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Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus Samacheer Kalvi 11th Commerce Guide Pdf Chapter 7 Cooperative Organisation Text Book Back Questions and Answers, Notes.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 11th Commerce Solutions Chapter 7 Cooperative Organisation

11th Commerce Guide Cooperative Organisation Text Book Back Questions and Answers

EXERCISE

I. Choose the Correct Answer

Question 1. Membership in a co-operative organization is …………………
a) Not open to all
b) Selective
c) Open to all
d) None of them
Answer:
c) Open to all

Question 2.
Co-operative fails because of …………..
a) Unlimited membership
b) Cash trading
c) Mismanagement
d) Loss-making
Answer:
c) Mismanagement

Question 3.
All cooperatives are established with …………………….
a) Philanthropic motive
b) Service motive
c) Profit motive
d) Reform motive
Answer:
b) Service motive

Question 4.
Consumers Co-operation was first successful in ……………………..
a) England
b) the USA
c) Swiss
d) India
Answer:
a) England

Question 5.
Rochdale Society of equitable pioneers was started by ……………
a) Robert Owen
b) H.C.Calver
c) Talmaki
d) Lambert
Answer:
a) Robert Owen

II. Very Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
What do you mean by the co-operative organization?
Answer:
A cooperative is a private business organization that is owned and controlled by the people who use its products, supplies, or services.

Question 2.
Define Cooperatives.
Answer:
According to H.Calvert, “Co-operation is a form of organization in which persons voluntarily associate together as human beings on the basis of equality for the promotion of the economic interests of themselves.”

Question 3.
What are Credit cooperatives?
Answer:
Cooperative credit societies are societies formed for providing short – term financial help to their members. Agriculturists, artisans, industrial workers, salaried employees, etc., form these credit societies.

Question 4.
Is a low tax possible in a cooperative society?
Answer:
Yes, low tax is possible in cooperative societies. Since it is a non-profit enterprise, the law gives preferential treatment and the government provides various exemptions and tax concessions.

Question 5.
Who are Rochdale pioneers?
Answer:
At first, the cooperative movement was started by Robert Owen, in the year 1844. He formed a consumer’s cooperative society in England with 28 workers as members, called “Rochdale Society of Equitable Pioneers”.

III. Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
What are the disadvantages of Cooperatives? (Any 3)
Answer:
1. Limited funds:
Since the co-operative societies have limited membership and it is promoted by the weaker section, the membership fees collected is low. They cannot expand their activities beyond a particular level due to the limited financial resources.

2. Over-reliance on Government funds:
Co-operative societies are not able to raise their own resources. Their sources of financing are limited and they depend on government funds. The funding and the number of funds that would be released by the government are uncertain.

3. Conflicts among members:
Cooperative societies are based on the principles of co-operation and therefore harmony among members is important. But in practice, there might be internal politics, differences of opinions, quarrels, etc. among members which may lead to disputes. Such disputes affect the functioning of cooperative societies.

Question 2.
Write a note on Housing cooperatives.
Answer:
The cooperative housing societies are meant to provide residential accommodation to their members on an ownership basis or on rent. People who intend to build houses of their own join together and form housing societies. These societies advance loans to members, repayable over a period of 15 to 20 years.

Question 3.
What is meant by Producers Cooperative society?
Answer:
Producer cooperatives are established and operated by producers. Producers can decide to work together or as separate entities to help increase marketing possibilities and production efficiency. They are organized to process, market, and distribute their own products.
This helps lessen costs and strains in each area with a mutual benefit to each producer. Example, Cooperative weavers’ societies, Co-operative carpeting units.

Question 4.
Write a note on cooperative farming societies.
Answer:
When various farmers in a village pool their land together and agree to treat the pooled piece of land as one big farm for the purpose of cultivation, purchase the necessary inputs for the cultivation, and market the crops jointly, they are assumed to have formed a cooperative farming society. Such a society, for its proper working, elects its office bearers on the basis of one member – one – vote.

Question 5.
Write a note on industrial cooperatives.
Answer:
An industrial cooperative is an association of workers & craftsmen involved in cottage or village industries, who come together to undertake collective production, processing, and marketing of goods manufactured by the members and provide them with the necessary services and assistance.

IV. Long Answer Questions

Question 1.
What are the principles of cooperatives? (Any 5)
Answer:
1. Voluntary and Open Membership:
Cooperatives are voluntary organisations, open to all people able to use their services and willing to accept the responsibilities of membership, without gender, social, racial, political, or religious discrimination.

2. Democratic Member Control:
Cooperatives are democratic organisations controlled by their members those who buy the goods or use the services of the cooperative who actively participate in setting policies and making decisions.

3. Member’s Economic Participation:
Members contribute equally to and democratically control, the capital of the cooperative. This benefits member in proportion to the business they conduct with the cooperative rather than on the capital invested.

4. Autonomy and Independence:
Cooperatives are autonomous, self-help organisations controlled by their members. If the cooperative enters into agreements with other organisations or raises capital from external sources, it is done so based on terms that ensure democratic control by the members and maintains the cooperative’s autonomy.

5. Education, Training, and Information:
Cooperatives provide education and training for members, elected representatives, managers, and employees so they can contribute effectively to the development of their cooperative. Members also inform the general public about the nature and benefits of cooperatives.

Question 2.
What are the advantages of a cooperative society?
Answer:
1. Consumers Cooperative:
Consumer cooperatives are organized by consumers, that want to achieve better prices or quality in the goods or services they purchase. In contrast to traditional retail stores or service providers, a consumer cooperative exists to deliver goods or services rather than to maximize profit from selling those goods or services.

2. Producers Cooperative:
Producer cooperatives are created by producers and owned & operated by producers. Producers can decide to work together or as separate entities to help increase marketing possibilities and production efficiency.

3. Marketing Cooperative:
Cooperative marketing societies are associations of small producers formed for the purpose of marketing their produce. The marketing cooperatives perform certain marketing functions such as grading, warehousing, advertising, etc.

4. Credit Cooperative:
Cooperative credit societies are societies formed for providing short-term financial help to their members. Agriculturists, artisans, industrial workers, salaried employees, etc., form these credit societies.

5. Housing Cooperative:
These cooperative housing societies are meant to provide residential accommodation to their members on an ownership basis or on rent. People who intend to build houses of their own join together and form housing societies. These societies advance loans to members, repayable over a period of 15 to 20 years.

Question 4.
Write a note on Consumer cooperative society.
Answer:
Consumer cooperatives are organized by consumers that want to achieve better prices or quality in the goods or services they purchase. In contrast to traditional retail stores or service providers, a consumer cooperative exists to deliver goods or services rather than to maximize profit from selling those goods or services.

They also supply essential commodities through Public Distribution System (PDS). Nationally, the most widely used cooperative form is the credit union, with some 90 million members. Credit union assets have grown a hundredfold in three decades. Credit unions are essentially cooperatives of people that use banking services. Students’ cooperative stores, Cooperative provision stores and supermarkets set up in cooperative societies of India are examples of this type.

Question 5.
The misuse of funds is possible in a cooperative society? Give your reasons.
Answer:
Yes, misuse of funds is possible in co-operatives. If the members of the managing committee are corrupt, they can swindle the funds of the cooperative society. Many cooperative societies have been faced financial problems and closed down because of corruption and misuse of funds.

11th Commerce Guide Cooperative Organisation Additional Important Questions and Answers

I. Choose the Correct Answer

Question 1.
At first, the cooperative movement was started by Robert Owen, in the year………………
(a) 1935
(b) 1932
(c) 1844
(d) 1884
Answer:
(c) 1844

Question 2.
The first-ever Cooperative Society was started in the year ………………….
a) 1944
b) 1844
c) 1488
d) 1864
Answer:
b) 1844

Question 3.
The minimum number of members to start a cooperative is …………………
(a) 10
(b) 15
(c) 20
(d) 25
Answer:
(a) 10

II. Very Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
How do you call a cooperative a democratic control organization?
Answer:
Co-operatives are democratic organizations controlled by their members- those who buy the goods or use the services of the co-operative- who actively participate in setting policies and making decisions.

III. Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Define Cooperation.
Answer:
In the words of H.Calvert, “Cooperation is a form of organization in which persons voluntarily associate together as human beings on the basis of equality for the promotion of the economic interests of themselves.”

Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus Samacheer Kalvi 12th Computer Applications Guide Pdf Chapter 11 Network Examples and Protocols Text Book Back Questions and Answers, Notes.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 12th Computer Applications Solutions Chapter 11 Network Examples and Protocols

12th Computer Applications Guide Network Examples and Protocols Text Book Questions and Answers

Part I

Choose The Correct Answers

Question 1.
The ……………., “the Net,” is a worldwide system of computer networks.
a) Internet
b) mobile
c) communication
d) protocol
Answer:
a) Internet

Question 2.
Which one of the following will be easy the way to uses Internet technology and the public telecommunication system to securely share business’s information with suppliers, vendors,partners and customers,
a) Extranet
b) Intranet
c) arpanet
d) arcnet
Answer:
a) Extranet

Question 3.
Natch the following and choose the correct answer
i. HTTP -The core protocol of the World Wide Web.
ii. FTP – enables a client to send and receive complete files from a server.
iii. SMTP – Provide e-mail services.
iv. DNS- Refer to other host computers by using names rather than numbers.
a) i, ii, iii, iv
b) ii, iii, iv, I
c) iii, iv, i, ii
d) iv, iii, ii, i
Answer:
a) i, ii, iii, iv

Question 4.
Communication over…………….. is be made up of voice, data,images and text messages.
a) Social media
b) mobile network
c) whatsapp
d) software
Answer:
b) mobile network

Question 5.
Wi-Fi stands for………………
a) Wireless Fidelity
b) wired fidelity
c) wired optic fibre
d) wireless optic fibre
Answer:
a) Wireless Fidelity

Question 6.
A TCP/IP network with access restricted to members of an organization
a) LAN
b) MAN
c) WAN
d) Intranet
Answer:
d) Intranet

Question 7.
RFID stands for …………………
a) Radio Free identification
b) real Frequency identity
c) Radio Frequency indicators
d) Radio Frequency Identification.
Answer:
d) Radio Frequency Identification.

Question 8.
If guarantees the sending of data is successful and which checks error on operation at OSI layer is……….
a) Application layer
b) Network layer
c) Transport Layer
d) Physical layer
Answer:
c) Transport Layer

Question 9.
Which one of the following will secure data on transmissions?
a) HTTPS
b) HTTP
c) FTP
d) SMTP
Answer:
a) HTTPS

Question 10.
………………. provides e-mail service
a) DNS
b) TCP
c) FTP
d) SMTP
Answer:
d) SMTP

Question 11.
……………. refer to other host computers by using names rather than numbers.
a) DNS
b) TCP
c) FTP
d) SMTP
Answer:
a) DNS

Question 12.
TCP/IP is a combination of two protocols:
i. Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
ii. Internet Protocol (IP)
iii. Selection Protocol (SP)
iv. Captial Protocol (CP)
a) i, ii
b) i, iii
c) iii, iv
d) ii, iii
Answer:
a) i, ii

Part II

Short Answers

Question 1.
Define Intranet
Answer:

• It is a private network within an enterprise to share company data and computing resources between the employees.
• It may consist of many interlinked local area networks.

Question 2.
What are the uses of mobile networks?
Answer:

• Can connect the network without cable
• Less consumption of power
• Huge capacity than a large transmitter
• Covering large area than a single transmitter

Question 3.
List out the benefits of WiFi
Answer:

1. It provides mobility.
2. It provides connection to Internet.
3. Flexibility of LAN.
4. Ensures connectivity.
5. It allows places that are remote to benefit from connectivity.
6. Low cost, high benefit.

Question 4.
How many types of RFID system available and what are they?
Answer:
Two types of RFID were

1. Active RFID and
2. Passive RFID systems.

1. Active RFID system: The tag has its own power source.
2. Passive RFID system: The tag gets power through power from a reader antenna to the tag antenna.

Question 5.
Expand HTTP, HTTPS, FTP
Answer:

1. HTTP – Hypertext Transfer Protocol
2. HTTPS – Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure
3. FTP – File Transfer Protocol

Part III

Explain in brief answer

Question 1.
Compare Internet, Intranet, and Extranet
Answer:

Question 2.
List out the components of an RFID enabled system.
Answer:

• An RFID tag: It has a silicon microchip attached to a small antenna and mounted on a substrate,
• A Reader: It has a scanner with antennas to trans¬mit and receives signals, used for communication.
• A Controller: It is the host computer with a Microprocessor which receives the reader input and process the data.

Question 3.
Write short notes on HTTP, HTTPS, FTP.
Answer:

1. HTTP – A protocol used between a web client and a webserver to protect non-secure data transmissions. The core protocol of the World Wide Web.
2. HTTPS – A protocol used between a web client and a web server permits secure data transmissions.
3. FTP – Used between computers for sending and receiving data. Enables a client to send and receive complete files from a server.

Question 4.
What are the layers available in TCP/IP Reference Model?
Answer:

1. Application Layer
2. Transport Layer
3. Internet Layer
4. Network Access Layer

Question 5.
Expand ARP, ICMP, SMTP, and DNS.
Answer:

1. Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)
2. Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)
3. Transfer mission Control Protocol (TCP)
4. Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)
5. Domain Name System (DNS).

Part IV

Explain in detail

Question 1.
Explain about Internet, Intranet and Ex¬tranet.
Answer:
INTERNET:

• The Internet, “the Net,” is a worldwide system of computer networks
• It is the network of networks where the users at any one computer can if they have permission, get information from any other computer.
• The Internet is a network of global connections.
• It comprises private, public, business, academic, and government networks
• It linked by guided, wireless, and fiber-optic technologies.
• The Internet denotes the global communication system, including infrastructure and hard¬ware whereas the web is one of the services interconnected over the Internet.

INTRANET:

• It is a private network within an enterprise to share company data and computing resources between the employees.
• It may consist of many interlinked local area networks.
• It includes connections through one or more gateway (connects two networks using different protocols together known as protocol convertor) computers to the outside Internet.

EXTRANET:
It is a private network that uses Internet technology and the public telecommunication system to securely share business information with suppliers, vendors, partners, customers, or other businesses.

Question 2.
Discuss OSI model with its layers.
Answer:
OSI Model

• Open System Interconnection (OSI) model was found in the year 1934, a general framework that enables network protocols along with software and systems to be developed based on a general set of guidelines.
• It describes the standards for the inter-computer communication.

OSI Layers:
1. Physical Layer:

• It is the 1st layer.
• It defines the electrical and physical specifications for devices.

2. Data Link Layer:

• It is the 2nd layer.
• It guarantees that the data transmitted are free of errors.
• This layer has simple protocols like “802.3 for Ethernet” and “802.11 for Wi-Fi”.

3. Network Layer:

• It is the 3rd layer.
• It is used to determine the path of the data packets.
• At this layer, routing of data packets is found using IP Addressing.

4. Transport Layer:

• It is the 4th layer.
• It guarantees the transportation/sending of data is successful.
• It includes the error checking operation.

5. Session Layer:

• It is the 5th layer
• It is used to identify the established system session between different network entities.
• It controls dialogues between computers.
• For instance, while accessing a system remotely, the session is created between your computer and the remote system.

6. Presentation Layer:

• It is the 6th layer.
• It does the translation of data to the next layer (Prepare the data to the Application Layer). Encryption and decryption protocols occur in this layer such as Secure Socket Layer (SSL).

7. Application Layer:

• It is the 7th layer.
• It acts as the user interface platform comprising software within the system.

Question 3.
Difference between TCP/IP and OSI Reference Model.
Answer:
Expands To TCP/IP- Transmission Control Protocol/OSI- Open system Interconnect

Question 4.
Explain the development, merits, and demerits of Mobile networks.
Answer:

Merits of Mobile Networks:

1. Higher efficiency.
2. Increased ability to communicate in and out of the workspace.
3. Greater access to modem apps and services.
4. Improved networking capabilities.
5. Quality and flexibility of services.
6. Rapid developments in cloud technologies.

Demerits of Mobile Networks:

1. Cost
2. Vulnerable to security risks.
3. Additional training is needed to use new technology.
4. Cybercrime

Development:
The generations of mobile networks are as follows.

1. First Generation (1G) 1981 – NMT Launch
2. Second Generation (2G) 1991 – GSM Launch
3. Second to Third Generation Bridge (2.5)2000 – GPRS launch
4. Third Generation (3G) 2003 – first UK 3G launch
5. Fourth Generation (4G) 2007
6. Fifth Generation (5G) 2019+

1. First Generation (1G) 1981 – NMT launch:

• During the initial periods, the mobile systems were based on analog transmission.
• NMT stands for Nordic Mobile Telephone communication.
• And a very poor voice quality.

2. Second Generation(2G) 1991-GSM Launch:

• Later the second generation of mobile systems was placed on digital transmission with GSM.
• GSM stands for (Global System for Mobile communication) was the most popular standard which is used in the second generation, using 900MHz and 1800MHz for the frequency bands.
• The transfer mission used as TMDA stands for (Time Division Multiple Access) and CDMA One stands for (Code Division Multiple’Access) method to increase the amount of information transported on the network

3. Second to Third Generation Bridge (2.5)2000 – GPRS launch:

• GPRS was introduced here GPRS stands for (General Packet Radio Service).
• GPRS is a data service which enables mobile devices to send and receive messages, picture messages, and e-mails.
• GSM data transfer mission rates typically reached 9.6kbit/s.

4. Third Generation( 3G) 2003- first UK 3G launch:

• This generation of mobile systems merges different mobile technology standards and uses higher frequency bands for transfer mission and Code Division Multiple Access to deliver data rates of up to 2Mbit/s supports multimedia services (MMS: voice, video, and data).
• The data transfer mission used a WCDMA. WCDMA stands for (Wideband Code Division Multiple Access).
• Few 3G suppliers use ATMs (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) for their ‘over the air’ network within MPLS (Multiprotocol Label Switching) or IP for their backbone network.

5. Fourth Generation (4G) 2007:

• 4G is at the research stage. 4G was based on an Adhoc networking model where there was no need for a fixed infrastructure operation.
• Adhoc networking requires global mobility features (e.g. Mobile IP) and connectivity to a global IPv6 network to support an IP address for each mobile device.
• Logically roaming in assorted IP networks (for example 802.11 WLAN, GPRS and UMTS) were be possible with higher data rates, from 2Mbit/s to 10-100Mbit/s, offering reduced delays and new services.

6. Fifth Generation (5G) 2019+:

• 5G is the stage that succeeds the 4G (LTE/ WiMAX), 3G(units), and 2G(GSM) systems.
• 5G targets to performance the high data rate, reduced latency, energy saving, cost reduction, higher system, capacity, and massive device connectivity.
• The ITU IMT – 2020 provides speeds up to 20 gigabits per second it has been demonstrated with millimeter waves of 15 gigahertz and higher frequency.

