Students get through the TN Board 11th Bio Botany Important Questions Chapter 3 Vegetative Morphology which is useful for their exam preparation.
TN State Board 11th Bio Botany Important Questions Chapter 3 Vegetative Morphology
Answer the following short answers.
Question 1.
Define reproductive morphology.
Answer:
It includes Flower/inflorescence, Fruit, and Seed.
Question 2.
Write down any two primary functions of the stem.
Answer:
- Provides support and bears leaves, flowers, and fruits.
- It transports water and mineral nutrients to the other parts from the root.
Question 3.
Mention three important components of vegetative morphology.
Answer:
- Habit,
- Habitat and
- Life span.
Question 4.
What are herbs? Give two examples.
Answer:
Herbs are soft-stemmed plants with less wood or no wood. Phyllanthus amarus, Cleome viscosa.
Question 5.
What is the two plant habitat?
Answer:
Depending upon where plants grow habitats may be classified into major categories:
- Terrestrial and
- Aquatic.
Question 6.
Define perennial plants give two examples.
Answer:
A plant that grows for many years that flowers and set fruits for several seasons during the life span.
Question 7.
What is meant by Angiosperms?
Answer:
Flowering plants are called “Angiosperms” or Magnoliophyta.
Question 8.
Give two primary functions of the root system.
Answer:
- Absorb water and minerals from the soil.
- Help to anchor the plant firmly in the soil.
Question 9.
Explain fusiform root with one example.
Answer:
These roots are swollen in the middle and tapering towards both ends. eg. Raphanus sativus.
Question 10
What is meant by thorn climbers? Give one example.
Answer:
Climbing or reclining on the support with the help of thorns as in Bougainvillea and Carissa.
Question 11.
Explain Phylloclade.
Answer:
Phylloclade is a characteristic adaptation of xerophytes where the leaves often fall off early and modified into spines or scales to reduce transpiration.
Question 12.
Define Bulb.
Answer:
It is a condensed conical or convex stem surrounded by fleshy scale leaves.
Question 13.
What is meant by Cladode?
Answer:
Cladode is a flattened or cylindrical stem similar to Phylloclade but with one or two internodes only.
Question 14.
Define Venation.
Answer:
The arrangement of veins and veinlets on the leaf blade or lamina is called venation. Internally, the vein contains vascular tissues.
Question 15.
What is meant by Phyllotaxy?
Answer:
The mode of arrangement of leaves on the stem is known as phyllotaxy (Gk. Phyllon = leaf; taxis = arrangement).
Question 16.
Give two examples for parallel venation.
Answer:
- Canna,
- Bamboo,
Question 17.
Explain opposite phyllotaxy.
Answer:
In this type, each node possesses two leaves opposite to each other.
Question 18.
What is meant by phyllode?
Answer:
Phyllodes are flat, green-colored leaf-like modifications of petioles or rachis. The leaflets or lamina of the leaf are highly reduced or caducous.
Question 19.
Define Heterophylly.
Answer:
The occurrence of two different kinds of leaves in the same plant is called heterophylly.
Question 20.
Give two examples of evergreen plants.
Answer:
Mimiisops, Calophyllum.
Answer In brief.
Question 1.
What is plant morphology? Explain the types of morphology.
Answer:
The study of various external features of the organism is known as morphology. Plant morphology is also known as external morphology deals with the study of the shape, size, and structure of plants and their parts (roots, stems, leaves, flowers, fruits, and seeds). The study of morphology is important in taxonomy. Morphological features are important in determining the productivity of crops. Morphological characters indicate the specific habitats of living as well as the fossil plants and help to correlate the distribution in space and time of fossil plants. Morphological features are also significant for phylogeny.
Plant Morphology can be studied under two broad categories:
- Vegetative morphology – It includes the shoot system and root system.
- Reproductive morphology – It includes Flower/inflorescence, Fruit, and Seed.
Question 2.
Explain the adventitious root system with an example.
Answer:
- Root developing from any part of the plant other than the radicle is called adventitious root. It may develop from the base of the stem or nodes or internodes. eg. Monstera deliciosa, Ficus benghalensis, Piper nigrum.
- In most of monocots, the primary root of the seedling is short-lived and lateral roots arise from various regions of the plant body. These are a bunch of thread-like roots equal in size which are collectively called fibrous root systems generally found in grasses, eg. Oryza sativa, Eleusine coracana, Pennisetum americanum.
