Students get through the TN Board 12th Bio Botany Important Questions Chapter 5 Plant Tissue Culture which is useful for their exam preparation.
TN State Board 12th Bio Botany Important Questions Chapter 5 Plant Tissue Culture
Very short answer questions
Question 1.
Mention any two Indian scientists who worked on the tissue culture of plants.
Answer:
- Kanta
- Maheswari
Question 2.
Define Totipotency.
Answer:
Totipotency is defined as the genetic potential of a plant cell to give rise to a complete individual plant in a nutrient medium.
Question 3.
What is meant by explant?
Answer:
The explant is the tissue taken from a selected plant for tissue culture under invitro condition to establish a new plant.
Question 4.
Define Sterilization.
Answer:
Sterilization refers to a technique used to get rid of microbial contamination by bacteria and fungi in tissue culture practice.
Question 5.
Define Embryogenesis.
Answer:
Embryogenesis is the process through which the callus cells undergo differentiation to produce somatic embryos called Embryoids.
Question 6.
Name any two vitamins used in plant tissue culture works.
Answer:
- Nicotinic acid
- Pyridoxin HCl
Question 7.
Define Organogenesis.
Answer:
Organogenesis is defined as a process of the morphological changes in callus cells leading to the formation of shoot and roots.
Question 8.
What is meant by ‘Synthetic seeds’?
Answer:
Synthetic or artificial seeds are developed, from somatic embryos, which are encapsulated by inert materials like agarose and sodium alginate.
Question 9.
What is Gene Bank?
Answer:
A Gene bank is a place or laboratory, where the genetic material or germplasm of elite breeding lines of plants are stored for safe maintenance. This germplasm can be used for future use in research and revival of the plant.
Question 10.
What do you understand by intellectual property rights (IPR)?
Answer:
Intellectual Property Right is the right of property, which involves human intellect.
It consists of copyrights, patents, and trademarks.
Question 11.
Define Biosafety.
Answer:
Biosafety is defined as a procedure through which the prevention of large-scale loss of biological integrity focusing both on ecology and human health due to the advancement and application of Biotechnology.
Question 12.
Name any two apex bodies for the implementation of biosafety guidelines.
Answer:
- Institutional Biosafety Committees (IBSCs)
- Genetic Engineering Approval Committee (GEAC)
Short answer questions
Question 1.
Explain the term dedifferentiation.
Answer:
Dedifferentiation is the phenomenon of the revision of mature plant cells to the meristematic state and they actively divide, forming the callus in the nutrient medium. The phenomena of redifferentiation and dedifferentiation are the inherent property of plant cells or tissues. This property is described as totipotency.
Question 2.
How do you sterilize a plant tissue culture room?
Answer:
The tissue culture room sterilization starts with washing of floor and walls with detergent water and then wiped with 2% sodium hypochlorite or 95% ethanol. The cabinet of the laminar airflow chamber and the working space is wiped with 95% ethanol and subjected to uv radiation for 15 minutes, in order to get rid of all microbes in the culture room.
Question 3.
Distinguish between differentiation and Redifferentiation.
Answer:
Differentiation | Redifferentiation |
Differentiation is a process of biochemical and structural changes in cells, leading to specialized form to perform a particular function. | Redifferentiation is the process through which the differentiated cells transform into another type of cells. Formation of whole plant from callus is the example of redifferentiation. |
Question 4.
How do you induce callus formation, in the nutrient medium?
Answer:
In sterilized MS nutrient medium, the explant of size 1-2 cm sterile segment of leaf, stem, tuber, or root is placed. The nutrient medium is supplemented with growth hormones like auxins. The explants in the medium are ” incubated at 25 ± 2°C in the culture chamber ‘ with alternate light and dark period of 12 hrs to induce cell division. The cells on the upper surface of the explant start dividing to form a callus, which is a mass of unorganized cells or tissues, grown invitro in a culture medium.
Question 5.
Explain the process of hardening.