12th Computer Applications Guide Network Examples and Protocols Additional Important Questions and Answers

Part A

Choose the correct answers:

Question 1.
Internet Protocol delivers packets from source to destination through
(a) TCP
(b) datagram
(c) packets header
(d) HTTP
Answer:
(c) packets header

Question 2.
…………….. over the mobile network is being made up of voice, data, images, and text messages,
a) Internet
b) Intranet
c) Extranet
d) Communication
Answer:
d) Communication

Question 3.
IP connectionless datagram service was developed by
(i) Vint cerf
(ii) Bob FrAnswer:ton
(iii) Bob Kahnin
(iv) Dan Bricklin
(a) i, ii
(b) ii, iii
(c) ii, iv
(d) i, iii
Answer:
(d) i, iii

Question 4.
The second generation of the mobile system was based on …………………… transmission.
a) Digital
b) Analog
c) Both (a) and (b)
d) None of these
Answer:
a) Digital

Question 5.
Which protocols have to do the end-to-end process of secure on time and manage data or communication.
(a) Physical
(b) TCP
(c) Network
(d) ARPC
Answer:
(c) Network

Question 6.
The RFID tag gets power from the reader through the …………… Method.
a) Direct
b) propagation
c) Inductive Coupling
d) Indirect
Answer:
c) Inductive Coupling

Question 7.
A passive RFID system using …………….. Method.
a) EM wave Propagation
b) Direct
c) Inductive Coupling
d) Indirect
Answer:
a) EM wave Propagation

Question 8.
Find the wrongly matched pair.
(a) Network Communication Protocol – HTTP, TCP/IP
(b) Network Security Protocol – ICMP
(c) Network Management Protocol – SNMP
Answer:
(b) Network Security Protocol – ICMP

Question 9.
………………. mainly deals with financial transactions or transfer User personal data were highly sensitive.
a) HTTP
b) SMTP
c) HTTPS
d) FTTP
Answer:
c) HTTPS

Question 10.
The ……………………….. is one of the services interconnected over the Internet.
Answer:
web

Abbreviations

1. ARPA – Advanced Research Projects Agency
2. NMT – Nordic Mobile Telephone Communication
3. GSM – Global System For Mobile communication
4. SIM – Subscriber Identity Module
5. TMDA – Time Division Multiple Access
6. CDMA – Code Division Multiple Access
7. GPRS – General Packet Radio Service
8. EDGE – Enhanced Data Rates for Global Evolution.
9. LI FI – light Fidelity
10. UMTS – Universal Mobile Telecommunication System
11. WCDMA – Wideband Code Division Multiple Access
12. ATM – Asynchronous Transfer Mode
13. MPLS – Multiprotocol Label Switching
14. ITU – International Telecommunication Union
15. RFID – Radio Frequency Identification
16. FTP – File Transfer Protocol
17. HTTP – HyperText Transfer Protocol
18. SMTP – Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
19. ARP – Address Resolution Protocol
20. ICMP – Internet Control Message Protocol

Assertion and reason

Question 1.
Assertion (A): Internet Protocol (IP) is the principle of the communications protocol. Reason (R): IP is referred to as TCP/IP Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol.
a) Both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
b) Both (A) and (R) are correct, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
c) (A) is true and (R) is false
d) (A) is false and (R) is true
Answer:
a) Both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)

Question 2.
Assertion (A): Network protocols Manages Data.
Reason (R): Network protocols do not manage the network communication.
a) Both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
b) Both (A) and (R) are correct, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
c) (A) is true and (R) is false
d) (A) is false and (R) is true
Answer:
c) (A) is true and (R) is false

Question 3.
Assertion (A): Network communication protocols are that Basic data communication.
Reason (R): Network communication protocols which specific as SMTP
a) Both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
b) Both (A) and (R) are correct, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
c) (A) is true and (R) is false
d) (A) is false and (R) is true
Answer:
c) (A) is true and (R) is false

Question 4.
Assertion (A): Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) of the U.S. government in 1969 and was first recognized as the ARPANet.
Reason (R): The Internet is a network of global connections – comprising private, public, business, academic, and government networks.
a) Both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
b) Both (A) and (R) are correct, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
c) (A) is true and (R) is false
d) (A) is false and (R) is true
Answer:
b) Both (A) and (R) are correct, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)

Question 5.
Assertion (A): The Internet is a global network, public TCP/IP network used by over a billion people all over the world
Reason (R): An example of the internet is that Sending an email to a friend
a) Both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
b) Both (A) and (R) are correct, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
c) (A) is true and (R) is false
d) (A) is false and (R) is true
Answer:
a) Both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)

Question 6.
Assertion (A): Intranet a TCP/IP network with access restricted to members of an organization
Reason (R): An example of Intranet is that Checking the availability of inventory from an outside sup¬plier.
a) Both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
b) Both (A) and (R) are correct, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
c) (A) is true and (R) is false
d) (A) is false and (R) is true
Answer:
c) (A) is true and (R) is false

Question 7.
Assertion (A): NMT stands for Nordic Mobile Telephone communication
Reason (R): NMT had a very low traffic density of one call per radio channel and a very poor voice quality.
a) Both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
b) Both (A) and (R) are correct, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
c) (A) is true and (R) is false
d) (A) is false and (R) is true
Answer:
a) Both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)

Question 8.
Assertion (A): RFID – Radio Frequency Identification.
Reason (R): RFID uses RF wireless technology to identify.
a) Both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
b) Both (A) and (R) are correct, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
c) (A) is true and (R) is false
d) (A) is false and (R) is true
Answer:
a) Both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)

Question 9.
Assertion (A): Physical Layer defines the electrical and physical specifications for devices.
Reason (R) Physical layer has simple protocols like “802.3 for Ethernet” and “802.11 for WiFi”.
a) Both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
b) Both (A) and (R) are correct, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
c) (A) is true and (R) is false
d) (A) is false and (R) is true
Answer:
c) (A) is true and (R) is false

Question 10.
Assertion (A): Network Layer is the 3rd layer determining the path of the data Packets.
Reason (R): Network Layer helps in routing of data, packets is found using IP Addressing
a) Both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
b) Both (A) and (R) are correct, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
c) (A) is true and (R) is false
d) (A) is false and (R) is true
Answer:
a) Both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)

Question 11.
Assertion (A): TCP/IP is a set of protocols that governs communications among all computers on the Internet
Reason (R): TCP/IP protocol tells how informa-tion should be packaged, sent, and received, as well as how to get to its destination.
a) Both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
b) Both (A) and (R) are correct, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
c) (A) is true and (R) is false
d) (A) is false and (R) is true
Answer:
a) Both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)

Question 12.
Assertion (A): Routable protocol which uses IP addresses to deliver packets
Reason (R): It is a reliable protocol and guarantees the delivery of information
a) Both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
b) Both (A) and (R) are correct, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
c) (A) is true and (R) is false
d) (A) is false and (R) is true
Answer:
c) (A) is true and (R) is false

Find the odd one on the following

1. (a) Routers
(b) Servers
(c) Computers
(d) URLs
Answer:
(d) URLs

2. (a) HTTP
(b) TCP/IP
(c) SFTP
(d) SSL
Answer:
(b) TCP/IP

3. (a) Suppliers
(b) Vendors
(c) Customers
(d) Employee
Answer:
(d) Employee

4. (a) Social Media
(b) E-mail
(c) Chatting
(d) Claims
Answer:
(d) Claims

5. (a) Voice
(b) Video
(c) Data
(d) Images
Answer:
(b) Video

6. (a) 1G-1984
(b) 2G-1991
(c) 3G-2003
(d) 4G-2007
Answer:
(b) 2G-1991

7. (a) TMDA
(b) GSM
(c) MMT
(d) CDMA
Answer:
(c) MMT

8. (a) UMTS
(b) WCDMA
(c) 1900-2200
(d) 900-180QMhz
Answer:
(d) 900-180QMhz

9, (a) 802.11
(b) CDMA
(c) UMTS
(d) WLAN
Answer:
(b) CDMA

10. (a) Reader
(b) Chip
(c) Antenna Coil
(d) Substrate
Answer:
(a) Reader

11. (a) Network Layer
(b) DataLink Layer
(c) Session Layer
(d) Presentation Layer
Answer:
(b) DataLink Layer

12. (a) Bytes
(b) Bits
(c) Packet
(d) Segments
Answer:
(a) Bytes

13. (a) IP
(b) SFTP
(c) ICMP
(d) ARP
Answer:
(b) SFTP

14. (a) HTTP
(b) SMTP
(c)TCP
(d) FTP
Answer:
(c)TCP

15. (a) X.25
(b) Ethernet
(c) Frame
(d) Relay
Answer:
(b) Ethernet

Match the following;

Question 1.
HTTP – Host Computers
ICMP – Network Communication Protocol
SFTP – Network Management Protocol
DNS – Network Security Protocol
a) 1234
b) 4321
c) 4123
d) 2134
Answer:
c) 4123

Question 2.
Internet – Claims
Intranet – Median Access Control
Extranet – Global Network
ARP – Submission of Reports
a) 3412
b) 1234
c) 2143
d) 3421
Answer:
a) 3412

Question 3.
E-Commerce – Facebook
Access Employee Database – Internet
Online Discussion – Extranet
Social Media – Intranet
a) 1234
b) 3412
c) 4312
d) 4132
Answer:
d) 4132

Question 4.
First Generation – GSM Launch
Second Generation – NMT Launch
Third Generation – 2007
Fourth Generation – UK 3G Launch
a) 3412
b) 1234
c) 2143
d) 3421
Answer:
c) 2143

Question 5.
First Layer – Data Link Layer
Second Layer – Transport Layer
Third Layer – Physical Layer
Fourth Layer – Session Layer
a) 1234
b) 3412
c) 4312
d) 4132
Answer:
b) 3412

Question 6.
Application Layer – ARP
Network Layer – FDDI
Presentation Layer – SNMP
Data Link Layer – TSL
a) 3412
b)1234
c)2143
d) 2413
Answer:
d) 2413

Important years to remember;

Protocols and Their usage

Part B

Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Write a note on Extranet?
Answer:
EXTRANET:
It is a private network that uses Internet technology and the public telecommunication system to securely share business information with suppliers, vendors, partners, customers, or other businesses.

Question 2.
What is mean Network Protocol?
Answer:
Network protocols are that the usual procedures, rules, formal standards, and policies comprised of formats which allocate communication between more than one device connected to the network.

Question 3.
What is meant by Li-Fi?
Answer:
Li-Fi is a wireless technology which uses light-emitting diodes (LEDs) for data transmission Li-Fi is the short form of Light Fidelity.

Question 4.
What is mean by cell?
Answer:

• A mobile network or cellular network is made up of a large number of signal areas called cells.
• These cells join to form a large coverage area. Users can cross into different cells without losing their connection.

Question 5.
Write a note on Network protocols?
Answer:
Network protocols are that the usual procedures, rules, formal standards, and policies comprised of formats which allocate communication between more than one device connected to the network.

Question 6.
What is the use of Address Resolution Protocol?
Answer:

• It Resolves IP addresses to MAC (Medium Access Control) addresses.
• A MAC address is a hardware identification num¬ber that uniquely identifies each device on a network.

Question 7.
What is mean by DNS?
Answer:

• DNS-Domain Name System
• A method of referring to other host computers by using names rather than numbers.

Part C

Explain in detail

Question 1.
Explain the types of Networking protocols?
Answer:
The broad types of networking protocols, including:

1. Network communication protocols are that the Basic data communication protocols specific to HTTP and TCP/IP.
2. Network security protocols is that implement security over network communications and include HTTP, SFTP, and SSL.
3. Network management protocols will Provide network governance and maintenance and include ICMP and SNMP.

Question 2.
List some applications of the Internet.
Answer:

• Download programs and files
• Social media
• E-Mail
• E-Banking
• Audio and Video Conferencing
• E-Commerce
• File Sharing
• E-Governance
• Information browsing
• Search the web addresses for access through a search engine
• Chatting

Question 3.
Write about Mobile Networks?
Answer:
Mobile Networks:
A mobile network or cellular network is made up of a large number of signal areas called cells. These cells join to form a large coverage area. Communication over the mobile networks is being made up of voice, data, images, and text messages.

Question 4.
List some Applications of the Extranet.
Answer:

• Customer communications
• Online education/ training
• Account status enquiry
• Inventory enquiry
• Online discussion
• Supply – chain management
• Order status enquiry
• Warranty registration
• Claims
• Distributor promotions

Question 5.
Write a note on Network protocols?
Answer:
Network protocols are that the usual procedures, rules, formal standards, and policies comprised of formats which allocate communication between more than one device connected to the network.

Question 6.
Explain the working process of TCP
Answer:

• TCP/IP is a combination of two protocols: Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and Internet Protocol (IP).
• The Internet Protocol typically specifies the logistics of the packets that are sent out over networks; it specifies the packets which have to go, where to go, and how to get there.
• The Transmission Contra Protocol is accountable for guaranteeing the trustworthy transmission of data. It seems that the packets for errors and submits the requests for re-transmissions in case any of them are missing.

Question 6.
Write the disadvantages of the First Generation of Mobile Networks?
Answer:

• They had a very low traffic density of one call per radio channel, A very poor voice quality.
• They used unsure and unencrypted transmission, which leads to the spoofing of its identities.

Question 7.
Write short notes on Second to Third Generation Bridge of Mobile Networks
Answer:

• GPRS was introduced here, it is seen as an excess period of mobile networking development, between 2G and 3G.
• GPRS is a data service which enables mobile devices to send and receive messages, picture messages, and e-mails.
• It allows the most popular operating speeds of up to 115kbit/s, latterly maximum of 384kbit/s by using EDGE.

Question 8.
Write short notes on Wi-Fi.
Answer:

• Wi-Fi stands for Wireless Fidelity.
• It is a wireless network technology that permits computers and alternative devices to be connected to every alternative into a local area network and to the net without wires and cables.
• Wi-Fi is additionally stated as a wireless local area network that stands for wireless local area network, and 802.11, that is that the technical code for the protocol.

Part D

Detailed Answers

Question 1.
Explain in detail about Second Generation of Mobile Networks.
Answer:

• The second generation of mobile systems was placed on digital transmission with GSM.
• GSM stands for (Global System for Mobile communication)was the most popular standard which is used in the second generation, using 900MHz and 1800MHz for the frequency bands.-
• GSM mobile systems have grown digital transmission using SIM. SIM stands for (Subscriber Identity Module) technology to authenticate a user for identification and billing purposes and to encrypt the data to prevent listen without permission (eavesdropping).
• The transmission used as TDMA. TMDA stands for (Time Division Multiple Access) and CDMA One stands for (Code Division MultipleAccess ) method to increase the amount of information transported on the network.
• Mobility is supported at layer 2, which stops seamless roaming across assorted access networks and routing domains. This means each operator must cover the entire area or have agreements in place to permit roaming.

Question 2.
Explain the important protocols present in

1. Network layer
2. Transport Layer

Answer:

1. Network Layer:
It is the layer where data is addressed, packaged, and routed among networks.
The important Internet protocols that operate at the Network layer are:

• Internet Protocol (IP): A routable protocol which uses IP addresses to deliver packets. It is an unreliable protocol, does not guarantee the delivery of information.
• Address Resolution Protocol (ARP): Resolves IP addresses to MAC (Medium Access Control) addresses. (A MAC address is a hardware identification number that uniquely identifies each device on a network.)i.e., to map IP network addresses to the hardware addresses.
• Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP): Used by network devices to send error messages and operational information. Example: A host or router might not be reached or requested service is not presented.
• Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP): It is a communication protocol used by hosts and routers to send Multicast (group Communication) messages to multiple IP addresses at once.

2. Transport Layer: The sessions are recognized and data packets are swapped between hosts in this layer.
Two main protocols established at this layer are:

• Mission Control Protocol (TCP): Provides reliable connection-oriented Transmission between two hosts. It ensures the delivery of packets between the hosts.
• User Datagram Protocol (UDP): Provides connectionless, unreliable, one-to-one, or one-to-many delivery.

Question 3.
Write short notes on Fourth Generation of Mobile Networks
Answer:

• 4G is at the research stage. 4G was based on an Adhoc networking model where there was no need for a fixed infrastructure operation.
• Adhoc networking requires global mobility features (e.g. Mobile IP) and connectivity to a global IPv6 network to support an IP address for each mobile device. Logically roaming in assorted IP networks (for example 802.11 WLAN,
• GPRS and UMTS) were possible with higher data rates, from 2Mbit/s to 10-100Mbit/s, offering reduced delays and new services.
• Mobile devices will not expect on a fixed infrastructure, they will require enhanced intelligence to self-configure in ad-hoc networks and having routing capabilities to route over packets switched network.

Question 4.
Explain about Fifth Generation of Mobile Networks
Answer:

• 5G is the stage that succeeds the 4G (LTE/WiMAX), 3G(UMTS), and 2G(GSM) systems.
• 5G targets to performance the high data rate, reduced latency, energy saving, cost reduction, higher system, capacity, and massive device connectivity.
• The two phases of 5G, First one will be Release-15 complete by March 2019, Second one Release- 16is expected to complete in March 2020, for submission to the ITU (International Telecommunication Union) as a candidate IMT- 2020 technology.
• The ITU IMT – 2020 provides speeds up to 20 gigabits per second it has been demonstrated with millimeter waves of 15 gigahertz and higher frequency. 3 GPP standards include any network using the New Radio software. 5G New Radio can access at lower frequencies from 600 MHz to 6 GHz.
• Speed in the lower frequencies is only modestly higher than 4G systems, estimated at 15% to 50% faster.

Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus Samacheer Kalvi 11th Commerce Guide Pdf Chapter 6 Joint Stock Company Text Book Back Questions and Answers, Notes.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 11th Commerce Solutions Chapter 6 Joint Stock Company

11th Commerce Guide Joint Stock Company Text Book Back Questions and Answers

I. Choose the Correct Answer

Question 1.
The relationship between outsiders and the company is defined in …………………..
a) Prospectus
b) Articles of Association
c) Memorandum of Association
d) Certificate of Incorporation
Answer:
a) Prospectus

Question 2.
Table A of the Companies Act is a ……………..
a) Model minutes book
b) Model form of Balance Sheet
c) Model of AOA
d) Model of MOA
Answer:
c) Model of AOA

Question 3.
Which of the following is created by a Special Act of Parliament or in State Assemblies?
a) Chartered company ,
b) Foreign company
c) Government company
d) Statutory Company
Answer:
d) Statutory Company

Question 4.
The Board of directors of a company is elected by ……………………………..
a) Creditors
b) Debtors
c) Debenture holders
d) Shareholders (members)
Answer:
d) Shareholders (members)

Question 5.
Companies established as a result of aeharter granted by the King or Queen of a country is called ………………..
a) Chartered companies
b) Statutory companies
c) Registered companies
d) Foreign companies
Answer:
a) Chartered companies

II. Very Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
What are the different types of companies?
Answer:

1. Incorporation
2. Membership
3. Member liability
4. Control
5. Nationality

Question 2.
Define a Company.
Answer:
According to L.H. Haney, “ A company is an artificial person created by law having a separate legal entity with a perpetual succession and a common seal.”

Question 3.
What is meant by Limited liability?
Answer:
The liability of a shareholder is limited. The risk of loss is limited to the unpaid amount on the face value of shares held.

Question 4.
Explain any two characteristics of a company.
Answer:

1. Separate Legal Entity: Under Incorporation, a company becomes a separate legal entity as compared to its members. The company is distinct and different from its members. It is considered an artificial person.
2. Capacity to sue and be sued: A company can sue or be sued in its own name as distinct from its members.

Question 5.
What is meant by Chartered Company?
Answer:
Chartered companies are established by the King or Queen of a country. The powers and privileges of the chartered company are specified in the charter. Power to cancel the charter is vested with King/Queen.

III. Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
What are the advantages of Companies? (Any 3)
Answer:
1. Large Capital:
A company can secure large capital compared to a sole trader or partnership. A large amount of capital is necessary for conducting business on a large scale.

2. Limited Liability:
The liability of a shareholder is limited. The risk of loss is limited to the unpaid amount on the face value of shares held. In the case of a company limited by shares, the liability of a shareholder is restricted to the unpaid amount on the shares held by him.

3. Transferability of Shares:
Transaction of Shares between two individuals is easy. So there is the liquidity of the investment. Any shareholder can easily convert his shares into money by selling his shares.

Question 2.
What is meant by a Private Company?
Answer:
Private Limited Company is a type of company which is formed with minimum of two shareholders and two directors. The minimum requirement with respect to authorized or paid-up capital of Rs. 1,00,000 has been omitted by the Companies Act 2015. Maximum 200 persons can become shareholders in a private company.

Question 3.
What is meant by Government Company?
Answer:
A public enterprise incorporated under the Indian Companies Act, 1956 is called a Government company. These companies are owned and managed by the central or the state government.