Question 3.
What are the storage roots? Explain each type with a suitable example.
Answer:
Tuberous root: These roots are swollen without any definite shape. Tuberous roots are produced singly and not in clusters, eg. Ipomoea batatas.
Fasciculated root: These roots are in the cluster from the base of the stem. eg. Dahlia, Asparagus, Ru<ia.
Nodulose root: In this type of root swelling occurs only near the tips. eg. Mtmnfct (arrow root) Curcuma amada (mango ginger), Curcuma loHga (turmeric).
Monilifonn or Beaded root: These roots swell at frequent intervals giving them a beaded appearance, eg. Vitis, Portulaca, Momordica Indian spinach.
Annulatedroot: These roots have a series of ring-like swelling on their surface at regular intervals. eg. Ipecac (Psychotria)
Question 4.
List out the characteristic features of this stem.
Answer:
- The stem is usually the aerial portion of the plant
- It is positively phototropic and negatively geotropic.
- It has nodes and internodes.
- The stem bears vegetative bud for vegetative growth of the plant, and floral buds for reproduction, and ends in a terminal bud.
- The young stem is green and thus carries out photosynthesis.
- During reproductive growth, the stem bears flowers and fruits.
- Branches arise exogenously.
- Some stems bear multicellular hairs of different kinds.
Question 5.
What is the secondary function of the stem?
Answer:
- Food storage – eg. Solanum tuberosum, Colocasia, and Zingiber officinale.
- Perennation / reproduction – eg. Zingiber officinale, Curcuma longa.
- Water storage – eg. Opuntia.
- Buoyancy – eg. Neptunia.
- Photosynthesis – eg. Opuntia, Ruscus, Casuarina, Euphorbia, Caralluma.
- Protection – eg. Citrus, Duranta, Bougainvillea, Acacia, Fluggea, Carissa.
- Support – eg. Passiflora,Bougainvillea, Vitis, Cissus quadrangularis.
Question 6.
What are Bulbils? Explain different types with suitable examples.
Answer:
- Bulbils are modified and enlarged buds, meant for propagation.
- When bulbils detach from the parent plant and fall on the ground, they germinate into new plants and serve as a means of vegetative propagation.
- In Agave and Allium, proliferum floral buds get modified into bulbils.
- In Lilium bulbiferum and Dioscorea bulbifera, the bulbils develop in the axil of leaves.
- In Oxalis, they develop just above the swollen root.
Question 7.
What is meant by Rhizome? Give at least three examples.
Answer:
This is an underground stem that grows horizontally with several lateral growing tips. Rhizome possess conspicuous nodes and internodes covered by scale leaves, eg. Zingiber officinale, Canna, Curcuma longa, Maranta arundinacea, Nymphaea, Nelumbo.
Question 8.
List out the primary function of the leaf.
Answer:
Primary functions:
- Photosynthesis,
- Transpiration,
- Gaseous exchange,
- Protection of buds,
- Conduction of water and dissolved solutes.
Question 9.
Describe Palmately reticulate venation. Mention its types for example.
Answer:
Palmately reticulate venation (multicostate): In this type of venation there are two or more principal veins arising from a single point and they proceed outward or upwards. The two types of palmate reticulate venation are
- Divergent type: When all principal veins originate from the base and diverge from one another towards the margin of the leaf as in Cucurbita, Luffa, Carica papaya, etc.
- Convergent: When the veins converge to the apex of the leaf, as in Indian plum (Zizyphus),
bay leaf (Cinnamomum)
(a) Pinnately reticulate, (b) Palmately reticulate (Divergent), (c) Palmately reticulate (Convergent)
Question 10.
Give an account of storage leaves with suitable examples.
Answer:
Some plants of saline and xerophytic habitats and members of the family Crassulaceae commonly have fleshy or swollen leaves. These succulent leaves store water, mucilage or food material. Such storage leaves resist desiccation, eg. Aloe, Agave, Bryophyllum, Kalanchoe, Sedum, Sueada, Brassica oleracea (cabbage-variety capitata).
Answer In detail.
Question 1.
Describe the regions of the root with a suitable diagram.
Answer:
The root tip is covered by dome-shaped parenchymatous cells called root caps. It protects the meristematic cells in the apex. In Pandanus multiple root cap is present. In Pistia instead of a root cap, a root pocket is present. A few millimeters above the root cap the following three distinct zones have been classified based on their meristematic activity.