Answer:
The plantlets developed in the culture room need hardening to withstand the changes in the field. Therefore they are transferred to a greenhouse or hardening chamber. After some time they are transferred to normal environmental conditions. Hardening is the process in which the plantlets developed in vitro conditions are slowly exposed to diffused light for acclimatization so as to enable them to grow under normal field conditions.
Question 6.
Describe the method of Isolation of protoplast.
Answer:
Protoplasts are the plant cells without a cell wall, encircled by a cell membrane.
The small plant bits or tissue-like leaf tissue are used to prepare protoplasts. The leaf bits are immersed in 0.5% microzyme or Onizuka cellulase enzymes dissolved in 13% sorbitol or mannitol at pH 5.4. It is then kept for overnight incubation at 25°C. The protoplasts are obtained by gentle teasing of cells. The protoplasts are transferred to 20% sucrose solution in order to retain their viability. The pure protoplasts are obtained by centrifugation, which removes all debris of cell walls.
Question 7.
Give the different types of metabolites their sources and uses.
Answer:
Secondary metabolites |
Plant source | Uses |
Digoxin | Digitalis purpuria |
Cardiac tonic |
Codeine | Papaver sominiferum |
Analgesic |
Capsaicin | Capsicum annum |
Rheumatic pain treatment |
Vincristine | Catharanthus roseus |
Anti-carcinogenic |
Quinine | Cinchona officinalis |
Antimalarial |
Question 8.
Distinguish between Somaclonal variation and Gametoclonal variations.
Answer:
Somaclonal variation | Gametoclonal variations |
The variations found in leaf, stem, root, tuber or propagule of the plants regenerated in invitro conditions are named as somaclonal variations. | The variations found in gametes and gametophytes of plants regenerated in vitro gametic origin are known as gametoclonal variation. |
Long answer questions
Question 1.
Describe the production of secondary metabolites in plants.
Answer:
The secondary metabolites like alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, phenolic compounds and recombinant proteins are produced through cell suspension culture. The secondary metabolites are not required by the plant. But they are produced in the plant as ‘by product’ of cell metabolism.
For commercial production of secondary metabolites, the bioreactors are used for scaling up the production by means of automation. Biotransformation, elicitation, and immobilization are strategies used, making cell suspension culture more efficient in the production of secondary metabolites. The examples of industrially producing important plant secondary metabolites are listed in the table.
…. For table refer to page 78, Q.No. 7.
Question 2.
Describe the important steps involved in the micropropagation of the banana plant.
Answer:
Question 3.
What are the advantages of artificial seeds?
Answer:
Artificial seeds are produced by encapsulation of embryoids with sodium alginate or agrose. They have many advantages over true seeds. These are as follows.
- At a time millions of artificial seeds can be prepared at low cost.
- Genetically engineered plants with desirable characteristics can easily be made through this method.
- The genotype of a plant can easily be tested.
- Using the cryopreservation technique artificial seeds can be stored easily for a long time.
- The artificial seed produces identical plants.
- As the growth of the artificial seed is faster with shortened life cycle the dormancy period of these seeds is considerably reduced.
Question 4.
What are the main components of Intellectual Property Right (IPR).
Answer:
The primary components of IPR include copyright, patents, and trademark. Other types of rights include trade secrets, publicity rights, moral rights, and the right against unfair competition.
- In biotechnology, the transformed microorganisms and plants, and technologies for the production of commercial products are the exclusive property of the discoverer.
- The discoverer has the full right of the property and others cannot use it without legal permission.
- The right of the discoverer should be protected by framing laws by a country.
- The IPR is protected by different ways like copyrights, patents, trade secrets, and trademarks.
Question 5.
What are the applications of plant tissue culture?
Answer:
Plant tissue culture has many applications:
- Somatic hybridization provides an opportunity for the production of improved hybrids in plants.
Somatic embryoids help in the production of artificial seeds, which help in the conservation of plant biodiversity. - The disease-resistant plants can be produced by the meristem and shoot tip culture technique.
- Stress tolerant plants such as herbicide-tolerant and heat resistant plants can also be produced.