Section 617 of the Companies Act, 1956 defines “Government Companies” as any company in which not less than 51% of the paid-up share capital is held by the Central Government or any State Government or Governments or partly by the Central Government and partly by one or more State Governments. A subsidiary of a Government company shall also be treated as a Government company.

Question 4.
What is meant by Foreign Company?
Answer:
Foreign company means a company which is incorporated in a country outside India under the law of that country. After the establishment of business in India, the necessary documents must be filed with the Registrar of Companies within 30 days from the date of establishment.

IV. Long Answer Questions

Question 1.
What are the contents of the Memorandum of Association?
Answer:
1. Name Clause:
The name clause requires you to state the legal and recognized name of the company. You are allowed to register a company name only if it does not bear any similarities with the name of an existing company.

2. Situation Clause:.
The registered office clause requires you to show the physical location of the registered office of the company. You are required to keep all the company registers in this office in addition to using the office in handling all the outgoing and incoming communication correspondence.

3. Objective Clause:
The objective clause requires you to summarize the main objectives for establishing the company with reference to the requirements for shareholding and use of financial resources. You also need to state ancillary objectives; that is, those objectives that are required to facilitate the achievement of the main objectives.

4. Liability Clause:
The liability clause requires you to state the extent to which shareholders of the company are liable to the debt obligations of the company in the event of the company dissolving. You should show that shareholders are liable only for their shareholding and/or to their commitment to contribute to the dissolution costs upon liquidation of a company limited by guarantee.

5. Capital Clause:
The capital clause requires you to state the company’s authorized share capital, the different categories of shares, and the nominal value (the minimum value per share) of the shares. You are also required to list the company’s assets under this clause.

6. Association Clause:
The association clause confirms that shareholders bound by the MOA are willingly associating and forming a company. You require seven members to sign an MOA for a public company and riot less than two people for an MOA of a private company. You must conduct the signing in the presence of witnesses who must also append his signature.

Question 2.
What are the contents in Articles of Association?
Answer:
Meaning:
The Articles of Association (AOA) is a document that contains the purpose of the company as well as the duties and responsibilities of its members.
Contents:

• Amount of shares, capital, value and type of shares
• Rights of each class of shareholders regarding voting, dividend, return of capital
• Rules regarding issue of shares and debentures
• Procedures as well as regulations in respect of making calls on shares.
• Manner of transfer of shares ® Declaration of dividends ® Borrowing powers of the company ® Rules regarding the appointment, remuneration, removal of directors
• Procedure for conducting proxy, quorum, meetings etc.,
• Procedures concerning the keeping of books and audits
• Seal of the company
• Procedures regarding the winding up of the company.

Question 3.
What is meant by Prospectus?
Answer:
According to Section 2(36) of the Companies Act, any document inviting the public to buy its shares or debentures comes under the definition of a prospectus. It also applies to advertisements inviting deposits from the public. A prospectus is “the only window through which a prospective investor can look into the soundness of a company’s venture”. Hence it must specify at least the following matters as per Schedule II:

1. The prospectus contains the main objectives of the company, the name, and addresses of the signatories of the Memorandum of Association, and the number of shares held by them.
2. The name, addresses, and occupation of directors and managing directors.
3. The number and classes of shares and debentures issued.
4. The qualification share of directors and the interest of directors for the promotion of the company.
5. The number, description, and the document of shares or debentures which within the two preceding years have been agreed to be issued other than cash.

Question 4.
What is meant by a Multi-National Company?
Answer:
A Multi-National Company (MNC) is a huge industrial organization which,

• Operates in more than one country
• Carries out production, marketing, and research activities on an international Scale in those countries.
• Seeks to maximize profits the world over.
• A domestic company or a foreign company can be an MNC.

Examples:
Microsoft Corporation, Nokia Corporation, Nestle, Coca-Cola, International Business Machine, Pepsi Co, Sony Corporation.

Question 5.
What is meant by Holding and Subsidiary Company?
Answer:
1. Holding Company:
As per Section 2(87) “subsidiary company” or “subsidiary”, in relation to any other company (that is to say the holding company), means a company in which the holding company:

• Controls the composition of the Board of Directors; or
• Exercises or controls more than one-half of the total share capital either at its own or together with one or more of its subsidiary companies:

Provided that such class or classes of holding companies as may be prescribed shall not have layers of subsidiaries beyond such numbers as may be prescribed.

2. Subsidiary Company:
“Subsidiary company” or “Subsidiary”, in relation to any other company (that is to say the holding company), means a company in which the holding company:

• Controls the composition of the Board of Directors; or
• Exercises or controls more than one-half of the total share capital either at its own or together with one or more of its subsidiary companies:

Examples:
H Ltd., holds more than 50% of the equity share capital of S Ltd. Now H Ltd. is the holding company of S Ltd., and S Ltd. is the subsidiary of H Ltd.

11th Commerce Guide Joint Stock Company Additional Important Questions and Answers

I. Choose the Correct Answer

Question 1.
The maximum number of members in a private limited company is ……………..
(a) 25
(b) 50
(c) 100
(d) 200
Answer:
(d) 200

Question 2.
The maximum number of members in a private company is ……………………………….
a. 10
b. 20
c. 50
d. unlimited
Answer:
c. 50

Question 3.
A new class of company is of “One Person Company” and it is included in …………….. Act.
(a) 1956
(b) 1952
(c) 2013
(d) 2015
Answer:
(c) 2013

Question 4.
On the basis of liability, companies are classified in to ………………………………. types.
a. 2
b. 3
c. 4
d. 5
Answer:
a. 2

Question 5.
…………….. companies are established by a Special Act made in Parliament/State Assembly.
(a) Chartered
(b) Statutory
(c) Private
(d) Unlimited
Answer:
(b) Statutory

Question 6.
Memorandum Association consists of ……………………. clause.
a.5
b.6
c.7
d.8
Answer:
b.6

Question 7.
The share capital of the government company must not be less than ……………..
(a) 75%
(b) 60%
(c) 95%
(d) 51%
Answer:
(d) 51%

Question 8.
Who has the power to convene the meetings of the Board of Directors?
a) Shareholders
b)Board of Directors
c) Chairman
d) None of these
Answer:
b)Board of Directors

Question 9.
…………….. is a document containing rules and regulations for the internal management of a company.
(a) Table A
(b) Memorandum
(c) Prospectus
(d) Statutory declaration
Answer:
(a) Table A

II. Very Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
What is Perpetual succession?
Answer:
A company does not cease to exist unless it is specifically wound up or the task for which it was formed has been completed. Membership of a company may keep on changing from time to time but that does not affect the life of the company.

Question 2.
What is meant of Articles of Association?
Answer:
The Articles of Association (AO A) is a document that contains the purpose of the company as well as the duties and responsibilities of its members. It is an important document which needs to be filed with the Registrar of Companies.

Question 3.
What is the Objective clause?
Answer:
The objective clause requires you to summarize the main objectives for establishing the company with reference to the requirements for shareholding and use of financial resources. You also need to state ancillary objectives; that is, those objectives that are required to facilitate the achievement of the main objectives.

III. Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
What is meant by Joint and Several Liability?
Answer:
Every partner is jointly and severally liable for all acts of the firm. It means that in case the assets are inadequate for meeting the claims of creditors, even their personal properties should be made available. The creditors can recover their claims from all the partners.

Question 2.
Write a note on one share – one vote.
Answer:
The principle of voting in a company is one share-one vote i.e. if a person has 10 shares; he has 10 votes in the company. This is in direct distinction to the voting principle of a co-operative society where the “One Member – One Vote” principle applies i.e. irrespective of the number of shares held, one member has only one vote.

IV. Long Answer Questions

Question 1.
Classify the Companies According to its Incorporation:
Answer:
1. Chartered Companies:
Chartered companies are established by the King or Queen of a country. The powers and privileges of these companies are specified in the charter. The cancellation of power is in the hands of the King/Queen. E.g East Indian Company, Bank of England, etc.

2. Statutory Companies:
Companies are established by a Special Act made in the Parliament/State Assembly. The Constitution of the company is specified in the Memorandum of Association. The rules are specified in the Articles of Association. Statutory companies enjoy autonomous status. It need not use the word ‘Limited’ next to its name.

3. Association Not for Profit:
According to section 25, the Central Government may, by license, grant that an association may be registered as a company with limited liability, without using the words ‘limited’ or ‘private limited’ as part of its name. The license will be granted only in the case of ‘association not for profit’. Such companies may be public or private companies and may or may not have share capital.

Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus Samacheer Kalvi 12th Computer Applications Guide Pdf Chapter 10 Introduction to Computer Networks Text Book Back Questions and Answers, Notes.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 12th Computer Applications Solutions Chapter 10 Introduction to Computer Networks

12th Computer Applications Guide Introduction to Computer Networks Text Book Questions and Answers

Part I

Choose The Correct Answers

Question 1.
A set of computers connecting together is caiied as ……………..
a) Network
b) Server
c) Hub
d) Node
Answer:
a) Network

Question 2.
Computer network devices that originates route and terminate the data were called as
a) Hub
b) Resource
c) Node
d) Cable
Answer:
c) Node

Question 3.
Match the period and methods available on the history of computer networking on the Internet
a) 1950 – X.25 TCP/IP
b) 1966 – SAGE
c) 1976 – WAN
d) 1972 – ARCNET

a) 4321
b) 3421
c) 1234
d) 2341
e) 4123
Answer:
e) 4123

Question 4.
Western Electric introduced the first widely used……………… that implemented true
computer control.
a) Packet switch
b) Arpanet
c) Host
d) Telephone switch
Answer:
d) Telephone switch

Question 5.
Wi-Fi is short name for
a) Wireless Fidelity
b) Wired fidelity
c) Wired fiber optic
d) Wireless fiber optic
Answer:
a) Wireless Fidelity

Question 6.
People everywhere can express and publish their ideas and opinions via
a) Tele-medicine
b) blogging
c) Server
d) Node
Answer:
b) blogging

Question 7.
Which one of the following periods, the speed capacity supported towards gigabit on a computer network?
a) SABRE
b) SAGE
c) NEW FIBRE OPTICS
d) ARCNET
Answer:
c) NEW FIBRE OPTICS

Question 8.
One among them was challenging to the business people on computer networking
a) Hacking
b) Viruses
c) Both a & b
d) none of this above
Answer:
c) Both a & b

Question 9.
……………. able to predict, manage, and protect the computer network at Internet
a) Artificial intelligence
b) Broadband provider
c) Cloud computing
d) Transceivers
Answer:
a) Artificial intelligence

Question 10.
……………….. use less power compared with single transmitter or satellite often cell towers nearer
a) Mobile devices
b) Transistors
c) WIFI
d) Communication
Answer:
a) Mobile devices

Question 11.
People nowadays getting relaxed via
a) Business
b) Corporate company
c) Newspapers
d) Social media
Answer:
d) Social media

Question 12.
Which one of the following is not the social media
a) Gmail
b) Facebook
c) Twitter
d) Linkedin
Answer:
a) Gmail

Question 13.
Facebook was created at ………………………….year
a) 2002
b) 2004
c) 2013
d) 2010
Answer:
b) 2004

Question 14.
In a mobile network, land areas for network coverage were distributed as
a) Firmware
b) cells
c) Range
d) Service
Answer:
b) cells

Question 15.
Which one was harmful to the computer
a) Bloggers
b) Browser
c) Hackers
d) Twitter
Answer:
c) Hackers

Question 16.
Which innovation made people use the Internet?
a) Social web
b) Mobile technology
c) Mobile App
d) Both a & b.
Answer:
d) Both a & b.

Part II

Short Answers

Question 1.
Define Computer Network.
Answer:

1. A set of computers connected together for the purpose of sharing resources is called a computer networks.
2. At present, the Internet is the most common resource shared everywhere.

Question 2.
Define Internet
Answer:
The Internet is a network of global connections – ‘ comprising private, public, business, academic and government networks – linked by guided, wireless and fiber-optic technologies.

Question 3.
What are the common uses of Computer Network?
Answer:
The common uses of computer network are

1. Communication
2. Resource sharing
3. Data (or) software sharing
4. Money-saving

Question 4.
List out some feature of Mobile Network.
Answer:

• Less consumption of power
• Huge capacity than a large transmitter, at single frequency
• Covering large area than a single transmitter

Question 5.
Difference between wired and wireless networks.
Answer:

Part III

Explain in brief answer

Question 1.
Define ARPANET.
Answer:
First In 1969, four nodes of ARPANET were connected between four universities namely the University of California at Los Angeles, at Santa Barbara, the Stanford Research Institute and the university of Utah using the 50 Kbit/s circuits.

Packet-switched networks was the theoretical work to model was performed by Leonard Kleinrock, ARPANET was which underpinned the development of it and his theoretical work on hierarchical routing in late 1970 s with his student Farouk Kamoun remains critical to the operation of the Internet today.

Question 2.
What is the use of cloud storage and cloud computing?
Answer:
Cloud storage

• It is just storage of data on online, access in different area no geographical limits was in need.
• Cloud storage provides users with immediate access to a broad range of resources.

Cloud computing:

• It is the on demand availability of computer sys-tem resources.
• Especially data storage and computing power, without direct active management by the user

Question 3.
What is mean by Artificial Intelligence?
Answer:

1. Artificial intelligence able to be better predict traffic as it collects and analyzes data in real-time,
2. some of the network managers were better prepared for big events such as the World cup, Olympics, Valentine’s Day, which often put on the Internet under pressure.
3. Now the networks were monitored by an algorithm that enables for anomalous build-ups of traffic and activity which may be the result of nasty activities such as (DDoS) Distributed Denial-of-Service attacks and attempted hacks.
4. This Artificial Network powering algorithms will become the most intelligent; it might find faster and reliable methods of anticipating threats and cleaning networks.

Question 4.
List out some usefulness of Social Network.
Answer:

• Group information sharing over long distances.
• Broadcast announcements,
• Fostering diversity of thought.

Question 5.
How Computer Networks save money saving?
Answer:
Money-saving:
Using computer networking, it’s an important financial aspect for the organization because it saves money. It reduces the paperwork, manpower and saves time.

Part IV

Explain in detail

Question 1.
Define computer networking and Internet. Explain different developments on computer network and Internet.
Answer:
Computer networking:
Computer networking is a technique of digital telecommunications network one that permits nodes to share its resources.

This computer networking exchanges the data with each other through wired or wireless connections between different terminals called nodes.

Internet
The Internet is a network of global connections – comprising private, public, business, academic and government networks – linked by guided, wireless and fiber-optic technologies.

Computer networks and its development

Question 2.
Explain the growth of computer networking,
Answer:
Growth on the popularity of cloud storage and cloud computing. On behalf of buying physical copies of games, music, and movies, increasingly downloading (or streaming) and buy digital licenses their need via Internet.

3G and 4G:
Developments on mobile network infrastructure- both deployments of 4Gand 3G networks (older) that have allow the people in their developed areas who can allow it to their smart mobile phones as video broadcasting system and as mobile television.

4G LTE
Even though 4G LTE mobile network was not reached by many parts of world, the industry of telecommunication has been hard working on the development of their next generation

5G:

• It is a cellular communication Technology. This 5G intense to boost up the speed the mobile connections dramatically. Exactly how much customers was in need of this 5G connection and to go.
• It might be tested on laboratory on by prototype versions of some elements then it may be standard 5G consumers were also interested on the promise of signal coverage with 5G.

Artificial intelligence

• It will help to maintain, manage, and protect it.
• It is also able to be a better predict traffic as it collects and analyzes data in real-time, some of network managers were better prepared for big events such as the World cup, Olympics, Valentine’s Day, which often put on the Internet under pressure.

Question 3.
Mention some uses of the network at business, home, mobile, social applications.
Answer:
(i) Networks in Business:

1. In the twenty-first century, communications are necessary for successful business operations and technology for business interaction.
2. Computer networks were faster, the Internet became full strength and wireless communications have been formed the way business performed.
3. By the usage of latest technologies, such as cloud computing, are being used to allow globally without scarifying security or limiting user access.
4. Internet conversations happen faster, Quick Decision making saves a lot of time, we all know that “time is money” in business.
5. Through e-banking we can pay or receive money from or to the customer may be easily done via gateways or by online payments were much easier on this method.
6. Here any type of business it might large or small scale B2C, B2B, B2G,C2B, C2C, C2G, G2B,G2C, G2G or commercial that transfer of information across the Internet can be done here.

(ii) Networks at Home:
Network at home is a group of devices such as computers, mobile, speakers, cameras, game systems, and printers that connect via the network with each other. Networks at home were connected in two ways they are

1. Wired network
2. Wireless network

A Wired network system connected with a network cable. For example speakers, CCTV, printers, outdoors, and scanners etc., with cables.
A Wireless network is connecting devices like tablets(.tab), indoor cameras and E-readers, etc., without cables (WiFi).
Network at home plays the main role to access all such as e-banking, e-leaming, e-governance, e-health, telemedicine, call centers, video conferencing, digitalization of memories, can easy to access and use by avoiding a lot of time and stacked at the queue.
From the home we ordered delicious food from various hotels and restaurants at a time without delay can be bought via the Internet.

(iii) Mobile Networks:
A mobile network is a network connecting devices without cable (wireless). Mobile computers, such as laptops, tablets, and handheld computers, were the fastest-growing segments.

(iv) Social Application:
The very fast and easiest way to cover all the people, who are connected to in social network media. For example WhatsApp, Facebook, Twitter, blogs, Pinterest, Linkedln, classmates, and so on. Through the above social media, we share our thoughts in different formats and the different size of files.

12th Computer Applications Guide Introduction to Computer Networks Additional Important Questions and Answers

Part A

Choose the correct answers:

Question 1.
……………….. Method was used at the U.S Military Radar system.
a)SABRE
b)ARPANET
c) SAGE
d) Networking
Answer:
c) SAGE

Question 2.
Which one of the following resources cannot be shared?
(a) printer
(b) scanner
(c) speakers
(d) monitor
Answer:
(d) monitor

Question 3.
Packet Switching was invented in the year………………..
a)1964
b) 1958
c)1988
d)1991
Answer:
a)1964

Question 4.
……………….. helps in sending and receiving money via payment gateway.
a) e-banking
b) online payment
c) e-governance
d) credit/debit card
Answer:
b) online payment

Question 5.
In networking, nodes are identified by their…………………………….
(a) Protocol
(b) Layer
(c) IP address
(d) TCL address
Answer:
(c) IP address

Question 6.
The initial name of the host is known as ………………..
a) TCP/IP
b) switch
c) nodes
d) CYCLADES
Answer:
d) CYCLADES

Question 7.
In 1966……………….. was introduced for time-sharing.
a) WAN
b) MAN
c)LAN
d) Networking
Answer:
a) WAN

Question 8.
Expand SAGE
(a) Semi-Automatic Ground Environment
(b) Self – Auto General Engine
(c) Super – Automatic General Engine
(d) Super – Auto Ground Environment
Answer:
(a) Semi-Automatic Ground Environment

Question 9.
WWW was created in the year ………………..
a) 1965
b) 1993
c)1988
d)1989
Answer:
d)1989

Question 10.
Network of network is called ………………..
a) Internet
c) Exnet
b) Intranet
d) Network
Answer:
a) Internet

Abbreviation

1. WWW – World Wide Web
2. IP – Internet protoco!
3. SAGE – Semi Automatic Ground environment
4. SABRE – Semi Automatic Business Research Environment
5. LAN – Locai Area Network
6. NPL – National Physical Laboratory
7. WAN – Wide Area Network
8. ARPANET – Advanced Research Projects Agency Network
9. TCP – Transmission Control Protoco!
10. ARCNET – Attached Resource Computer NETwork
11. LTE – Long Term Evolution
12. DDos – Distributed Denial of Service attacks.

Very short answers

Question 1.
What is the use of Packet switching?
Answer:
It used to transfer the information between computers and network,

Question 2.
Who use SAGE first? When?
Answer:
U.S Military Radar system used SAGE (Semi – Automatic Ground Environment) at late 1950

Question 3.
What do you mean by hosting?
Answer:
The service provider that leases this infrastructure, which is known as hosting.