- Meristematic Zone,
- Zone of Elongation,
- Zone of Maturation.
Question 2.
What are the vital functions of root? Explain each function with a suitable example.
Answer:
Epiphytic or velamen root: Some epiphytic orchids develop a special kind of aerial roots which hang freely in the air. These roots develop a spongy tissue called velamen which helps in the absorption of moisture from the surrounding air. eg. Vanda, Dendrobiutn, Aerides.
Foliar root: Roots are produced from the veins or lamina of the leaf for the formation of the new plant, eg. Bryophyllum, Begonia, Zamioculcas.
Sucking or Haustorial roots: These roots are found in parasitic plants. Parasites develop adventitious roots from the stem which penetrate into the tissue of the host plant and suck nutrients, eg. Ciiscuta (dodder), Cassytha, Orobanche (broomrape), Viscum (mistletoe), Dendrophthoe.
Photosynthetic or assimilatory roots: Roots of some climbing or epiphytic plants develop chlorophyll and turn green which help in photosynthesis, eg. Tinospora, Trapa natans (water chestnut), Taeniophyllum.
Question 3.
Explain different types of stem.
Answer:
The majority of angiosperm possess upright, vertically growing erect stem. They are (i) Excurrent, (ii) Decurrent, (iii) Caudex, (iv) Culm
- Excurrent: The main axis shows continuous growth and the lateral branches gradually becoming shorter towards the apex which gives a conical appearance to the trees, eg. Polyalthia longifolia, Casuarina.
- Decurrent: The growth of the lateral branch is more vigorous than that of the main axis. The tree has a rounded or spreading appearance, eg. Mangifera indica, Azadirachta indica, Tamarindus indicus, Aegle marmelos.
- Caudex: It’s an unbranched, stout, cylindrical stem, marked with scars of fallen leaves, eg. Cocus Nucifera, Borassusflabellifermis, Areca catechu.
- Culm: Erect stems with distinct nodes and usually hollow internodes clasped by leaf sheaths.
eg. Majority of grasses including Bamboo.
Question 4.
Describe the various sub-aerial stem modifications with suitable examples.
Answer:
Subaerial stem found in plants with the weak stem in which branches lie horizontally on the ground. These are meant for vegetative propagation. They may be subaerial or partially subterranean.
Runner: This is a slender, prostrate branch creeping on die ground and rooting at the nodes, eg. Centella (Indian pennywort), Oxalis (wood sorrel), lawn grass (Cynodon dactylon).
Stolon: This is also a slender, lateral branch originating from the base of the stem. But it first grows obliquely above the ground, produces a loop and bends down towards the ground. When touches the ground it produces roots and becomes an independent plantlet. eg. Mentha piperita (peppermint), Fragaria indica (wild strawberry).
Sucker: Sucker develops from an underground stem and grows obliquely upwards and gives rise to a separate plantlet or new plant, eg. Chrysanthemum, Musa, Bambusa.
Offset: Offset is similar to runner but found in aquatic plants especially in rosette leaved forms.
A short thick lateral branch arises from the lower axil and grows horizontally leafless for a short distance, then it produces a bunch of rosette leaves and roots at nodes, eg. Eiehhornia (water hyacinth), Pistia (water lettuce).
Question 5.
Explain the parts of the leaf with a suitable diagram.
Answer:
Three main parts of a typical leaf are:
(i) Leaf base (Hypopodium), (ii) Petiole (Mesopodium), (iii) Lamina (Epipodium).
- The part of the leaf attached to the node of the stem is called the leaf base. Usually, it protects growing buds at its axil. In legumes, the leaf base becomes broad, thick, and swollen which is known as a pulvinus. eg. Clitoria, Lablab, Cassia, Erythrina, Butea, Peltophorum.
In many monocot families such as Arecaceae, Musaceae, Zingiberaceae, and Poaceae the leaf base extends, into a sheath and clasps part or whole of the internode. Such leaf base also leaves permanent scars on the stem when they fall. eg. Arecaceae.
- Petiole (stipe or mesopodium): Tt is the bridge between leaf and stem. Petiole or leaf stalk is a cylindrical or subcylindrical or flattened structure of a leaf that joins the lamina with the stem. A leaf with petiole is said to be petiolate. eg. Ficus, Hibiscus, Mangifera, Psidium. Leaves that do not possess petiole is said to be sessile, eg. Calotropis, Gloriosa.
