py<\/sub>*1<\/sup>
        \nBond order = \\(\\frac{N_{b}-N_{a}}{2}=\\frac{10-5}{2}\\) = 2.5
        \nMolecule has one unpaired electrons hence it is paramagnetic.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

        Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus Samacheer Kalvi 11th Chemistry Guide Pdf Chapter 10 Chemical Bonding Text Book Back Questions and Answers, Notes. Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 11th Chemistry Solutions Chapter 10 Chemical Bonding 11th Chemistry Guide Chemical Bonding Text Book Back Questions and Answers Textbook Evaluation: I. Choose the best answer: Question 1. In which of …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"spay_email":""},"categories":[6],"tags":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/samacheer-kalvi.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/36392"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/samacheer-kalvi.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/samacheer-kalvi.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/samacheer-kalvi.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/samacheer-kalvi.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=36392"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/samacheer-kalvi.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/36392\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":47550,"href":"https:\/\/samacheer-kalvi.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/36392\/revisions\/47550"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/samacheer-kalvi.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=36392"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/samacheer-kalvi.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=36392"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/samacheer-kalvi.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=36392"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}