Question 4.
What Is a Telephone switch?
Answer:
It is the first widely used to implemented true computer control.

Assertion and reason

Question 1.
Assertion (A): A set of computers connected together for the purpose of sharing resources is called as computer networks
Reason(R): Multimedia means that multiple forms of media are combined to gather and provide services
a) Both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
b) Both (A) and (R) are correct, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
c) (A) is true and (R) is false
d) (A) is false and (R) is true
Answer:
b) Both (A) and (R) are correct, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)

Question 2.
Assertion (A): Networks of the network is called the Internet.
Reason(R): Computer which is connected to a network called as Intranet
a) Both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
b) Both (A) and (R) are correct, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
c) (A) is true and (R) is false
d) (A) is false and (R) is true
Answer:
c) (A) is true and (R) is false

Question 3.
Assertion (A): The data that originates and terminates at these particular nodes is called a source and destination.
Reason(R): Connecting more than one device is called a network.
a) Both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
b) Both (A) and (R) are correct, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
c) (A) is true and (R) is false
d) (A) is false and (R) is true
Answer:
a) Both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)

Question 4.
Assertion (A): Packet switching was developed by Paul Baranand Donald Devices to transfer the information between computers and network.
Reason(R): NPL network (National Physical Laboratory) at UK local area network
(LAN) using line speed of 1068kbit/s was implemented by Nicholas Dech.
a) Both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
b) Both (A) and (R) are correct, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
c) (A) is true and (R) is false
d) (A) is false and (R) is true
Answer:
c) (A) is true and (R) is false

Question 5.
Assertion (A): INTERNET Stands for INTERnational NETwork (Technology, telecom, intelligence)
Reason(R): INTERNET Stands for INTER connected computer NETwork (Science, space and environment)
a) Both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
b) Both (A) and (R) are correct, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
c) (A) is true and (R) is false
d) (A) is false and (R) is true
Answer:
a) Both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)

Question 6.
Assertion (A): Mobile network is the network connecting devices without cable (wireless).
Reason(R): Mobile computers, such as laptop, tablet, and handheld computers, were the fastest-growing segments.
a) Both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
b) Both (A) and (R) are correct, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
c) (A) is true and (R) is false
d) (A) is false and (R) is true
Answer:
a) Both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)

Question 7.
Assertion (A): 5G intense to boost up the speed of the mobile connections dramatically.
Reason(R): Artificial Network power algorithms will become most intelligent;
a) Both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
b) Both (A) and (R) are correct, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
c) (A) is true and (R) is false
d) (A) is false and (R) is true
Answer:
b) Both (A) and (R) are correct, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)

Question 8.
Assertion (A): Covering a large area than a single transmitter, we can add more towers indefinitely and cannot be limited by any horizon limits.
Reason(R): Digital intelligence will help to maintain, manage, and protect it.
a) Both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
b) Both (A) and (R) are correct, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
c) (A) is true and (R) is false
d) (A) is false and (R) is true
Answer:
c) (A) is true and (R) is false

Question 9.
Assertion (A): computer networks were faster, the Internet became full strength and wireless communications has been transformed the way business performed.
Reason(R): The usage of latest technologies, such as cloud computing, are being used to allow globally without scarifying security or limiting user access.
a) Both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
b) Both (A) and (R) are correct, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
c) (A) is true and (R) is false
d) (A) is false and (R) is true
Answer:
a) Both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)

Question 10.
Assertion (A): Resource sharing means one device accessed by many systems.
Reason(R); Resource sharing is sharing such as printers, scanner, PDA, fax machine, and modems
a) Both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
b) Both (A) and (R) are correct, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
c) (A) is true and (R) is false
d) (A) is false and (R) is true
Answer:
a) Both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)

Find the odd one on the following

1. (a) File server
(b) Web camera
(c) Speakers
(d) Websites
Answer:
(d) Websites

2. (a) WWW
(b) Digital Audio
(c) URL
(d) Digital Video
Answer:
(c) URL

3. (a) Mouse
(b) Storage Servers
(c) Applications
(d) Softwares
Answer:
(a) Mouse

4. (a) Source
(b) Destination
(c) Node
(d) WWW
Answer:
(d) WWW

5. (a) servers
(b) Mobile Phones
(c) Tabs
(d) Monitors
Answer:
(d) Monitors

6. (a) SAGE
(b) ARCNET
(c) ARPANET
(d) URL
Answer:
(c) ARPANET

7. (a) JohnMurphy
(b) PaulBoran
(c) James Gostling
(d) Leonard kliemock
Answer:
(c) James Gostling

8. (a) Technology
(b) Electronic
(c) Telecom
(d) Intelligence
Answer:
(b) Electronic

9. (a) Flipkart
(b) Amazon
(c) IOB
(d) E-bay
Answer:
(c) IOB

10. (a) YAHOO
(b) BING
(c) GOOGLE
(d) E-Banking
Answer:
(d) E-Banking

11. (a) Whatsapp
(b) Gmail
(c) Facebook
(d) Twitter
Answer:
(b) Gmail

12. (a) lG:2.4kb/s
(b) 2G:64kb/s
(c) 4G :100mb/s
(d) 3G:lMb/s
Answer:
(d) 3G:lMb/s

13. (a) SMS
(b) MMS
(c) video conferencing
(d) Farm ware
Answer:
(d) Farm ware

14. (a) printer
(b) Scanner
(c) Fax Machine
(d) Networking
Answer:
(d) Networking

15. (a) G2A
(b) B2C
(c) B2G
(d) G2G
Answer:
(a) G2A

16. (a) Speakers
(b) CCTV
(c) Scanner
(d) E-Readers
Answer:
(d) E-Readers

17. (a) Indoor Cameras
(b) Tablets
(c) Wi-fi
(d) printers
Answer:
(d) printers

18. (a) SAGE: 1950
(b) SABRE: 1960
(c) TCP/IP: 1975
(d) E-Readers
Answer:
(c) TCP/IP: 1975

19. (a) Hosts
(b) Ethernet
(c) F-Cables
(d) Modems
Answer:
(d) Modems

20. (a) Communication
(b) Money Saving
(c)-Learning
(d) Software Sharing
Answer:
(c)-Learning

Matching the following

Question 1.
SABRE – 1995
Fibre Optic cables – 1960
Hosts – 1965
Telephone Switch -. 1973
a) 1234
b) 2341
c) 2143
d) 3124
Answer:
c) 2143

Question 2.
Resource Sharing – paper Work
Communication – Software
Money-Saving – PDA
Data Sharing – Groupware
a) 2341
b) 3412
c) 4312
d) 4321
Answer:
b) 3412

Question 3.
Amazon – Social Media
Blog – Online Shopping
Gmail – Mobile Networks
3G/4G – E-mail
a) 1234
b) 2341
c) 2143
d) 3124
Answer:
c) 2143

Question 4.
Wired Network System – Bank Account
Wireless Network system – HandHeldComputres
Mobile Networks – indoor Cameras
Private Networks – CCTV
a) 1234
b) 4321
c) 2143
d) 3124
Answer:
b) 4321

Question 5.
Cloud storage -Internet Computing
Cloud computing – Access in different Area
Flame Ware – abusive Messages
Hackers – skilled experts
a) 1234
b)4321
c) 2143
d) 2134
Answer:
a) 1234

Important years to remember:

Part B

Short Answers

Question 1.
What are the disadvantages of the Internet?
Answer:
Disadvantages of the Internet:

1. Simply wasting precious time on the Internet by surfing, searching for unwanted things.
2. A lot of unnecessary information is also there, why because anyone can post anything on their webpage, blogs.
3. Hackers and viruses can easily theft our more valuable information available on the Internet. There a lot of security issues are there in E-banking.

Question 2.
What is a node?
Answer:
The computer is connected to a network called nodes. The data that originates and terminates at these particular nodes is called a source and destination.

Question 3.
What is the use of E-Governance?
Answer:
E-Governance made it easier to collect their certificates online, in the early days a person spends more time collecting the certificates and he has to directly many more difficulties. To avoid this bribery at office e-governance via the Internet let a new path on all for the ordinary man.

Question 4.
Write a note on Software or data sharing?
Answer:

1. Using a computer network, application or other software will be stored at a central computer or server.
2. We can share one software from one to another. It provides a high reliable source of data.
3. For example, all files can not be taken a backup or duplicate on more than one computer.
4. So if one is not unavailable due to hardware failure or any other reason, the copies can be used.

Question 5.
What is Virus?
Answer:
Malware threats or computer warms that replicates it On its own is called a virus.

Question 6.
What are the innovations changed people lifestyle to use the Internet?
Answer:
Mobile Technology and Social Web are the two innovations have been changed the people lifestyle to use the Internet.

Question 7.
List some social media applications used on the Internet.
Answer:
WhatsApp, Facebook, Twitter, blogs, Pinterest, Linkedln, classmates.

Question 8.
What is the use of packet switching?
Answer:
Packet switching is used to transfer the information between computers and network

Question 9.
What are the two types of Networks at home?
Answer:
Networks at home were connected in two ways they are

1. Wired network
2. Wireless network

Question 10.
Define Flame Wars.
Answer:
Flame wars are nothing a lengthy exchange of angry or abusive messages between users of an online forum or another discussion area.

Question 11.
Who are Hackers?
Answer:
Hackers were skilled computer experts, some who with their technical knowledge access our accounts.

Question 12.
Define E-Readers.
Answer:
E-Readers is similarly called an e-book reader these were designed for the purpose of reading via mobile electronic device to read digital e-books and periodically.

Question 13.
What is the various Generation of Mobile Networks with their coverage?
Answer:
1G – 2.4 Kb/s
2G – 64 Kb/s
3G – 2 Mb/s
4G – lOOMb/s
5G – More than 1 Gb/s

Question 14.
What is mean by Mobile Networks?
Answer:
A mobile network is a network connecting devices without cable (wireless). Mobile computers, such as laptops, tablets, and handheld computers, were the fastest-growing segments.

Part C

Explain in brief answer

Question 1.
Define Computer networking.
Answer:

• Computer networking is a technique of digital telecommunications network one that permits nodes to share their resources from one to another.
• This computer networking exchanges the data as the main element.
• These links were transferred over cable media like optic cables or wire or wireless media such as Bluetooth and WIFI.

Question 2.
Write a short note on E-Banking?
Answer:

• E-Banking plays an important role in our day-to-day life, via Internet it can be accessed anytime, anywhere 24/7.
• The speed and efficiency were very much better than that of done by the counter at the bank.
• Now a day’s online payments were done via the Internet to avoid standing in the queue at the office to paybiils with very low transaction fees.

Question 3.
What are the disadvantages of Using the Internet?
Answer:

• Simply wasting precious time on the Internet by surfing, searching for unwanted things.
• A lot of unnecessary’ information is also there, why because anyone can post anything on their webpage, blogs.
• Hackers and viruses can easily theft our more valuable information available on the Internet, There a lot of security issues are there in E-banking.

Question 4.
How computer Networks helps in communication?
Answer:

• Using computer networks, we can interact with different people from each other all over the world.
• It provides powerful communication among widely separated employees, team, sections.
• They can easily communicate at a very low cost via mobile, social media, telephone, e-mail, chatting, video telephone, video conferencing, SMS, MMS, groupware, etc…

Question 5.
What is Resource Sharing?
Answer:

• Resource sharing means one device accessed by many systems.
• It allows all kind of programs, equipment’s and available data to anyone via network to irrespective of the physical location of the resource of them.
• Simply resource sharing is sharing such as printers, scanner, PDA, fax machine, and modems. For example, many computers can access one printer if it is in networks.

Question 6.
What is Data sharing?
Answer:

• Using a computer network, application or other software will be stored at a central computer or server and share one software from one to another is called Data Sharing.
• For example; All files cannot be taken a backup or duplicate on more than one computer. So if one is not unavailable due to hardware failure or any other reason, the copies can be used.

Part D 

Explain in detail

Question 1.
Explain how Social Networks are useful to Individuals and the community?
Answer:
The usefulness of Social Networks:
Besides being a fun place to meet and relax with people, social networking leads us some extremely useful benefits to their individuals and communities:

1. Group information sharing over long distances:
Although friends and family members can keep in contact via mobile phone calls or by text messages, social nets suggest a much richer environment for staying connected.

Too many scenarios such as sharing photo albums videos or convey their wishes someone, work better these networks because an entire group can participate together with one. Overall, group discussions became more convenient as not everyone needs to be online at the exact same moment to post comments.

2. Broadcast announcements:

1. Cities can more comfortable to spread word of emergencies and natural calamities.
2. Venues and local shops can advertise upcoming events on social networks.
3. Businesses able market their products to customers (and retrieve some direct feedback).

3. Fostering diversity of thought:

1. Some critics of social networks point out that online communities attract people by similar interests and backgrounds.
2. Indeed, when the people with different opinions do get together on online, many discussions seem to degenerate into personal attacks and so-called “flame wars.”
3. It can be argued, by online debates are healthy in the long run.
4. Although individuals may begin with more extreme views, over time their thinking gets influenced may begin with more extreme views, over time their thinking gets influenced by the comments of others at least to some extent.
5. For people who stuck with a busy schedule can have some relaxation and known current affairs, news via these social networks can easier to wish someone and keep in touch their follower, loveable person.

Question 2.
Write in detail about The Internet Explosion.
Answer:
The Internet Explosion

• Internet is simply defined as the Worldwide Web connection of individual networks operated by academic, industry, government, and private parties.
• The Internet served to interconnect with laboratories engaged in government research, and from 1994 it is expanded to serve millions of users and multiple purposes in all parts of this universe.
• In few years, the Internet built itself as a highly powerful platform that changed their way we do business and the way we communicate. The Internet promotes as the universal source of information for billions of people, at work, at home, at school. The Internet gave high communication medium, has given an international, “Globalised” at all dimension of the world.
• Internet is growing all the time. By two things, have marked its evolution nowadays the mobile technology and the social web. These two innovations have been changed people’s lifestyles to use the Internet. We may find many communities on the social web. Facebook was created in 2004 but gowned into the worldwide networks all over more than 2,230 million active users.
• Mobile technology on hand made it possible to great reach the Internet and increase the Internet user all over the world.
• The Internet allows all to be democratic in mass media. Anyone can have a webpage in
• Internet with very low investment. Similarly, any business can reach a very large market directly, economically, and fast, no matter of location or size of their business. Almost anyone who can read and write can have access and a presence in the World Wide Web with very low investment. People everywhere can express and publish their ideas and opinions via blogging.

Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus Samacheer Kalvi 12th Computer Applications Guide Pdf Chapter 9 Connecting PHP and MYSQL Text Book Back Questions and Answers, Notes.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 12th Computer Applications Solutions Chapter 9 Connecting PHP and MYSQL

12th Computer Applications Guide Connecting PHP and MYSQL Text Book Questions and Answers

Part I

Choose The Correct Answers

Question 1.
Which one of the following statements
instantiates the mysqil class?
a)mysqli = new mysqli()
b) $mysqli = new mysqli()
c) $mysqfl->new.mysq!i()
d) mysqli->new.mysqli()
Answer:
b) $mysqli = new mysqli()

Question 2.
Which one is correct way, we can retrieve the data in the result set of MySQL using PHP?
a) mysql_fetch_row.
b) mysql_fetch_array
c) mysql_fetch_object
d) All the above
Answer:
d) All the above

Question 3.
How Can we Create a Database Using PHP and MySQL?
a) mysqli_create_db(“Database Name”)
b) mysqli_create_ db(” Data”)
c) create_db(“Database Name”)
d) create_db(“Data”)
Answer:
a) mysqli_create_db(“Database Name”)

Question 4.
Which is the correct function to execute the SQL queries in PHP ?
a) mysqli_query(“Connection Object’/’SQL Query”)
b) query(“Connection Object”,”SQL Query”)
c) mysql_query(”Connection Object”,”SQL Query”)
d) mysql_query(“SQL Query”)
Answer:
a) mysqli_query(“Connection Object’/’SQL Query”)

Question 5.
Which is the correct function Closing Connection in PHP ?
a) mysqli_close(“Connection Object”);
b) close(“Connection Object”);
c) mysql_close(“Connection Object”);
d) mysqli_close(“Database Object”);
Answer:
c) mysql_close(“Connection Object”);

Question 6.
Which is the correct function to establish Connection in PHP ?
a) mysqli_connect(“Server Name “,” ‘User Name “,”- Password “,” DB Name”);
b) connect(“‘Server Name “,” User Name”,”Pass-word”,”DB Name”);
c) mysql_connect(“Server Name “,” User Name “,” Password “,” DB Name”);
d) mysqli_connect (“Database Object'”‘);
Answer:
c) mysql_connect(“Server Name “,” User Name “,” Password “,” DB Name”);

Question 7.
Which is the not a correct MySQL Function in PHP ?
a) Mysqli_connect() Function
b) Mysqli_close() Function
c) mysqli_select_data() Function
d) mysqli_affected_rows() Function
Answer:
c) mysqli_select_data() Function

Question 8.
How many parameter are required for MYSQLi connect function in PHP ?
a) 2
b) 3
c) 4
d) 5
Answer:
c) 4

Question 9.
How many parameter are required for MYSQLI query function in PHP ?
a) 2
b) 3
c) 4
d) 5
Answer:
a) 2

Question 10.
How many parameter are required for MYSQLI Close function in PHP ?
a) 1
b) 2
c) 3
d) 5
Answer:
a) 1

Question 11.
Which version of PHP supports MySQLi fuctions?
a) Version 2.0
b) Version 3.0
c) Version 4.0
d) Version 5.0
Answer:
d) Version 5.0

Part II

Short Answers

Question 1.
What are the MySQLi function available PHP?
Answer:

1. Mysqli_connect( ) Function
2. Mysqli_close( ) Function
3. mysqli_select_db( ) Function
4. mysqli_affected_rows( ) Function
5. mysqli_connect_error( ) Function
6. mysqlifetchassoc( ) Function

Question 2.
What is the MySQLi function?
Answer:

• MySQLi is an extension in PHP scripting language which gives access to the MYSQL database.
• MySQLi extension was Introduced in version 5.0.0.

Question 3.
What are the types MySQLi function available PHP?
Answer:
Types of MySQL Functions in PHP:

1. Database connections
2. Managing Database connections
3. Performing Queries
4. Closing connection

Question 4.
Difference between the Connection and Close function?
Answer:

Question 5.
Give few examples of MySQLi Queries.
Answer:

• mysqli_query($con “SELECT FROM Persons”);
• mysqli_query($con,’INSERT INTO Persons
  (FirstName,LastName,Age)      VALUES
  OGIenn’,’Quagmire’,33)”);

Question 6.
What is the connection string?
Answer:
The variables are used to connect to the database server. They are

1. $servername → Database Server IP address
2. $usemame → Database Server User Name
3. $password → Database Server Password
4. $DB_Name → Database Name

The mysqli connect function uses these variables and connect Database server from PHP scripting. If the connection gets fail, output will be printed with MySQL error code. Otherwise, the connection is a success.

Question 7.
What is a web Database?
Answer:

• A Web database is a database application de¬signed to be managed and accessed through the Internet.
• In other words, the light databases that support the web applications are also known as Web Databases.

Question 8.
What is mysqli_fetch_assoc() Function?
Answer:
mysqli_fetch_assoc( );
Fetches a result row as an associative array.
Syntax:
mysqli_fetch_assoc(result);

Question 9.
Define mysqli_connect_error() Function.
Answer:
The mysqli_connect_error() function returns the error description from the last connection error, if any.

Syntax
mysqli_connect_error();

Question 10.
Define mysqIi_affected_rows() Function.
Answer:
my sqli_affected_rows( ):
mysqli_affected_rows( ) returns the number of affected rows in the previous MYSQL operation.