- The expanded flat green portion of the leaf is the blade or lamina. It is the seat of photosynthesis, gaseous exchange, transpiration, and most of the metabolic reactions of the plant. The lamina is traversed by the midrib from which arise numerous lateral veins and thin veinlets. The lamina shows great variations in its shape, margin, surface, texture, color, venation, and incision.
- In most of the dicotyledonous plants, the leaf base bears one or two lateral appendages called the stipules. Leaves with stipules are called stipulate. The leaves without stipules are called exstipulate or estipulate. The stipules are commonly found in dicotyledons. In some grasses (Monocots) an additional outgrowth is present between leaf base and lamina. It is called Ligule. Sometimes, small stipule-like outgrowths are found at the base of leaflets of a compound leaf. They are called stipels. The main function of the stipule is to protect the leaf in the bud condition.
Question 6.
What are the types of pinnately compound leaves? Explain each type with, suitable example.
Answer:
A pinnately compound leaf is defined as one in which the rachis, bears laterally a number of leaflets, arranged alternately or in an opposite manner, as in tamarind, Cassia.
- Unipinnate: The rachis is simple and unbranched which bears leaflets directly on its sides in alternate or opposite manner, eg. Rose, Neem. Unipinnate leaves are of two types.
When the leaflets are even in number, the leaf is said to be paripinnate. eg. Tamarind, Abrus, Sesbania, Saraca, Cassia.
When the leaflets are odd in number, 1he leaf is said to be imparipinnate. eg. Rose, Neem \ (Azadirachta), Chinese box (Murraya). - Bipinnate: The primary rachis produces secondary rachis which bears the leaflets. The secondary rachii are known as pinnae. Number of pinnae varies depending on the species, eg. Delonix, Mimosa, Acacia nilotica, Caesalpinia.
- Tripinnate: When the rachis branches thrice the leaf is called tripinnate. (i.e) the secondary rachii produce the tertiary rachii which bear the leaflets, eg. Moringa, Oroxylum.
- Decompound: When the rachis of the leaf is branched several times it is called decompound, eg. Daucus carota, Coriandrum sativum, Foeniculum vulgare.
Choose the correct answer.
1. Vegetative morphology of plant includes:
(a) Shoot system, root system, and inflorescence
(b) the root system, flower, and seed
(c) shoot system and root system
(d) flower, fruit, and seed.
Answer:
(c) shoot system and root system
2. Phyllanthus amarus belongs to the group:
(a) Slmibs
(b) Herbs
(c) Climbers
(d) Trees
Answer:
(b) Herbs
3. The root system of the plant is generally:
(a) positively geotropic and negatively phototrophic in nature
(b) negatively geotropic and positively phototrophic in nature
(c) Positively geotropic and negatively phototrophic in nature
(d) negatively geotropic and negatively phototrophic in nature
Answer:
(c) Positively geotropic and negatively phototrophic in nature
4. Otym Sativa has:
(a) Tab toot system
(b) fibrous root system
(c) Adventitious and tap root system
(d) taproot with the secondary root system
Answer:
(b) fibrous root system
5. Match the following:
(i) Conical root | (a) Mechanical support |
(ii) Tuberous root | (b) Orchids |
(in) Climbing root | (c) Food storage |
(iv) Epiphytic root | .(d) Daucus carota |
(a) (i)-(d), (ii)-(b), (iii)-(a), (iv)-(c)
(b) (i)-(d), (ii)-(c), (iii)-(a), (iv)-(b)
(c) (i)-(b), (ii)-(a), (iii)-(d), (iv)-(c)
(d) (i)-(b), (ii)-(c), (iii)-(a), (iv)-(d)
Answer:
(b) (i)-(d), (ii)-(c), (iii)-(a), (iv)-(b)
6. Foliar root is present in:
(a) randa
(b) Bryophyllum
(c) Delonix regia
(d) piper betel
Answer:
(b) Bryophyllum
7. Match the following:
(i) Pothos | (a) Stem climber |
(ii) Ipomoea | (b) Thom climber |
(iii) Bignonia | (c) Root climber |
(iv) Carissa | (d) Hook climber |
(a) (i)-(d), (ii)-(b), (iii)-(a), (iv)-(c)
(b) (i)-(d), (ii)-(c), (iii)-(b), (iv)-(a)
(c) (i)-(b), (ii)-(a), (iii)-(d), (iv)-(c)
(d) (i)-(c), (ii)-(a), (iii)-(d), (iv)-(b)
Answer:
(d) (i)-(c), (ii)-(a), (iii)-(d), (iv)-(b)
8. cladode is present in:
(a) Bambusa
(b) Musa
(c) Asparagus
(d) Citrus
Answer:
(c) Asparagus
9. Rhizome is the modification of:
(a) Stem
(b) Root
(c) Undergroimd stem
(d) Undergroimd bulb
Answer:
(c) Undergroimd stem
10. Petiole is present in:
(a) Calotropis
(b) Hibiscus
(c) Gloriosa
(d) None of the above
Answer:
(b) Hibiscus
11. Ficus religiosa has:
(a) Pinnately parallel venation
(b) Palmately reticulate venation
(c) Multicostate venation
(d) Pinnately reticulate venation
Answer:
(d) Pinnately reticulate venation
12. Pinnately compound leaf is present in:
(a) Cassia
(b) Cucurbita
(c) begonia
(d) acalypha
Answer:
(a) Cassia
13. The part of the root which is most active in water absorption is called:
(a) root cap
(b) maturation zone
(c) meristematic zone
(d) zone of elongation
Answer:
(b) maturation zone
14. Venation is a term used to describe the pattern of arrangement of:
(a) floral organs
(b) veins and veinlets in a lamina
(c) flower in inflorescence
(d) all of them
Answer:
(b) veins and veinlets in a lamina
15. Epiphytic roots are found in;
(a) Indian rubber
(b) Orchid
(c) Tinospora
(d) Cuscuta
Answer:
(b) Orchid
16. Potatoes are borne on:
(a) Primary roots
(b) lateral roots
(cl Adventitious roots
(d) axil of scaly leaves
Answer:
(d) axil of scaly leaves
17. Winged petiole is found in:
(a) citrus
(b) radish
(c) acacia
(d) peepal
Answer:
(a) citrus
18. Fibrous root in ficus benghalensis develop from:
(a) stem
(b) node
(c) intemode
(d) none of the above
Answer:
(a) stem
19. Foliar roots are present in:
(a) vanda
(b) Bombax
(c) Bryophyllum
(d) Ficus pumila
Answer:
(c) Bryophyllum
20. Which one of the following is not a characteristic of the root.
(a) presence of root cap
(b) presence of chlorophyll
(c) absence of buds
(d) presence of unicellular hair
Answer:
(b) presence of chlorophyll
21. ………… are the vegetative organs of the flowering plant.
(a) Leaves, stem, fruits
(b) Roots, stem, flowers
(d) Roots, stem, leaves.
(c) Roots, leaves, flowers
Answer:
(d) Roots, stem, leaves.
22. Which is not a stem modification?
(a) Rhizome of ginger
(b) Corn of colocasia
(c) Pitcher of nepenthes
(d) Tuber of potato
Answer:
(c) Pitcher of nepenthes
23. In One of the following stem performs the function of storage and propagation,
(a) Wheat
(b) Ginger
(c) Radish
(d) Paddy
Answer:
(b) Ginger
24. An underground specialised sheet with a reduced disc-like stem covered by fleshy leaves is:
(a) Rhizome
(b) Rhizosphere
(c) Bulb
(d) Bulbil
Answer:
(c) Bulb
25. A phyllode i
s modified:
(a) leaf
(b) Stem
(c) Root
(d) Branch
Answer:
(a) leaf
26. A fibrous root system is better adapted than a tap root system for:
(a) Storage food
(b) Anchorage plant to soil
(c) absorption of water and organic food
(d) Transport of water and organic food
Answer:
(b) Anchorage plant to soil
27. Arrangement of leaves on a stem is called:
(a) Venation
(b) Vernation
(c) Phyllotaxy
(d) Axis
Answer:
(c) Phyllotaxy
28. The pitcher in nepenthes is a modification of:
(a) Stem
(b) root
(c) branch
(d) leaf
Answer:
(d) leaf
29. Leaf spines are present in:
(a) bombax
(b) asparagus
(c) mango
(d) citrus
Answer:
(b) asparagus
30. Heterophylly is found in:
(a) Limnophila heterophylla
(b) Calophyllum
(c) Erythrina
(d) Cabbage
Answer:
(a) Limnophila heterophylla