- Large-scale propagation of tree plants and cultivable plants can be produced through micropropagation throughout the year.
- The cell suspension culture provides the production of secondary metabolites in plants, which are utilized in pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food industries.
Question 6.
Write the protocol for virus-free meristem tip culture.
Answer:
Choose the correct answer:
1. Match the following:
(a) (p)-(iv); (q)-(iii); (r)-(ii); (s)-(i)
(b) (p)-(iii); (q)-(iv); (r)-(ii); (s)-(i)
(c) (p)-(ii); (q)-(i); (r)-(iv); (s)-(iii)
(d) (p)-(iv); (q)-(iii); (r)-(i); (s)-(ii)
Answer:
(b) (p)-(iii); (q)-(iv); (r)-(ii); (s)-(i)
2. Match the following:
(a) (p)-(iv); (q)-(iii); (r)-(ii); (s)-(i)
(b) (p)-(iii); (q)-(iv); (r)-(ii); (s)-(i)
(c) (p)-(iv); (q)-(iii); (r)-(i); (s)-(ii)
(d) (p)-(iv); (q)-(iii); (r)-(i); (s)-(ii)
Answer:
(c) (p)-(iv); (q)-(iii); (r)-(i); (s)-(ii)
3. Match the following:
(a) (p)-(ii); (q)-(i); (r)-(iv); (s)-(iii)
(b) (p)-(iii); (q)-(iv); (r)-(ii); (s)-(i)
(c) (p)-(ii); (q)-(i); (r)-(iv); (s)-(iii)
(d) (p)-(iv); (q)-(iii); (r)-(i); (s)-(ii)
Answer:
(a) (p)-(ii); (q)-(i); (r)-(iv); (s)-(iii)
4. Match the following:
(a) (p)-(iv); (q)-(iii); (r)-(ii); (s)-(i)
(b) (p)-(iii); (q)-(iv); (r)-(ii); (s)-(i)
(c) (p)-(ii); (q)-(i); (r)-(iv); (s)-(iii)
(d) (p)-(iv); (q)-(iii); (r)-(i); (s)-(ii)
Answer:
(a) (p)-(iv); (q)-(iii); (r)-(ii); (s)-(i)
5. Somatic embryogenesis is now reported in:
(a) Mango
(b) Potato
(c) Rice
(d) Cucumber
Answer:
(c) Rice
6. Organogenesis can be induced by:
(a) Glycine
(b) Vitamin
(c) Aspartic acid
(d) Auxin
Answer:
(d) Auxin
7. The phenomenon in which the mature cells are transformed into meristamatic state is called:
(a) Differentiation
(b) Dedifferentiation
(c) Redifferentiation
(d) Totipotency
Answer:
(b) Dedifferentiation
8. Cryopreservation is a process of preserving plant materials by cooling to very low temperature of:
(a) -190°C
(b) -195°C
(c) -185°C
(d) -20°C
Answer:
(b) -195°C
9. Virus free plants are produced by a method called:
(a) Protoplast culture
(b) Organ culture
(c) Apical meristem culture
(d) Tissue culture
Answer:
(c) Apical meristem culture
10. Choose the odd man out:
(a) Carlson
(b) Chiton
(c) Kanta
(d) T.H Morgan
Answer:
(d) T.H Morgan
11. Find the odd one out:
(a) Magnesium sulfate
(b) Auxin
(c) Nicotinic acid
(d) Potassium nitrate
Answer:
(b) Auxin
12. Identify the odd one out.
(a) Artificial seed
(b) Embryoids
(c) Somatic hybrid
(d) Plantlets
Answer:
(c) Somatic hybrid
13. Choose the odd one out.
(a) Agar
(b) Kinetin
(c) Myo-inositol
(d) Glucose
Answer:
(a) Agar
14. Indicate the odd one out:
(a) Capsicum annum
(b) Catharanthus roseus
(c) Oryza sativa
(d) Cinchona officinalis
Answer:
(c) Oryza sativa
15. Choose the correct pair:
(a) Digoxin – Analgesic
(b) Codeine – Cardiac tonic
(c) Quinine – Antimalarial
(d) Vincristine – Antibacterial
Answer:
(c) Quinine – Antimalarial
16. Which of the following is the incorrect pair?
(a) Cell culture – Liquid medium
(b) Somatic Hybrid – Fusion of protoplast
(c) Protoplast culture – Ms liquid medium
(d) Organ culture – Polyethylene glycol
Answer:
(d) Organ culture – Polyethylene glycol
17. Choose the correct pair:
(a) Micropropagation – Coconut plant
(b) Secondary metabolites – Cosmetics
(c) Sonaclonal – Heat resistant
(d) Gametoclonal – Herbicide-resistant
Answer:
(b) Secondary metabolites – Cosmetics
18. Assertion and Reason:
Assertion: Artificial seeds are produced by using embryoids obtained through in-vitro culture.
Reason: They may be derived from single cells from any part of the plant.
(a) Assertion and Reason are correct, Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.
(b) Assertion and Reason are correct, Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion.
(c) Assertion is not correct, Reason is correct.
(d) Both Assertion and Reason are not correct.
Answer:
(b) Assertion and Reason are correct, Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion.
19. Assertion: MS nutrient medium is commonly used in tissue culture.
Reason: It has carbon sources, with suitable vitamins and hormones essential for plant growth.
(a) Assertion and Reason are correct, Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.
(b) Assertion and Reason are correct, Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion.
(c) Assertion is not correct, Reason is correct.
(d) Both Assertion and Reason are not correct.
Answer:
(a) Assertion and Reason are correct, Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.
20. Assertion: The callus cells undergo redifferentiation and produce somatic embryos.
Reason: The embryoids are sub-cultured to produce plantlets.
(a) Assertion and Reason are correct, Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.
(b) Assertion and Reason are correct, Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion.
(c) Assertion is not correct, Reason is correct.
(d) Both Assertion and Reason are not correct.
Answer:
(c) Assertion is not correct, Reason is correct.
21. Assertion: Quinine is produced by the cells of Capsicum annum through in-vitro culture.
Reason: Quinine is used as an anticarcinogenic agent.
(a) Assertion and Reason are correct, Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.
(b) Assertion and Reason are correct, Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion.
(c) Assertion is not correct, Reason is correct.
(d) Both Assertion and Reason are not correct.
Answer:
(d) Both Assertion and Reason are not correct.
22. Which of the following statement is correct?
(a) The process of production of metabolites can be scaled up and automated using bioreactors.
(b) Biosynthesis of indole alkaloids is carried out by Capsicum annum.
(c) Biosynthesis of indole alkaloids is carried out by Vinca rosea.
(d) None of the above.
Answer:
(a) The process of production of metabolites can be scaled up and automated using bioreactors.
23. Choose the incorrect statement.
(a) Improved hybrid plants can be produced through somatic hybridization.
(b) Somatic hybrids can be encapsulated into synthetic seeds.
(c) Production of disease-resistant plants can be carried out by cell suspension culture.
(d) Production of metabolites through cell suspension culture.
Answer:
(c) Production of disease-resistant plants can be carried out by cell suspension culture.
24. Find out the correct statement.
(a) Glycerol is used as a cryopreservation agent in the cryopreservation of plant material.
(b) Glycerol is used as a protective agent in the cryopreservation of plant material.
(c) Auxin is used as a cryoprotectant in the cryopreservation of plant materials.
(d) None of the above.
Answer:
(b) Glycerol is used as a protective agent in the cryopreservation of plant material.
25. Choose the incorrect statement.
(a) Vasil and Hildebrandt developed in-vitro production of haploid embryos from the anthers of Datura.
(b) Guha and Maheshwari produced calli and free cells in tissue culture of Tradeseantia reflex.
(c) Carlson regenerated tobacco plants from isolated mesophyll protoplasts.
(d) All the above statements are correct.
Answer:
(d) All the above statements are correct.