Syntax:
mysqli_affected_rows(connection)

Part III

Explain in brief answers

Question 1.
Write the Syntax for MySQLi Queries.
Answer:
Syntax:
mysqli_query(“Connection Object”,”SQL Query”)

Question 2.
Write is the purpose of MySQLi function available.
Answer:

• MySQLi is extension in PHP scripting language which gives access to the MYSQL database.
• The mysqli functions are designed to communicate with MySQL
• The mysqli_query() function performs a query against the database.

Question 3.
Differentiate mysq I i_jaffected_ rows()
Function and mysqli_fetch_assoc() Function.
Answer:

Question 4.
Write MySQL Connection Syntax with example.
Answer:
Syntax:
mysqli_eonnect(“Server Name”, “User Name”, “password”, “DB Name”);
Example:
<?php
Sservername = “localhost”;
Susername = “username”;
Spassword = “password”;
$DB_name = “SchooLDB”;
// Create connection
$conn = mysqli_connect($servemame, Susername, Spassword,$DB_name);

Question 5.
Write a note PHP MySQL database connection.
Answer:

• The combination of PHP and MySQL has become very popular server-side web scripting language in the Internet.
• MySQL and PHP scripting language connectivity, which covers Database connection establishment, Database Selection, SQL statement execution, and Connection termination.

Part IV

Explain in detail

Question 1.
Discuss in detail MySQL functions for example.
Answer:

• In PHP Scripting language many functions are available for MySQL Database connectivity and executing SQL queries.
• MySQLi is extension in PHP scripting language which gives access to the MYSQL database.
• MySQLi extension was introduced version 5.0.0.
• Some of the MySQL functions are following
• MySQL COUNT Function The MySQL COUNT aggregate function is used to count the number of rows in a database table.
  Example: mysql>SELECT COUNT(*) FROM employee_tbl;
• MySQL MAX Function The MySQL MAX aggregate function allows us to select the highest (maximum) value for a certain column.
  Example: mysql > SELECT MAX(daily_typing_ pages)-> FROM employee_tbl;
• MySQL MIN Function The MySQL MIN aggregate . function allows us to select the lowest (minimum)
  value for a certain column.
  Example: MySQL > SELECT MIN(daily_typing_ pages)-> FROM employee_tbl;
• MySQL AVG Function The MySQL AVG aggregate function selects the average value for certain table column.
  Example: MySQL > SELECT AVG(daily_typing_ pages)-> FROM employee_tbl;
• MySQL SUM Function The MySQL SUM aggregate function allows selecting the total for a numeric column.
  Example: mysql> SELECT SUM(daily_typing_ pages)-> FROM employee_tbl;

Question 2.
Explain the Database error handling and management process in PHP?
Answer:

• When an error occurs, depending on your config- j □ration settings, PHP displays the error message in the web browser with information relating to the error that occurred.
• PHP offers a number of ways to handle errors.
• We are going to look at three commonly used methods;

Die statements;

• • The die function combines the echo and exit function in one.
• • It is very useful when we want to output a message and stop the script execution when | an error occurs.

Custom error handlers: These are user-defined functions that are called whenever an error occurs.

PHP error reporting:

• The error message depending on your PHP error reporting settings.
• This method is very useful in development: environment when you have no idea what; caused the error.
• The information displayed can help you debug your application

Question 3.
Explain in details types of MySQL connection method in PHP.
Answer:
Open a Connection to MySQL
There are several methods for connecting to a MySQL database using PHP:

• MySQL Improved (mysqli) extension
• PDO (PHP Data Objects)
• Legacy MySQL (mysql_) functions
• Connecting to a remote MySQL database using PHP

Connecting to MySQL using the MySQL Improved extension
The MySQL Improved extension uses the mysqli class, which replaces the set of legacy MySQL functions.

Connecting to MySQL using PDO (PHP Data Objects)

• The MySQL Improved extension can only be used with MySQL databases.
• PDO, on the other hand, abstracts database access and enables you to create code that can handle different types of databases.

Connecting to MySQL using the legacy MySQL functions

• The original PHP MySQL functions (whose names begin with mysql_) are deprecated in PHP 5.5, and will eventually be removed from PHP.
• Therefore, you should only use these functions when absolutely necessary for backward compatibility.
• If possible, use the MySQL Improved extension or PDO instead.

Connecting to a remote MySQL database using PHP

• The previous examples all assume that the PHP script runs on the same server where the MySQL database is located.
• But what if you want to use PHP to connect to a MySQL database from a remote location.
• For example, you may want to connect to your A2 Hosting database from a home computer or from another web server.

Question 4.
Explain MySQLi Queries with examples.
Answer:
Performing Queries:
The main goal of MySQL and PHP connectivity is to retrieve and manipulate the data from MySQL database server. The SQL query statements are helping with PHP MySQL extension ^to achieve the objective of MySQL and PHP connection. “mysqli_query” is a function, helps to execute the SQL query statements in PHP scripting language.

Syntax:
mysqli_query(“Connection Object” “SQL Query”)
Example:
$con=mysqli_connect(“localhost”,“my_user”,“my_password”,“Student_DB”); $sql=“SELECT student_name,student_age FROM student”;mysqli_query($con,$sql);

Closing Connection:
mysqli_close( ) Function is used to close an existing opened database connection between. PHP scripting and MySQL Database Server.

Syntax:
mysqli_close(“Connection Object”);
<?php
$con=mysqli_connect(“localhost”,“$user”,“$password”,“SCHOOLDB”);
// ….some PHP code… mysqli_close($con);
?>

Example of PHP and MySQL Program:
<?php .
$servemame = “localhost”;
$usemame = “username”;
$password = “password”;
$dbname = “schoolDB”;
$connection = mysqli_connect(“$servemame”, “$usemame”, “$password” “$dbname”);
if (mysqli_connect_error ( ))
{
echo “Failed to connect to MySQL:”
mysqli_connect_error( );
}
sql stmt = “SELECT * FROM mycontacts”; //SQL select query
$result = mysqli_query($connection,$sql_stmt);//execute SQL statement$rows =
mysqli__num_r°ws($result);// get number of rows returned
if($rows) {
while ($row = mysqli_fetch_array($result)) {
echo ‘ID:’. $row[‘id’]. ‘<br>’;

12th Computer Applications Guide Connecting PHP and MYSQL Additional Important Questions and Answers

Part A

Choose the correct answers:

Question 1.
The combination of PHP and MYSQL has become very popular …………………………. web scripting language on the internet.
Answer:
Server-side

Question 2.
Which of the following is not an RDBMS?
a) Oracle
b) IBM DB2
c) Microsoft SQLSERVER
d) None of these
Answer:
d) None of these

Question 3.
Which is used to convert PHP code into C++?
(a) LPLP
(b) HPHP
(c) BPBP
(d) APAP
Answer:
(b) HPHP

Question 4.
…………… is a function, helps to execute the SQL query statements in PHP scripting language.
a) mysqli_close()
b) mysqli_connect_error()
c) mysqli_query()
d) mysqli_connect()
Answer:
c) mysqli_query()

Question 5.
Which of the following has written an alternative version of PHP?
(a) Facebook
(b) Twitter
(c) Instagram
(d) Whatsapp
Answer:
(a) Facebook

Fill in the blanks:

1. RDMS stands ……………….
Answer:
Relational Database Management System

2. SQL stands ……………….
Answer:
Structure query language

3. MySQLi extension was introduced version……………….
Answer:
5.0.0

4. ……………….is an extension in PHP scripting language which gives access to the MYSQL database.
Answer:
MySQLi

5. Connect function requires ………………. a number of parameters to connect to database server.
Answer:
four

Choose the incorrect statements:

1. a) PHP is an Open source & Community support scripting language
b) PHP is a server-side scripting language designed for Web development.
c) Only twenty Percentage of Website has been built by PHP and MySQL
d) Data is important to all computer and Internet-related applications.
Answer:
c) Only twenty Percentage of Website has been built by PHP and MySQL

2. a) mysqli_connect() function requires two parameters to connect to the database server.
b) Major of the web servers can support PHP scripting language
c) PHP can embed easily with HTML and client-side scripting language
d) PHP has a built-in function which is easily connected to the MySQL database
Answer:
a) mysqli_connect() function requires two parameters to connect to database server.

3. a) PHP scripting language has been supported by many Software frameworks
b) MySQLi is extension in HTML.
c) MySQLi gives access to the MYSQL database.
d) MySQLi extension was introduced in version 5.0.0.
Answer:
b) MySQLi is extension in HTML.

4. a) mysqli_connect() function is used to connect to
database server
b) If the connection gets fails, the output will be printed with MySQL error code.
c) If the connection gets true, there is no output to display.
d) The main goal of HTML and PHP connectivity is to retrieve and manipulate the data
Answer:
c) If the connection gets true, there is no output to display.

5. a) The SQL query statements are helping with PHP
MySQL extension
b) mysqli_connect() function, helps to execute the SQL query statements in PHP scripting language
c) MySQL is an open-source relational database management system.
d) mysqli_close() function requires two parameters to close an existing opened database connection
Answer:
d) mysqli_close() function requires two parameters to close an existing opened database connection

Short Answers

Question 1.
Mention Some RDBMS Softwares?
Answer:
Relational Database Management System (RDMS) softwares are MySQL, Oracle, IBM DB2, and Microsoft SQLSERVER etc.

Question 2.
What is MySQLi?
Answer:
MySQLi is an extension in PHP scripting language which gives access to the MYSQL database.

Question 3.
What are the major operations of the database?
Answer:
INSERT, SELECT, UPDATE and DELETE

Question 4.
How many parameters to connect to the database server in Mysqli_connect() Function?
Answer:
This function requires four parameters to connect to database server

Question 5.
What is the mash goal of MySQL and PHP connectivity?
Answer:
To retrieve and manipulate the data from the MySQL database server.

Find the odd one on the following

Question 1.
a) MySQL
b) Java
c) DB2
d) Oracle
Answer:
b) Java

Question 2.
a) TRUNCATE
c) UPDATE
b) SELECT
d) INSERT
Answer:
a) TRUNCATE

Question 3.
a) $servername
b) $client name
c) $username
d) $password
Answer:
c) $username

Question 4.
a) Mysqli_connect() Function
b) Mysqli_close() Function
c) Mysqli_create_db() Function
d) Mysqli_select_db() Function
Answer:
c) Mysqli_create_db() Function

Question 5.
a) MysqlLaffected_rows() Function
b) Mysqli_connect_error() Function
c) Mysqli_fetch_assoc() Function
d) Mysqli_delete_db() Function
Answer:
d) Mysqli_delete_db() Function

Match the following

Question 1.
A) DB2 – 1) Connect database server
B) INSERT – 2) RDBMS
C) Mysqli_close() Function – 3) One of the major operation
D) Mysqli_connect() Function – 4) Close an existing opened database
a) 1 2 3 4
b) 4 3 2 1
c) 2 3 4 1
d) 2 4 3 1
Answer:
c) 2 3 4 1

Question 2.
A) DB2 -1) Open source
B) SQLSERVER – 2) IBM
C) MySQL – 3) Microsoft
D) Oracle – 4) Oracle Corporation
a) 2 3 1 4
b) 4 3 2 1
c) 2 3 4 1
d) 2 4 3 1
Answer:
a) 2 3 1 4

Question 3.
A) Mysqli_close() Function -1) Four parameters
B) Mysqli_connect() Function -2) Two parameters
C) mysqli_queryO Function -3) No parameters
D) mysqli_connect_errno() -4) One Parameter
a) 2 3 1 4
b) 4 3 2 1
c) 2 3 4 1
d) 4 1 2 3
Answer:
d) 4 1 2 3

Question 4.
A) Mysqli_close() Function -1) Fetches a result row
B) Mysqli_connect() Function -2) To execute the SQL query
C) mysqli_query() Function -3) To connect to database server
D) mysqli_fetch_assoc() -4) To close an existing opened database
a) 2 3 1 4
b) 4 3 2 1
c) 2 3 4 1
d) 4 1 2 3
Answer:
b) 4 3 2 1

Question 5.
A) mysqli_affected_rows()Returns the number of affected rows
B) mysqli_connect_error() – Returns the error description
C) MySQL MAX Function – Select the highest value for a certain column.
D) MySQL MIN Function- – Select the lowest value for a certain column.
a) 2 3 1 4
b) 1 2 3 4
c) 2 3 4 1
d) 4 1 2 3
Answer:
b) 1 2 3 4

SYNTAX:

1. Closing Connection:
mysqli_close(“Connection Object”);

2. Performing Queries
mysqli_query(“Connection Object”,”SQL Query”)

3. Database Connections:
mysqli_connect(“Server Name Password””DB Name”);

Part B

Short Answers

Question 1.
What is MySQL?
Answer:

• MySQL is the most popular Open Source Relational SQL Database Management System.
• MySQL is one of the best RDBMS being used for developing various web-based software, applications.

Question 2.
Write a Snippet code to check database connection?
Answer:
// Check connection
if(!$conn){
die(“Connection failed: “ . mysqli_connect_error( ));
}
echo “Connected successfully”;
?>

Question 3.
What is the use of SQL statements in PHP?
Answer:
The SQL query statements are helping with PHP MySQL extension to achieve the objective of MySQL and PHP connection.

Question 4.
How the connection will get success in the mysqli_connect() function?
Answer:

• The MySQL connect function uses these variables and connects the Database server from PHP scripting.
• If the connection gets fail, the output will be printed with MySQL error code. Otherwise, the connection is a success.

Part C

Brief Answers

Question 1.
Write any 3 special features of PHP?
Answer:

1. PHP can embed easily with HTML and client-side scripting language
2. PHP has a built-in function that is easily connected to the MySQL database
3. PHP scripting language has been supported by many Software frameworks

Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus Samacheer Kalvi 11th Commerce Guide Pdf Chapter 5 Hindu Undivided Family and Partnership Text Book Back Questions and Answers, Notes.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 11th Commerce Solutions Chapter 5 Hindu Undivided Family and Partnership

11th Commerce Guide Hindu Undivided Family and Partnership Text Book Back Questions and Answers

EXERCISE

I. Choose the Correct Answer

Question 1.
The firm of Hindu Undivided Family is managed by whom?
a. Owner
b. Karta
c. Manager
d. Partner
Answer:
b. Karta

Question 2.
In the firm of Hindu Undivided Family,how one gets the membership?
a. By Agreement
b. By Birth
c. By Investing Capital
d. By Managing
Answer:
b. By Birth

Question 3.
The members in the joint Hindu family are called ……………
a. Karta
b. coparceners
c. generations
d. partners
Answer:
b. coparceners

Question 4.
‘Only the male members in the family get the right of inheritance by birth’ as …………………
a. Hindu law
b. Mitakshara Law
c. Dayabhaga law
d. None of these
Answer:
b. Mitakshara Law

Question 5.
A partnership is formed by ……………….
a. agreement
b. relationship among persons
c. the direction of government
d. Friendship
Answer:
a. agreement

Question 6.
Registration of partnership is ……………….
a. compulsory
b. optional
c. not necessary
d. none of the above
Answer:
b. optional

Question 7.
A temporary partnership which is formed to complete a specific job doing a specified period of time is called ……………..
a. Partnership-at-will
b. Particular partnership
c. Limited Partnership
d. Joint Venture
Answer:

Question 8.
The partnership deed also called …………………….
a. Articles of Association
b. Articles of Partnership
c. Partnership Act
d. Partnership
Answer:
b. Articles of Partnership

Question 9.
A partnership is registered with ………………………
a. Registrar of Companies
b. Registrar of Co-operatives
c. Registrar of Firms
d. District Collector
Answer:
c. Registrar of Firms

II. Very Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Who is called KARTA?
Answer:
All the affairs of a Joint Hindu Family are controlled and managed by one person who is known as ‘Karta’ or ‘Manager’.

Question 2.
What are the two schools of Hindu law?
Answer:

• Dayabhaga is prevalent in Bengal and Assam.
• Mitakshara is prevalent in the rest of the country.

Question 3.
Who is called a Partner?
Answer:
The persons who enter into partnership are individually called ‘Partners’.

Question 4.
Who is a Sleeping partner?
Answer:
The partner contributes capital and shares in the profits or losses of the firm but does not take part in the management of the business. He is not known as a partner to the outsiders. The liability of the inactive partner is also unlimited.

Question 5.
Who is a Minor?
Answer:
Under the Indian Majority Act, the person who has not completed 18 years of age is a minor.

Question 6.
How many types of Dissolution?
Answer:
The Joint Hindu Family Business is a distinct form of organization peculiar to India. Joint Hindu Family Firm is created by the operation of law. It does not have any separate and distinct legal entity from that of its members.

III Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
What is the meaning of Joint Hindu Family Business?
Answer:
When two or more families agree to live and work together, invest their resources and labour jointly and share profits or losses together, then it is known as composite family or Joint Hindu Family business.

Question 2.
Write any 3 features of HUF.
Answer:

1. It is controlled and managed under the Hindu law
2. All the affairs of a Joint Hindu Family are controlled and managed by one person known as ‘Karta’ or‘Manager’.
3. In an HUF firm even a new Bombay can be a coparcener.

Question 3.
Explain the nature of the liability of Karta.
Answer:
Karta is not only liable to the extent of his share in the business but his separate property is equally attachable and the amount of debt can be recovered from his personal property.

Question 4.
What is the meaning of Coparceners?
Answer:
According to HUF, a coparcener is a person who acquires a right in the ancestral property by birth and a person who has a right to demand partition in the HUF property.

Question 5.
Define Partnership.
Answer:
According to Prof. Haney, “The relations which exist between persons, competent to make contracts, who agree to carry on a lawful business in common with a view to private gain”.

Question 6.
What are the minimum and maximum number of members in the partnership concern?
Answer:
The minimum number of members is two. Maximum is restricted to 10 in the case of banking business and to 20 in all other cases.

Question 7.
What is the meaning of Partnership Deed?
Answer:
Through a partnership agreement need not necessarily be in writing, it is important to have a written agreement in order to avoid misunderstandings; it is desirable to have a written agreement. A carefully drafted partnership deed helps in ironing out differences which may develop among partners and in ensuring the smooth running of the partnership business. It should be properly stamped and registered.

Question 8.
Who is called a Secret partner?
Answer:
Secret Partners are those whose connections with the firm are not known to the public. They will take part in the affairs to the business without disclosing their status in the firm.

Question 9.
What is meant by Joint and Several Liability?
Answer:
Every partner is jointly and severally liable for all acts of the firm. It means that in case the assets are inadequate for meeting the claims of creditors, even their personal properties should be made available. The creditors can recover their claims from all the partners.

IV. Long Answer Questions

Question 1.
What is the implied authority of Karta?
Meaning:
The head of the Joint Hindu Family whose liabilities are unlimited is known as KARTA. Karta is the senior-most male member of the family.

Implied Authority:
in a joint Hindu Family firm, only Karta is entitled to deal with outsiders. He has the implied authority to enter into a contract for debts and pledge the property of the firm for the ordinary purpose of the businesses of the firm. Karta has the power to borrow loans.

Question 2.
Can a minor be admitted in the Joint Hindu Family business. Why?
Answer:
In a partnership, the minor cannot become a co-partner though he may be admitted to the benefit of the partnership. In a Joint Hindu Family firm, even a newborn baby can be a partner. The membership of the family can be acquired only by birth. As soon as the male child is born in the family, that child becomes a member.

Question 3.
What are the contents of the Partnership Deed?
Answer:
The following are the main contents of the partnership deed.

• Name of the Firm.
• Nature of the proposed business.
• Duration of the partnership business whether it is to be run for a fixed period of time or whether it is to be dissolved after completing a particular venture.
• The capital is to be contributed by the partners. It must be remembered that capital contribution is not necessary to become a partner for one who contributes his organising power, business acumen, managerial skill, etc., instead of capital.
• The amount that can be withdrawn from the firm by each partner.
• The ratio in which the profits or losses are to be shared. If the profit sharing ratio is not specified in the deed, all the partners must share the profits and bear the losses equally.

Question 4.
Explain the types of dissolution of the partnership firm.
Answer:
Dissolution of Partnership is different from the dissolution of the partnership firm. It is due to the fact that when the jurally relation present between all partners, comes to an end, it is known as dissolution of the firm, however, when any one of the partners becomes incapacitated, then the partnership between the concerned partner and other partners of the firm comes to an end, but the firm may continue to operate if other partners desire so.

Question 5.
Write any three differences between Dissolution of Partnership and Dissolution of Firm.
Answer:

Firms along with the necessary registration fee.

Question 6.
Write the procedure for Registration of a Firm.
Answer:
A statement should be prepared to state the following particulars.

1. Name of The firm.
2. The principal place of business.
3. Name of other places where the firm carried on the business.
4. Names and addresses of all the partners.
5. The date on which .each partner joined the firm.
6. The duration of the firm.

This statement signed by all the partners should be produced to the Registrar of Firms along with the necessary registration fee of Rs.3. Any change in the above particulars must be communicated to the Registrar within 14 days of such alteration.

11th Commerce Guide Hindu Undivided Family and Partnership Additional Important Questions and Answers

I. Choose the Correct Answer

Question 1.
……………. is that form of business organisation which is ow’ned and controlled by a single individual
(a) Sole trading concern
(b) Partnership firm
(c) Joint Hindu family business
(d) Joint-stock companies
Answer:
(a) Sole trading concern

Question 2.
A Partner who participates only in profit is ……………………
a. Sleeping Partner
b. partner in profit only
c. Minor partner
d. Nominal partner
Answer:
b. partner in profit only

Question 3.
When his business assets are not sufficient to pay off the business debts, he has to pay from his personal property.
(a) Unlimited Liability
(b) Flexibility
(c) Small capital
(d) Limited Liability
Answer:
(a) Unlimited Liability

Question 4.
A partner is entitled to interest at the rate of ………………. percent per annum on all advances of money made by him as a loan.
a. 5
b. 6
c. 7
d. 8
Answer:
b. 6

Question 5.
Which of the following is under non-corporate enterprise?
(a) Government
(b) Cooperative
(c) Company
(d) Sole trading concern
Answer:
(d) Sole trading concern

II. Very Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
In Hindu Undivided Family how is the liability of Karta?
Answer:
In Hindu Undivided Family the liability of Karta is unlimited.

Question 2.
Mention any four kinds of Partners?
Answer:

1. Active partner
2. Sleeping partner
3. Nominal partner
4. Partner in profits only

Question 3.
What is the méaning of Ancestral Property?
Answer:
Property inherited upto 4 generations of male lineage(i.e., father, grandfather, etc.) is called ancestral property. The right to a share in such a property accrues by birth itself.

Question 4.
Write any two types of dissolution through court?
Answer:

1. When a partner becomes of unsound mind.
2. Permanent incapacity observed in its formation, management, or in its closure.

Question 5.
What is a limited liability partnership(LLP)?
Answer:
LLP is available in countries like the USA, Singapore, Thailand, and the U.K. It is very popular in the service sector and in small-scale business enterprises. E.g: Chartered Accountants, Lawyers, Architects, Engineers, and Doctors.

III. Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
What is unlimited liability?
Answer:
The liability of a sole trader is unlimited. Since, apart from his business assets, even his private properties are also available for satisfying the claims of creditors. Hence, creditors may give more loans because they can get back the loan from the personal properties of sole traders.

Question 2.
If it is possible to the dissolution of Joint Hindu Family business?
Answer:
Yes. But it can be dissolved only at the will of all the members of the family. Any single member has no right to get the business dissolved. It should be done through a mutually agreed partition deed registered by paying proper stamp duty meant for it.

IV. Long Answer Questions

Question 1.
What are the rights of a partner? (Any five)
Answer:
1. Right to take part in business: Every partner has a right to take part in the management of the business.

2. Right to be consultant: Every partner has the right to be consulted in all matters concerning the firm. The decision of the majority will prevail in all the routine matters.

3. Right of access to books, records and documents: Every partner has the right of access to all records and books of accounts, and to examine and copy them.

4. Right to share profit: Every partner is entitled to share the profits in the agreed ratio. If no profit-sharing ratio is specified in the deed, they must be shared equally.

5. Right to receive interest: A partner has the right to receive interest on loans advanced by him to the firm at the agreed rate, and where.no rate is stipulated, interest @ 6% p.a. allowed.

Question 2.
Briefly explain the Rights of partners. (Any 5)
Answer:
The mutual rights and obligations are usually stated in the partnership deed.

1. Right to take part in business: Every partner has a right to take part in the management of the business.

2. Right to be consulted: Every partner has the right to be consulted in all matters concerning the firm. The decision of the majority will prevail in all the routine matters. But, where the matter is of fundamental importance such as the admission of a new partner, change in the nature of the business, etc., the decision must be unanimous.

3. Right of access to books, records, and documents: Every partner has the right of access to all records and books of accounts, and to examine and copy them.

4. Right to share profit: Every partner is entitled to share the profits in the agreed ratio. If no profit sharing ratio is specified in the deed, they must be shared equally.

5. Right to receive interest: A partner has the right to receive interest on loans advanced by him to the firm at the agreed rate, and where no rate is stipulated, interest @ 6% p.a. allowed.

Question 3.
Briefly explain the duties of the Partners. (Any 5)
Answer:

1. Duty to carry on business: Every partner has to carry on the business of the firm to the maximum advantage of all the partners.
2. Duty to be true: Every partner must be true, just, and faithful to one another. There must be an utmost good faith and fair dealings.
3. Duty to render true accounts: A partner is bound to keep and render true and full accounts of the partnership. He must produce relevant vouchers for the expenses incurred by him and hand over to the firm all amounts which have come into his hands as a partner.
4. Duty to indemnify the firm: Every partner must indemnify the firm for any loss caused by his fraud or wilful negligence in the conduct of the business.
5. Duty to share the loss: Every partner is bound to share the losses in the agreed ratio in the absence of an agreed ratio, it must be borne equally.

Question 4.
Explain the types of Partnerships.
Answer:
1. Partnership at will:
Partnership formed to carry on business for an undefined period is called partnership at will. It is to be dissolved when a partner gives notice of his intention to dissolve the partnership. Thus this type of partnership continues its business activities as long as there are mutual cooperation and confidence among partners. Since it comes to an end at the will of any partner on his giving notice, it is called partnership at will.

2. Partnership for a fixed term:
Where a partnership is formed for a definite period of time, it is known as a partnership for a fixed term. The partnership for a fixed term comes to an end on the expiry of the stipulated period. But if the business is continued even after the original fixed period, it automatically becomes a partnership at will. As such it will be terminated at the will of any partners, giving notice of his intention to do so.

3. Particular partnership:
When a partnership is formed to carry on a particular venture or a business of temporary nature, it is called a particular partnership. Such a firm lasts so long as the business agreed upon is not completed. In other words, it comes to an end on the completion of the particular venture. If such a firm is not dissolved and it begins to undertake new activities not originally contemplated, the rights and obligations of the partners continue to be the same as in the original partnership and it will continue till a partner gives notice of his intention to dissolve the firm.

Question 5.
Limited Liability Partnership (LLP).
Answer:
Limited Liability Partnership is very popular in the service sector and in small-scale business enterprises. Limited liability partnership means for paying the debts of the firm only the assets of the business will be utilized and not the personal properties.

It is prevalent among popular professionals such as Cost Accountants, Company Secretaries, Chartered Accountants, Lawyers, Architects, Engineers, and Doctors. Limited Liability Partnership is available in countries like U.S.A, Singapore, Thailand, and the U.K. It came into existence in India in 2008.

Question 6.
What is meant by Mitakshara Law?
Answer:
Mitakshara is one of the schools belonging to Hindu law. The Mitakshara is a legal treatise on inheritance, written by Vijnaneshwara a scholar in the Western Chaiukya court in the 12th century. It became one of the most influential texts in Hindu law, and its principles regarding property distribution, property rights, and succession are still in practice across most of India except for West Bengal and Assam where the Dayabhaga system is practiced.

A salient feature is the principle of division of ancestral property held by. the Hindu joint family. Partition of such landholding among offsprings is possible even with the father still living, unlike the Dayabhaga system. Inheritance is based on the principle of propinquity i.e.‘the nearest in blood relationship will get the property. The system of devolution of property is by survivorship. The share of coparceners in the joint family property is not definite or ascertainable, as their shares are fluctuating with births and deaths of the coparceners.

Question 7.
What is meant by Dayabhaga Law?
Answer:
The Dayabhaga is a Hindu law treatise written by which primarily focuses on inheritance procedure. The Dayabhaga was the strongest authority in Modern British Indian courts in the Bengal region of India, although this has changed due to the passage of the Hindu Succession Act of 1956 and subsequent revisions to the act. Based on Jimutavahana’s criticisms of the Mitaksara, it is thought that his work is precluded by the Mitaksara.

Question 8.
What is meant by Dissolution of Partnership?
Answer:
Dissolution of partnership means the termination of the original partnership agreement. A partnership is dissolved by the insolvency, retirement, expiry, or completion of the term of the partnership. The business will continue after the dissolution of the partnership.

It takes in the following forms:

• Change in the existing profit sharing ratio
• Admission of a partner.
• Retirement or Death of a partner.
• Insolvency of a partner.
• Expiry of the term of the partnership.
• Completion of the specified venture.
• Dissolution by agreement.

Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus Samacheer Kalvi 12th Computer Applications Guide Pdf Chapter 8 Forms and Files Text Book Back Questions and Answers, Notes.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 12th Computer Applications Solutions Chapter 8 Forms and Files

12th Computer Applications Guide Forms and Files Text Book Questions and Answers

Part I

Choose The Correct Answers

Question 1.
When you use the $_GET variable to collect data, the data is visible to.
a) none
b) only you
c) everyone
d) selected few
Answer:
c) everyone

Question 2.
Which one of the following should not be used while sending passwords or other sensitive information?
a) GET
b) POST
c) REQUEST
d) NEXT
Answer:
a) GET

Question 3.
Which directive determines whether PHP scripts on the server can accept file up¬loads?
a) file_uploads
b) file_upload
c) file_input
d) fiie_intake
Answer:
a) file_uploads

Question 4.
In HTML form cinput type=”text”> is used for
a) One line text
b) Block of text
c) One paragraph
d) None
Answer:
a) One line text

Question 5.
HTML classes that are already defined and allow us to apply styles on it are called as
a) Pseudo classes
b) Css classes
c) Javascript classes
d) None
Answer:
b) Css classes

Question 6.
If you would like to read a file character by character which function do you use?
a) fopen ()
b) fread ()
c) fgetc ()
d) file ()
Answer:
c) fgetc ()

Question 7.
PHP is a ……………… typed language.
a) User
b) Loosely
c) Server
d) System
Answer:
b) Loosely

Question 8.
What does fopen() function do in PHP?
a) It used to open files in PHP
b) It used to open Remote Server
c) It used to open folders in PHP
d) It used to open Remote Computer
Answer:
a) It used to open files in PHP

Question 9.
How PHP files can be accessed?
a) Through Web Browser
b) Through HTML files
c) Through Web Server
d) All of Above
Answer:
a) Through Web Browser

Question 10.
Which of the following functions reads the entire contents of a file?
a) fgets()
b) file_get_contents()
c) fread()
d) readfile()
Answer:
b) file_get_contents()

Part II

Short answers

Question 1.
Define HTML form controls.
Answer:

• Text inputs contain textbox and text area controls,
• Buttons may contain Submit button, Reset but-ton and Cancel Button,
• Checkbox is the important feature which selects more than one value from the HTML form,
• Radio box is simiiar to checkbox but one value can be chosen at a time,
• File select is the best feature to select one file from the local machine to server machine at a time.
• Form tag is used to mention a method (POST or GET) and control the entire form controls in the HTML document.

Question 2.
Define for Form Handling method in PHP.
Answer:

• Form tag is used to mention a method (POST or GET) and control the entire form controls in the HTML document.
• All input values are synchronized and sent to the server via the POST or GET method.

Question 3.
What is Form Validation In RHP?
Answer:

• Validation is a process of checking the input data submitted by the user from the client machine.
• There are two types of validation available in PHP. They are as follows, Client-Side Validation, Server Side Validation.

Question 4.
List out HTML control to support PHP language.
Answer:

• Text inputs
• Buttons
• Checkbox
• Radio box
• File Select
• Form Tag

Question 5.
Write Syntax of Text box in HTML,
Answer:

Question 6.
Define File handling in PHP.
Answer:
Files: File handling is an important activity of all web application development process.
Files are processed for different tasks using the following events:

1. PHP Open a File
2. PHP Read a File
3. PHP Close a File
4. PHP Write a File
5. PHP Appending a File and
6. PHP uploading a File.

Question 7.
Define Browse button in HTML.
Answer:

• It is one of the types of button, which is used to upload a single file or multiple files.
• The <input type=”file”> defines a file-select field and a “Browse” button for file uploads.
• To define a file-select field that allows multiple files to be selected, add the “multiple” attribute.

Question 8.
Write Syntax of Browse button in HTML.
Answer:
Syntax:
cinput type=”file” name=”myFile”>

Question 9.
Compare Text box and Text area
Answer:

Question 10.
Usage of File open function.
Answer:

1. fopen( ) is a system function available in PHP.
2. This function helps to open a file in the server.
3. It contains two parameters one for the file and the other one specifies in which mode the file should be opened (Read/Write).

Part III

Explain in brief answer

Question 1.
Write the features Form Handling.
Answer:

• HTML Forms are required, when you want to collect some data from the site visitor.
• A form will take input from the site visitor and then will post it to a back-end application such as CGI, ASP Script or PHP script etc.
• The back-end application will perform required processing on the passed data based on defined business logic inside the application.

Question 2.
Write the purpose Get method and Post method.
Answer:
All input values are synchronized and sent to the server via POST method or GET method. Method is an attribute form tag in HTML. Once the data reaches the server, two PHP variables such as $_POST and $_GET collects the data and prepares the response accordingly.

Post Method:
The input data sent to the server with POST method is stored in the request body of the client’s HTTP request.

Get Method:
The input data sent to the server with POST method via URL address is known as query string. All input data are visible by user after they clicks the submit button.

Question 3.
Differentiate Get and Post Method
Answer:

Question 4.
Write short notes on File handling.
Answer:

• File handling is an important activity of all web application development process.
• It is needed for any application. For some tasks to be done file needs to be processed.
• File handling in PHP is similar as file handling is done by using any programming language.

Question 5.
Write short notes on File handling functions.
Answer:

1. fopen( ) – PHP Open a File
2. fread( ) – PHP Read a File,
3. fclose( ) – PHP Close a File,
4. fwrite( ) – PHP Write a File,
5. file_put_contents( ) – PHP Appending a File

Part IV

Explain in detail

Question 1.
Explain Form handling methods.
Answer:
PHP Basic Form Handling

• When the user keying the input data in HTML controls and clicks the submit button the request will be generated and reaches a PHP file which is mentioned in the FORM tag under the Action attribute.
• All input values are synchronized and sent to the server via POST method or GET method.
• Method is an attribute form tag in HTML. Once the data reaches the server, two PHP variables such as $_POST and $_GET collects the data and prepares the response accordingly.

Post Method:

• The input data sent to the server with POST method is stored in the request body of the client’s HTTP request.

Get Method:

• The input data sent to the server with POST method via URL address is known as query string.
• All input data are visible by user after they clicks the submit button.

Question 2.
Discuss in detail about HTML form controls.
Answer:

Question 3.
Explain the process File handling.
Answer:

• File handling is an important part of any web ap¬plication. You often need to open and process a file for different tasks.
• File handling is needed for any application. For some tasks to be done file needs to be processed.
• File handling in RHP is similar as file handling is done by using any programming language like C.

Five major operations can he performed on file are:

• Creation of a new file.
• Opening an existing file.
• Reading data from a file.
• Writing data in a file.
• Closing a file.

Steps for Processing a Fite

• Declare a file pointer variable.
• Open a file using open() function.
• Process the file using the suitable function.
• Close the file using fclose() function.

Question 4.
Explain concepts of HTTP Uploading process.
Answer:
File Upload:

1. File upload is the best feature to select one file from the local machine to server machine. Form tag is used to mention a method as POST or GET and encrypt attribute mentioned as “multipart/form-data”.
2. In the <Input> tag mention type=”file” attribute shows the input field as a file-select control, with a “Browse” button next to the input control.
3. The form above sends data to a file called “Student_photo_upload.php”.
4. First, ensure that PHP is configured to allow file uploads.
5. In Server machine “php.ini” file, search for the file_uploads directive, and set it to On: “file_upIoads = On”
6. After submitting the upload button the request reaches to Student_photo_upload.php file. In the file $_FILES variable collects all uploaded file information such as the name of the file, size of the file and extension of the file etc.
7. All the details are checked thoroughly and the errors are saved in an array variable.
8. The file finally moves under the image directory if the array error variable is empty.

Question 5.
Explain in detail of File handling functions.
Answer:

• PHP Manipulating Files: PHP has several functions for creating, reading, uploading, and editing files.
• PHP readfile() Function: The readfile() function reads a file and writes it to the output buffer.
• PHP Open File – fopen(): A better method to open files is with the fopen() function.
  This function gives you more options than the readfile() function.
• PHP Read File – read(): The fread() function reads from an open file.
• PHP Close File – close(): The fclose() function is used to close an open file.
• PHP Create File – fopen(): The fopen() function is also used to create a file.
• Maybe a little confusing, but in PHP. a file is created using the same function used to open files.
• PHP Write to File – write(): The fwrite() function is used to write to a file.

12th Computer Applications Guide Forms and Files Additional Important Questions and Answers

Part A

Choose the correct answers:

Question 1.
The main objective of PHP and HTML form controls are …………..
a) To collect data from users.
b) To create data from users.
c) To delete data from users.
d) to manipulate data from users.
Answer:
a) To collect data from users.

Question 2.
Pick the odd one out.
(a) Submit
(b) Reset
(c) File
(d) Cancel
Answer:
(c) File

Question 3.
Match the following:
(A) Check box – (1) Query String
(B) Email – (2) Client’s Request
(C) POST – (3) Should require @ and .strings
(D) GET – (4) Must be checkable minimum one value

Answer:
(D) GET – (4) Must be checkable minimum one value

Question 4.
…………………………. is used to select one value can be chosen at a time.
(a) Checkbox
(b) Radio box
(c) Textbox
(d) File
Answer:
(b) Radio box

Question 5.
…………….. and ……………. are the most important concepts that the PHP web development processes.
a) Forms and files
b) Tables and Links
c) Both a and b
d) None of these
Answer:
a) Forms and files

Question 6.
……………. is a process of checking the input data submitted by the user from the client machine.
a) File
b) Form
c) Validation
d) All of these
Answer:
c) Validation

Question 7.
Which tag is used to mention POST or GET method?
(a) Frame
(b) Form
(c) File
(d) Input
Answer:
(b) Form

Question 8.
Which of the following is a back-end application?
a) CGI
b) ASP Script
c) PHP Script
d) All of these
Answer:
d) All of these

Question 9.
……………….. is the best feature to select one file from the local machine to server machine,
a) File upload
b) Files
c) Forms
d) All of these
Answer:
a) File upload

Question 10.
………………………. is a process of checking the input data submitted by the user from the client machine.
(a) collection
(b) verification
(c) validation
(d) Report
Answer:
(c) validation

Choose odd man out:

1. a) Submit
b) Cancel
c) File select
d) Reset
Answer:
c) File select

2. a) file_put_contents()
b) fopen ()
c) fread ()
d) fgetc ()
Answer:
d) fgetc ()

3. a) Append
b) Frame
c) File select
d) Form Tag
Answer:
a) Append

4. a) File
b) Data
c) Mode
d) Action
Answer:
d) Action

5. a) PHP
b) AJAX
c) JSP
d) ASP
Answer:
b) AJAX

Very Short Answers

Question 1.
Give the syntax for fopen( ) function?
Answer:
Syntax:
$file_Object= fopen(“FileName”, “ReadAVriteMode”) or die(“Error Message!”);

Question 2.
What is the main objective of PHP and HTML?
Answer:
The main objective of PHP and HTML form controls is to collect data from users.

Question 3.
What is fopen() function?
fopen() is a system function available in PHP.

Question 4.
What is the purpose of fopen() function?
Answer:
fopen function helps to open a file in the server.

Question 5.
How many parameters are there in fopen() function?
Answer:
There are two parameters in fopen() function.

Question 6.
What is the purpose of fread() function?
Answer:
The fread() function reads from an open file.

Question 7.
How files are uploaded to the server?
Answer:
A PHP script can be used with an HTML form to allow users to upload files to the server.

Question 8.
What is file handling?
Answer:
File handling is used to open and process a file for different tasks.

Question 9.
What is the purpose of form validation?
Answer:
To protect your form from hackers and spammers!

Question 10.
What is HTML?
Answer:
HTML is the standard markup language for creating web pages and web applications.

Question 11.
Expand HTML.
Answer:
HTML stands Hypertext Markup Language.

Question 12.
What are the methods to be used to upload data?
Answer:
GET and POST methods are used to upload the data most frequently.

Question 13.
What is the purpose of encrypting attribute?
Answer:
This attribute is used to specify, how the browser encodes the data before it sends it to the server.

Question 14.
Expand AJAX.
Answer:
Asynchronous JavaScript And XML.

Question 15.
IS AJAX, a programming language?
Answer:
AJAX is not a programming language.

Match the following:

1. Text – More than one value
2. Buttons – Only one value
3. Checkbox – Post and Get
4. Radio box – Select file
5. File Select – Submit Reset and Cancel.
6. Form – Textbox and text area
7. URL address – _blank, _se!f, __parent
8. Target window – Query string
9. file_put_contents() – php.ini
10. Server machine – Append
Answer:
1. Textbox and text area
2. Submit, Reset and Cancel.
3. More than one value
4. Only one value
5. Select file
6. Post and Get
7. Query string
8. _blank, _self, _parent
9. Append
10. php.ini

Syntax

1. fopen():
$file_Object= fopen(“FileName”, “Read/Write-Mode”) or die(“Error Message!”);

2. fread():
fread($file_Object,filesize(“FileName”));

3. fcloseQ:
fclose($file_Object);

4. fwriteQ:
fwrite($myfile, $txt);

Additional programs using forms:

1. Sample’PHP program to open and dosing a file:
i) Text(Notepad) file:
AJAX = Asynchronous JavaScript and XML CSS = Cascading Style Sheets HTML = Hyper Text Markup Language PHP = PHP Hypertext Preprocessor SQL = Structured Query Language SVG = Scalable Vector Graphics XML = Extensible Markup Language

ii) PHP File:
<?php
$myfile = fopen(“webdictionary.txt”, “r”) or dieC’Unable to open file!”); echo fread($myfile,filesize(“webdictionary. txt”)); fclose($myfile);
?>

iii) OUTPUT
AJAX = Asynchronous JavaScript and XML CSS = Cascading Style Sheets HTML = Hyper Text Markup Language PHP = PHP Hypertext Preprocessor SQL = Structured Query Language SVG = Scalable Vector Graphics XML = Extensible Markup Language

2. An HTML code to demonstrate Form and Form controls (Login form)
<html>
<head>
<title> Login Form </title>
<body>
<h3 align=center> TamilNadu State Council of Educational Research and Training, Chennai </h3>
<Form Action = “mailto:abcd.xyz@com” method=post >
<p> User Name:
<Input type = text name=”user_name” size = 20 maxlength = 15> </p>
<p> Password:
clnputtype = password name=”pass”size = 20 maxlength = 15> </p>
<Input type = reset value = “Clear”>
<Input type = submit value = “Login”> </Form>
</body>
</html>
Output:

Part B 

Short Answers

Question 1.
Write a note on client-side validation?
Answer:
Client-Side Validation: The input data validations are performed on the client machine’s web browsers using client-side scripts like Javascript or adding “required” attributes in HTML input tags.

Question 2.
What is the process of Server Side Validation:
Answer:
After the submission of data, validations are performed on the server-side using programming like PHP, ASP, or JSP, etc. available in the server machine.

Brief Answers

Question 1.
Write the Validation rules for HTML input fields.
Answer:
Validation rules for HTML input field
Name (Text Input) : Should require letters and white-spaces
Email (Text Input) : Should require @ and .strings
Website (Text Input) : Should require a valid URL
Radio: Must be selectable minimum one value
Check Box: Must be checkable minimum one value
Drop-Down Menu: Must be selectable minimum one value

Question 2.
Explain briefly about fopen() function.
Answer:
PHP Open a File

• fopen() is a system function available in PHP.
• This function helps to open a file in the server.
• It contains two parameters one for the file and the other one specifies in which mode the file should be opened (Read/Write).

Syntax:
$file_Object= fopen(“FileName” “Read/WriteMode”) or dieC’Error Message!”);
Example:
<?php
$myfile = fopen(“Student.txt”, “r”) or
die(“Unable to open file!”);
?>

Question 3.
Explain briefly about fread() function.
Answer:
PHP Read a File:
The fread() function reads from an open file. The file object comes from fopen function.

Syntax:
fread($file_Object,filesize(“FileName”));

Example:
<?php
fread($myfile,filesize(“Student.txt”));
?>

Question 4.
Explain briefly about fclose() function.
Answer:
PHP Close a File:
The fclose() function is used to close an opened file.
The file object comes from fopen function.

Syntax:
fclose($file_Object);

Example:
<?php
$myfile = fopenC’student.txt”, “r”);
// some code to be executed….
fclose($myfile);
?>

Question 5.
Explain briefly about fwrite() function.
Answer:
PHP write a File:
The fwrite() function is used to write to a file.

Syntax:
fwrite($myfile, $txt);

Example:
<?php
$myfile = fopen(“new_schooL_file.txt”, “w”)
or dieC’Unable to open file!”);
$txt = “School Name\n”;
fwrite($myfile, $txt);
$txt = “Student Name\n”;
fwrite($myfile, $txt);
fclose($myfile);
?>

Question 6.
Write a short note on Appending a File
Answer:
The file_put_contents() function is used to Ap-
pend to a file.

Syntax:
file_put_contents(file,data,mode,context)

Example:
<?php
$txt = “Student id “;
$myfile = file_put_contentsClogs.txt’, $txt.
PHP_EOL , FILE_APPEND | LOCK_EX);
?>

Part D

Detailed Answers

Question 1.
Explain the file uploading method in PHP.
Answer:

• File upload is the best feature to select one file from the local machine to the server machine.
• The form tag is used to mention a method as POST or GET and encrypt attribute mentioned as “multipart/form-data”.
• In the <Input> tag mention type=”file” attribute shows the input field as a file-select control, with a “Browse” button next to the input control.
• The form above sends data to a file.
• In Server machine “php.ini” file, search for the file_uploads directive, and set it to On: “file_up- loads = On”
• After submitting the upload button the request reaches the file.
• In the file $_FILES variable collects all uploaded file information such as the name of the file, size of the file and extension of the file, etc.
• All the details are checked thoroughly and the errors are saved in an array variable.
• The file finally moves under the image directory if the array error variable is empty.

Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus Samacheer Kalvi 11th Commerce Guide Pdf Chapter 4 Sole Proprietorship Text Book Back Questions and Answers, Notes.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 11th Commerce Solutions Chapter 4 Sole Proprietorship

11th Commerce Guide Sole Proprietorship Text Book Back Questions and Answers

EXERCISE

I. Choose the Correct Answer

Question 1.
Which is the oldest form of Business organisation?
a. Sole Proprietorship
b. Partnership
c. Co-operative Society
d. Company
Answer:
a. Sole Proprietorship

Question 2.
In which form the owner, establisher and manager is only one?
a. Joint Enterprise
b. Government Company
c. Co-operative Society
d. Sole Proprietor
Answer:
d. Sole Proprietor

Question 3.
A major disadvantage of sole proprietorships …………………….
a.Limited liability
b.Unlimited liability
c.Easy Formation
d.Quick decision
Answer:
b.Unlimited liability

Question 4.
From the following which one is Non corporate form of business?
a. Joint stock company
b. Sole trading business
c. Government company
d. Co-operatives
Answer:
b. Sole trading business

II. Very Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Who is called a Sole Trader?
Answer:
Proprietorship is a form of business organisation in which an individual introduces his own capital, uses his own skill and intelligence in the management of its affairs, and is solely responsible for the results of its operations.

Question 2.
What are Non-corporate enterprises?
Answer:
The businesses which have no legal separation from the owners of the business are known as non-corporate enterprises.
E.g Sole proprietorship and Partnership.

Question 3.
What are Corporate enterprises?
Answer:

1. Government – Public Undertakings, Public Utilities.
2. Private – Joint-stock companies
3. Co-operative society

Question 4.
For which of the following types of business do you think a sole proprietorship form of organisation would be more suitable, and why?
Answer:
a. Grocery store
b. Medical store
c. Craft centre
d. Legal consultancy
e. Internet cafe
According to the features of Sole proprietorship, it would be suitable for Grocery Store, Craft centre.

III. Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
How is it possible to maintain secrecy insole proprietorship?
Answer:
In a sole proprietorship, as the trader is the sole owner of the business, the secrecy can be maintained easily.

Question 2.
What is an unlimited liability?
Answer:
The creditors have the right to recover their dues even from the personal property of the proprietor in case the business assets are not sufficient to pay their debts.

Question 3.
Write any three characteristics of Sole Proprietorship.
Answer:
1. Ownership by one man:
This is owned by a single person. The sole trader contributes the required capital. He is not only the owner of the business but also manages the entire affairs.

2. Freedom of work and Quick Decisions: Since an individual is himself as an owner, he need not consult anybody else. Hence he can make quick decisions.

3. Unlimited Liability: When his business assets are not sufficient to pay off the business debts he has to pay from his personal property.

Question 4.
Give some examples’ of the Sole trading business.
Answer:
Fruit sellers, Tailoring units, Petty shops, Super Markets.

Question 5.
Define Sole trading business.
Answer:
“Sole proprietorship is that form of business organisation which is owned and controlled by a single individual. He receives all the profits and risks of his property in the success or failure of the enterprise” – Wheeler.

IV. Long Answer Questions

Question 1.
Explain the characteristics of Sole trading business.
Answer:
The following are the characteristics of a Sole Trader.

1. Ownership by one man:
This is owned by single person. The sole trader contributes the required capital. He is not only the owner of the business but also manager of the entire affairs.

2. Freedom of work and Quick Decisions:
Since the individual is himself as an owner, he need not consult anybody else. Hence he can take quick decisions.

3. Unlimited Liability:
When his business assets are not sufficient to pay off the business debts he has to pay from his personal property.

4. Enjoying Entire Profit:
He strives tirelessly for the improvement and expansion of his business and enjoys all the benefits of his hard work.

5. Absence of Government Regulation:
A sole proprietor concern is free from Government regulations. No legal formalities are to be observed in its formation, management or in its closure.

6. No Separate Entity:
The sole trading concern comes to an end with death, disability, insanity and insolvency of the individual.

7. Maintenance of Secrecy:
Since he/she manages all the affairs of the business, the secrecy can be maintained easily.

Question 2.
What are the advantages of the Sole trading business?
Answer:
1. Easy Formation:
No legal formalities are required to initiate a sole trading concern. Any person capable of entering into a contract can start it, provided he has the necessary resources for it.

2. Incentive to Work hard:
There is a direct relationship between effort and reward. The fact that the entire profit can be taken by himself without sharing with anybody else induces him to work ceaselessly.

3. Small Capital:
Small capital is an important as well as the specific advantage of a sole proprietorship. A sole proprietor can start a business with small capital.

4. Credit Standing:
Since his private properties are held liable for satisfying business debts, he can get more financial assistance from others.

5. Personal Contact with the Customers:
Since the sole proprietor knows each and every customer individually he can supply goods according to their taste and preferences. Thus he can cultivate a personal relationship with the customers.

6. Flexibility:
The sole trader can easily adjust himself to the changing requirements of his business.

Question 3.
What are the disadvantages of the Sole trading business?
Answer:
1. Limited Capital:
Since the capital is contributed by one individual only, business operations have necessarily to be on a limited scale.

2. Limited Managerial Skill:
A single person’s intelligence and experience may not help him beyond a certain stage. Since he has to focus on each and every activity, his managerial ability is bound to be limited.

3. Unlimited Liability:
The creditors have the right to recover their dues even from the personal property of the proprietor in case the business assets are not sufficient to pay their debts.

4. Lack of Specialisation:
Since the business unit is small and the financial resources are limited, experts in different fields cannot be employed to secure maximum advantages.

5. Hasty Decisions:
A sole proprietor is more likely to take hasty decisions as he need not consult anybody else.

11th Commerce Guide Sole Proprietorship Additional Important Questions and Answers

Choose the correct Answer

Question 1.
…………….. is that form of business organisation which is owned and controlled by a single individual.
(a) Sole trading concern
(b) Partnership firm
(c) Joint Hindu family business
(d) Joint-stock companies
Answer:
(a) Sole trading concern

Question 2.
A business run by an individual is known as …………………. business.
a. Sole Trader
b. Partnership
c. Company
d. Co-operatives
Answer:
a. Sole Trader

Question 3.
When his business assets are not sufficient to pay off the business debts, he has to pay from his personal property.
(a) Unlimited Liability
(b) Flexibility
(c) Small capital
(d) Limited Liability
Answer:
(a) Unlimited Liability

II. Very Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
How were the decisions taken in sole proprietorship?
Answer:
Since an individual is himself as an owner, he need not consult anybody else. Hence he can make quick decisions.

Question 2.
What is the motive of the business undertaking?
Answer:
All business undertakings which are directly or indirectly engaged in the transfer or exchange of goods are aimed at earning profit and they are exposed to various types of risks.

Question 3.
What is limited managerial skill?
Answer:
A single person’s intelligence and experience may not help him beyond a certain stage. Since he has to focus on each and every activity, his managerial ability is bound to be limited.

III. Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Define Sole Trader.
Answer:
In the words of J.L. Hansen, “ Sole trader is a type of business unit where a person is solely responsible for providing the capital, for bearing the risk of the enterprise and for the management of the business”.

Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus Samacheer Kalvi 12th Computer Applications Guide Pdf Chapter 7 Looping Structure Text Book Back Questions and Answers, Notes.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 12th Computer Applications Solutions Chapter 7 Looping Structure

12th Computer Applications Guide Looping Structure Text Book Questions and Answers

Part I

Choose The Correct Answers

Question 1.
Most complicated looping structure is
a) While
b) Do While
c) For
d) None of them
Answer:
c) For

Question 2.
Loops that iterate for fixed number of times is called
a) Unbounded loops
b) Bounded loops
c) While loops
d) For loops
Answer:
b) Bounded loops

Question 3.
Which loop evaluates condition expression as Boolean, if it is true, it cutes statements and when it is false it will terminate?
a) For loop
b) For each loop
c) While loop
d) All of them
Answer:
d) All of them

Question 4.
Which loop evaluates condition expression as Boolean, if it is true, it executes statements and when it is false it will ter-minate?
a) For loop
b) For each loop
c) While loop
d) All of them
Answer:
d) All of them

Question 5.
What will be displayed in a browser when the following PHP code is executed;
<?php
for ($counter = 20; $counter < 10;$counter++)
{
echo “Welcome to Tamilnadu “;
}
echo “Counter is: $counter”;
?>
a) Welcome to Tamilnadu
b) Counter is: 20
c) Welcome to Tamilnadu counter is: 22
d) Welcome to Tamilnadu Welcome to Tamilnadu Counter is: 22
e) Infinite loop
Answer:
e) Infinite loop

Question 6.
What will be displayed in a browser when the following PHP code is executed;
<?php
for ($counter = 10; $counter < 10; $counter = $counter + 5){ echo “Hello”;
>
?>
a) Hello Hello Hello Hello Hello
b) Hello Hello Hello
c) Hello
d) None of the above
Answer:
d) None of the above

Question 7.
PHP supports four types of looping techniques;
a) for loop
b) while loop
c) foreach loop
d) all the above
Answer:
d) all the above

Question 8.
Consider the following code
<? php
$count=12;
do{
printf(“%d squared=%d<br/>”,$count,
pow($count,2));
} while($count<4);
?>
What will be the output of the code.

a) 12 squared 141
b) 12 squared=141
c) “12 squared=141
d) Execution error
Answer:
d) Execution error

Question 9.
What will be the output of the following PHP code ?
<?php
for ($x = 1; $x < 10;++$x)
{
print “*\t”;
}
?>
a) **********
b) *********
c) ***********
d) infinite l00p
Answer:
b) *********

Question 10.
What will be the output of the following PH P code?
<?php
for ($x = -1; $x < 10;–$x)
{
print $x;
}
?>
a)123456713910412
b)123456713910
c) 1234567139104
d) Infinite loop
Answer:
d) Infinite loop

Part II

Short Answers

Question 1.
Define Looping Structure in PHP.
Answer:

1. Looping Structures are useful for writing iteration logics.
2. It is the most important feature of many programming languages, including PHP.
3. They are implemented using the following categories,
   • for Loop
   • While Loop
   • foreach Loop
   • Do While Loop

Question 2.
Define for loop in PHP.
Answer:
For loop is an important functional looping system which is used for iteration logics when the programmer know in advance how many times the loop should run.

Question 3.
What is For each loop in PHP?
Answer:

• foreach loop is exclusively available in PHP.
• It works only with arrays. The loop iteration deepens on each KEY Value pair in the Array.
• For each, loop iteration the value of the current array element is assigned to $value variable and the array pointer is shifted by one, until it reaches the end of the array element.

Question 4.
List out Looping Structure in PHP.
Answer:

• for Loop
• foreach Loop
• While Loop
• Do While Loop

Question 5.
Write Syntax of For loop in PHP.
Answer:
for (init counter; test counter; increment counter)
{
code to be executed;
}

Question 6.
Write Syntax of For each loop in PHP.
Answer:
for each ($array as $value)
{
code to be executed;
}

Question 7.
Write Syntax of while loop in PHP.
Answer:
while (condition is true)
{
code to be executed;
}

Question 8.
Write Syntax of Do while loop in PHP.
Answer:
do
{
code to be executed;
} while (condition is true);

Question 9.
Compare for loop and for each loop.
Answer:

Question 10.
Usage for each loop in PHP
Answer:

1. The foreach loop works only on arrays,
2. It is used to loop through each key/value pair in an array.

Part III

Explain in brief answer

Question 1.
Write the features Looping Structure.
Answer:
Looping Structures are useful for writing iteration logics.
It is the most important feature of many programming languages, including PHP.
They are implemented using the following categories.

• for loop
• while loop
• do-while loop
• for each loop

Question 2.
Write the purpose of Looping Structure in PHP
Answer:

• In programming it is often necessary to repeat the same block of code a given number of times, or until a certain condition is met.
• This can be accomplished using looping statements

Question 3.
Differentiate For each and While loop.
Answer:

Question 4.
Write short notes on Do while Loop.
Answer:

• Do while loop always run the statement inside of the loop block at the first time execution.
• Then it is checking the condition whether true or false.
• It executes the loop if the specified condition ¡s true.

Question 5.
Differentiate While and Do while loops.
Answer:

Part IV

Explain in detail

Question 1.
Explain Looping Structure in PHP.
Answer:

• Looping Structures are useful for writing iteration logics.
• It is the most important feature of many programming languages, including PHP.
• They are implemented using the following categories.
  for Loop
• For loops execute a block of code a specified number of times.
  foreach Loop

The foreach construct provides an easy way to iterate over arrays

While Loop PHP
While loops execute a block of code while the specified condition is true.

Do While Loop
Do whileloop always run the statement inside of the loop block at the first time execution?

Question 2.
Discuss in detail about Foreach loop.
Answer:

• The foreach statement is used to loop through arrays.
• For each pass the value of the current array element is assigned to $value and the array pointer is moved by one and in the next pass next element will be processed.

Syntax
for each ($array as $value)
{
code to be executed;
}

Example:
<?php
$Student_name = a rrayÇ’MagiIan’ “Iniyan’
“NiIani’ “Sibi’ “Shini”);
foreach ($Student_name as $value) {
echo “$value <br>”;
}
?>

Question 3.
Explain the process Do while loop.
Answer:

• Do while loop always run the statement ¡nside of the loop block at the first time execution.
• Then it is checking the condition whether true or false. It executes the loop if the specified condition is true.

Syntax:
do
{
code to be executed;
} while (condition is true);

Example
<?php
$Student_count = 10;
$student_number= 1;
do
{
echo “The student number is: $student_num- ber<br>”;
$student_number++;
}
while($student_number<= $Student_count);
?>

Question 4.
Explain concepts of for loop with example.
Answer:
For loop is an important functional looping system which is used for iteration logic when the programmer knows in advance how many times the loop should run.

Syntax
for (init counter; test counter; increment counter)
{
code to be executed;
>

Example:
<?php
for ($i = 0; $i<= 10; $i++)
{
echo “The number is: $i<br>”;
}
?>

Question 5.
Explain array concepts in Looping Structure.
Answer:
Using For each loop:

• The for each statement is used to loop through arrays.
• For each pass, the value of the current array element is assigned to $value and the array pointer is moved by one and in the next pass, the next element will be processed.

Example:
<?php
$Student_name = arrayO’Magilan”, “Iniyan”, “Nilani” “Sibi” “Shini”); foreach ($Student_name as $value) { echo “$value <br>”;
}
?>

Using For Loop:
To loop through and print all the values of an indexed array.

Example:
<?php$cars = arrayC’Volvo”, “BMW”, “Toyota”);
$arrlength = count(cars);
for($x = 0; $x < $arrlength; $x++){
echo $cars[$x];
echo “<br>”;
}
?>

12th Computer Applications Guide Looping Structure Additional Important Questions and Answers

Part A

Choose The Correct Answers:

Question 1.
The ……………… construct provides an easy way to iterate over arrays
a) for each
b) for
c) while
d) do..while
Answer:
a) for each

Question 2.
Which loop is used if you know in advance how many times the loop should run?
(a) For
(b) For each
(c) While
(d) Do-while
Answer:
(a) For

Question 3.
Which of the following is an entry check loop?
a) foreach
b) for
c) while
d) All of these
Answer:
d) All of these

Question 4.
Which counter decides whether the loop should continue or ends?
(a) Init
(b) Test
(c) Increment
(d) Decrement
Answer:
(b) Test

Question 5.
What will be displayed in a browser when the following PHP code is executed;
<?php
for ($i=1;$i<=5; $i++)
{
echo “$i”;
}
?>
a) 12345
b) 1234
c) 123
d) None of the above
Answer:
a) 12345

Fill in the blanks:

1. There are…………….types of loops in PHP.
Answer:
4

2. ………………… Structures are useful for writing iteration logics.
Answer:
Looping

3. …………….. loop works only with arrays.
Answer:
For each

4. …………….. loop always run the statement inside of the loop block at the first time execution and then it is checking the condition whether true or false.
Answer:
Do while

5. The loop iteration deepens on each…………… in the Array.
Answer:
KEY Value pair

Very Short Answers

Question 1.
How “for loop” will execute?
Answer:
For loops execute a block of code a specified number of times.

Question 2.
What is Wils provide for each” loop in PHP?
Answer:
The foreach construct provides an easy way to iterate over arrays

Question 3.
How “while loop” will execute?
Answer:
PHP while loops execute a block of code while the specified condition is true.

Question 4.
How do,.while loop differs from other loops?
Answer:
do…while – loops through a block of code once, and then repeats the loop as long as the specified condition is true

Question 5.
Why looping structure is necessary in programming languages?
Answer:
To repeat the same block of code a given number of times, or until a certain condition is met. This can be accomplished using looping statements

Match the following:

1. For loop – Exit check loop
2. While loop – Works only with an array
3. For Each loop – Complicated looping structure
4. do-while loop – Simple iteration logics
Answer:
1. Complicated looping structure
2. Simple iteration Logics
3. Works only with array
4. Exit check loop

Syntax:

1. For loop
for (init counter; test counter; increment counter)
{
code to be executed;
}

2. While loop
while (condition is true)
{
code to be executed;
}

3. For Each loop
for each ($array as $value)
{
code to be executed;
}

4. Do… while loop:
do
{
code to be executed;
} while (condition is true);

Additional programs:

Question 1.
Write a php program to display I to 10 numbers using while loop.
Answer:
<?php
$x = 1;
while($x <= 10)
{
echo $x;
$x++;
}
?>

Question 2.
Write a php program to display the string I “Hello World” 5 times using “for loop”.
Answer:
<?php
for ($x = 0; $x <= 5; $x++)
{
echo “Hello World <br>”;
}
?>

Question 3.
Write a PHP program to display color names using “foreach” loop
Answer:
<?php
$colors = arrayC’red”, “green”, “blue”, “yellow”);
foreach ($colors as $value)
{
echo “$value <br>”;
}
?>

Question 4.
Write a PHP program to display the following
The number is: 1
The number is:2
The number is:3
The number is:4
The number is:5
Program;
<?php
$x = 1;
do {
echo “The number is: $x <br>”;
$x++;
} while ($x <= 5);
?>

Part B

Very Short Answers

Question 1.
Write the working principle of loop parameters.
Answer:

• init counter: Initialize the loop initial counter value
• Test counter: Evaluated for every iteration of the loop.
• If it evaluates to TRUE, the loop continues. If it evaluates to FALSE, the loop ends.
• Increment counter: Increases the loop counter value.

Part C

Short Answers

Question 1.
Draw the For loop Structure and Flow chart

Question 2.
Explain the parameters in the for loop?
Answer:
Parameters:

1. init counter: Initialize the loop initial counter value
2. Test counter: Evaluated for every iteration of the loop.
3. If it evaluates to TRUE, the loop continues. If it evaluates to FALSE, the loop ends.
4. Increment counter: Increases the loop counter value.

Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus Samacheer Kalvi 11th Commerce Guide Pdf Chapter 3 Classification of Business Activities Text Book Back Questions and Answers, Notes.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 11th Commerce Solutions Chapter 3 Classification of Business Activities

11th Commerce Guide Classification of Business Activities Text Book Back Questions and Answers

I. Choose the Correct Answer.

Question 1.
The industries engaged in extraction of iron ore are known as ………………
a. Construction Industries
b. Manufacturing Industries
c. Extraction Industries
d. Genetic Industries
Answer:
c. Extraction Industries

Question 2.
Auxiliaries to trade is also called as ……………
a. Trade
b. Advertisement
c. Warehousing
d. Aids to Trade
Answer:
d. Aids to Trade

Question 3.
Production which involves several stages for manufacturing finished products is known as …………………..
a. Analytical Industry
b. Synthetic Industry
c. Processing Industry
d. None of the above
Answer:
c. Processing Industry

Question 4.
Normally high level risk involved in ……………….
a. Industry
b. Commerce
c. Trade
d. All of the above
Answer:
a. Industry

Question 5.
Commerce is mainly concerned with ………………….
a. Connecting producer and consumer
b. Pricing of Goods
c. Buying and Selling of goods
d. Manufacturing of goods
Answer:
a. Connecting producer and consumer

II. Very Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Define commerce:
Answer:
According to Evelyn Thomas, “Commercial operations deal with the buying and selling of goods, the exchange of commodities and the contribution of finished products”.

Question 2.
What do mean by industry?
Answer:
Industry refers to economic activities which are connected with conversion of resources into useful goods. The term is used for activities in which mechanical appliances and technical skills are involved. E.g Electronic industry would include all firms producing electronic goods, and so on.

Question 3.
What is trade?
Answer:
The term ‘trade’ is used to denote buying and selling. It is an essential part of commerce.

Question 4.
Write a short note on transportation.
Answer:
Transport or transportation is the medium which helps the movement of humans, animals and goods from one location to another. Since all the goods produced cannot be consumed in the place of production, it should be move to the places where they are demanded. The process of moving goods is known an transportation.

III. Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Distinguish between Extractive industries and genetic industries.
Answer:
Extractive industries:

• These industries extract or draw out products from natural sources.
• Extractive industries supply some basic raw materials that are mostly products of the geographical or natural environment.

Genetic industries:

• These industries remain engaged in breeding plants and animals for their use in further reproduction.
• The seeds, nursery companies poultry, dairy, piggery, hatcheries, nursery, fisheries, apiary etc.

Question 2.
What do you mean by tertiary industries?
Answer:
The industries which produces utility services and sell them at the profit. These industries help trade, commerce and industry. The auxiliaries to trade like banking, insurance, warehouse, advertisement etc. are included in this.

Question 3.
Write any three characteristics of commerce.
Answer:
1. Economic Activity: Commerce is an economic activity because it consists of activities which are undertaken for earning profits. A trader buys goods with the aim of selling them at a profit.

2. Exchange of Goods and Services: Commerce involves the exchange and distribution of goods and services. Goods may be purchased or produced for sale. Commerce comprises both trade and aids to trade.

3. Profit Motive: The motive of commercial activities is to earn profits. Any activity which does not have the aim of profit will not be a part of commerce.

Question 4.
Narrate commerce with an example.
Answer:
Commerce includes all the activities which help in bringing goods from the producer to the’ ultimate consumer. According to Evelyn Thomas, “Commercial operations deal with the buying and selling of goods, the exchange of commodities and the contribution of finished products”. Commerce includes services such as transport, warehousing, packaging, insurance, banking and sales promotion which are incidental or auxiliaries to trade.

IV. Long Answer Questions

Question 1.
Explain the various kinds of industries on the basis of size.
Answer:
1. Micro Units: A unit wherein investment in plant and machinery is upto Rs. 25 lakhs in case of manufacturing and upto Rs. 10 lakhs in case of service enterprises.

2. Small Units: A manufacturing unit wherein investment in plant and machinery is more than Rs. 25 lakhs but does not exceed Rs.5 crore. In the case of service enterprises, these limits are Rs. 10 lakhs and Rs. 2 crores respectively.

3. Medium Units: A manufacturing unit wherein investment in plant and machinery is more than Rs.5 crore but does not exceed Rs. 10 crore. In the case of service enterprises, these limits are Rs.2 crore and Rs.5 crore respectively.

4. Large Units: A manufacturing unit wherein, investment in plant and machinery exceeds Rs.10 crore. In the case of a service unit investment in equipment exceeds Rs.5 crore.

Question 2.
Compare industry, commerce, and trade.
Answer:

Question 3.
What are the characteristics of commerce?
Answer:
1. Economic Activity:
Commerce is an economic activity because it consists of activities which are undertaken for earning profits. A trader buys goods with the aim of selling them at a profit.

2. Exchange of Goods and Services:
Commerce involves the exchange and distribution of goods and services. Goods may be purchased or produced for sale. Commerce comprises both trade and aids to trade.

3. Profit Motive:
The motive of commercial activities is to earn profits. Any activity which does not have the aim of profit will not be a part of commerce.

4. Regularity of Transaction:
An isolated transaction does not imply commerce.

5. Creation of Utilities:
Commerce creates several types of utilities. It creates place utility by carrying goods to the place where they are needed. It makes goods available as and when demanded thereby creating time utility. By creating these utilities commerce helps to increase the volume of trade.

Question 4.
Write short notes on:

1. Analytical industry
2. Genetic industry and
3. Construction industry.

Answer:
1. Analytical industry:
These industries are called Secondary industries. These industries analyses and separates different elements from the same material, as in the case of oil refinery. In these industries the raw material is broken down into several useful materials.
E.g an oil industry separates crude oil into keroseñe, gasóline, diesel oil and petrol etc.

2. Genetic Industry:
The word ‘Genetic’ means parentage or hereditary. Genetic industries are concerned mainly with producing  breeding or multiplying of certain species of plants or animals with the object of earning profits from their sale. Examples of these types are nurseries, forestry, cattle-breeding, and commercial kennels. Animal husbandry is one type of Genetic Industry.

3. Construction Industry:
These industries are involved in the construction of building, dams, bridges, roads as well as tunnels and canals.

Question 5.
Briefly explain the auxiliaries to trade.
Answer:
Meaning:

Auxiliaries of trade may be classified into five categories:
1. Transportation:
Selling all the goods produced at or near the production place is not possible. Hence, goods are to be sent to different places where they are demanded.

2. Banking and Finance:
Nowadays we cannot think of a business without a bank. A bank is an organization which accepts deposits of money from the public, withdrawals on demand or otherwise, and lends the same to those who need it. Necessary funds can be obtained by businessmen from a bank. Thus, banking helps business activities to overcome the v problem of finance.

3. Insurance:
Business involves various types of risks. Materials and goods held in stock or in transit are subject to the risk of loss or damage. Insurance provides protection in all such cases. On payment of a nominal premium, the amount of loss or damage and compensation for an injury, if any, can be recovered from the insurance company.

4. Warehousing:
Goods are held in stock to make them available as and when required. Special arrangements must be made for the storage of goods to prevent loss or damage. Warehousing helps business firms to overcome the problem of storage and facilities the availability of goods when needed.

5. Advertising:
Advertising is one of the most important methods of promoting the sale of products, particularly, consumer goods like electronic goods, automobiles, soaps, detergents, etc. Advertising helps in providing information about available goods and services and inducing customers to buy particular items.

11th Commerce Guide Classification of Business Activities Additional Important Questions and Answers

I. Choose the Correct Answer:

Question 1.
All business activities can be classified into ……………. broad categories.
(a) Two
(b) Three
(c) Four
(d) Five
Answer:
(a) Two

Question 2.
Manufacturing industries may be categorized into ………………
a) Two
b) Three
c) Four
d) Ten
Answer:
c) Four

Question 3.
Horticulture is an example for …………….
(a) Primary industry
(b) Secondary industry
(c) Tertiary industry
(d) Local industry
Answer:
(a) Primary industry

Question 4.
…………………. industries produce utility services and sell them at a profit.
a) Construction Industries
b) Tertiary Industries
c) Analytical Industries
d) Manufacturing Industries
Answer:
b) Tertiary Industries

Question 5.
Professional or specialized skills and high technology are used to provide ……………. type of services.
(a) Personalised
(b) Public
(c) Distributive
(d) Quaternary
Answer:
(d) Quaternary

Question 6.
Expand MSME:
a) Major Small Medium Enterprises
b) Micro Scale. Middle Enterprises
c) Micro Small Medium Enterprises
d) Medium Small Micro Enterprises
Answer:
c) Micro Small Medium Enterprises

Question 7.
The service Enterprises with a maximum investment of 5 crores Is known as …………
a) Micro Unit
b) Small Unit
c) Large Unit
d) Medium Unit
Answer:
d) Medium Unit

Question 8.
Special arrangements must be made for goods to prevent loss or damage.
(a) Transportation
(b) Pricing
(c) Storage
(d) Advertising
Answer:
(c) Storage

Question 9.
Which of the following is not categorized as commerce?
a) Buy goods with ‘the aim of selling at profit.
b Exchange and Distribution of goods and services.
c) An individual sells his asset.
d) None of the above.
Answer:
c) An individual sells his asset.

Question 10.
Auxiliaries of trade are also called……………………
a) Trade
b) Advertisement
c) Warehousing
d) Aids to trade
Answer:
d) Aids to trade

Question 11.
The production which Involves several stages for manufacturing finished products Is known as………….
a) Analytical Industry
b) Synthetic Industry
c) Processing Industry
d) None of the above
Answer:
c) Processing Industry

Question 12.
Normally high-level risk involved in ………………….
a) Industry
b) Commerce
c) Trade
d) All the above
Answer:
a) Industry

Question 13.
Commerce is mainly concerned with
a) Distribution of Goods
b) Pricing of Goods
c) Buying and Selling of Goods
d) Manufacturing of Goods
Answer:
b) Pricing of Goods

II. Very Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
What is the Extractive industry?
Answer:
Extractive industries extract or draw out products from natural sources. Extractive industries supply some basic raw materials that are mostly products of the geographical or natural environment.

Question 2.
What do you mean by Tertiary Industries?
Answer:
The industry which produces utility services and sells them at a profit is known as tertiary industries:
They do not produce goods. They help in trade, industry, and commerce. It is also known as the Service industry.
E.g: The tourism and Hospitality industry, banking industries, etc.

Question 3.
What is the Secondary industry?
Answer:
Secondary Industries are concerned with using the materials which have already been extracted at the primary stage. These industries process such materials to produce goods for final consumption or for further processing by other industrial units.

III. Short Answer Questions.

Question 1.
Write any three categories of Manufacturing industries.
Answer:

1. Analytical Industry analyses and separates different elements from the same materials, as in the case of an oil refinery.
2. The synthetic Industry combines various ingredients into a new product, as in the case of cement.
3. The processing Industry involves successive stages for manufacturing finished products, as in the case of sugar and paper.

IV. Long Answer Questions

Question 1.
Write short notes on Primary Industries.
Answer:
These industries concerned with the production of goods with the help of nature. It is a nature-oriented industry, which requires very little human effort, for example, Agriculture, farming, forestry, fishing, horticulture, etc.
These industries are subdivided as follows:

Extractive Industries:
These industries extract or draw out products from natural resources. These industries supply some basic raw materials that are mostly products of the geographical or natural environment. These products are transformed into other manufacturing industries. These industries include farming, mining, lumbering, hunting and fishing operations.

Genetic Industries:
These industries engaged in breeding plants and animals for their use in further reproduction. The seeds, nursery companies, poultry, dairy, piggery, hatcheries, nursery, fisheries, apiary, etc are some of the examples of genetic industries.

Question 2.
Write a short note on Secondary Industries.
Answer:
These industries produced goods for final, consumption or for further processing by other industrial units. For example, the mining of iron ore is a primary industry, but the manufacturing of steel is a secondary industry.

It can be categorized as follows:

• Manufacturing Industries: These industries are engaged in producing goods through the processing of raw materials and thus creating from utilities. These industries may be further divided into four categories on the basis of the method of Operation for production.
• Analytical Industry: Which analyses and separates different elements from the same materials, as in the case of an oil refinery.
• Synthetically Industry: Which combines various ingredients into new products, as in the case of cement.
• Processing Industry: Which involves successive stages for manufacturing finished products, as in the case of sugar and paper.
• Assembling Industry: Which assembles different component parts to make a new product, as in the case of television, car, computer, etc.
• Construction Industries: These industries are involved in the construction of buildings, dams, bridges, roads as well as tunnels and canals.

Question 3.
Write a note on Tertiary industries.
Answer:
The industries which produce utility services and sell them at the profit. These industries help trade, commerce, and industry. The auxiliaries to trade like banking, insurance, warehouse, advertisement, etc are included in this. These industries are further classified as under:

• Personalized service: The individuals and private institutions selling their services to others is called personalized services. E.g Plumber, servant maid, etc.
• Public service: The government provides services to the people without profit motive through Government hospitals, schools, police, government offices, etc.
• Distributive service: Transportation, sales, warehousing, logistics, salesmanship, etc. come under this type of service.
• Financial service: Banking, factoring, accounting, and insurance, etc. are grouped under this type of service.
• Quaternary service: Professional or specialized skills and high technology are used to provide this type of service. E.g. Software development, Auditing, Research, and Development, etc.
• Quinary service: Selective individual experts create new ideas, implement new technologies and implement new policies. These decisions influenced the growth and development of national and international institutions.