Samacheer Kalvi 11th Bio Botany Guide Chapter 2 Plant Kingdom

Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus Samacheer Kalvi 11th Bio Botany Guide Pdf Chapter 2 Plant Kingdom
Text Book Back Questions and Answers, Notes.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 11th Bio Botany Solutions Chapter 2 Plant Kingdom

11th Bio Botany Guide Plant Kingdom Text Book Back Questions and Answers

Part-I

Choose the Right Answer:

Question 1.
Which of the plant group has gametophyte as a dominant phase ?
a. Pteridophytes
b. Bryophytes
c. Gymnosperm
d. Angiosperm
Answer:
b. Bryophytes

Question 2.
Which of the following represent gametophytic generation in Pteridophytes?
a. Prothallus
b. Thallus
c. Cone
d. Rhizophore
Answer:
a. Prothallus

Question 3.
The haploid number of chromosome for an Angiosperm is 14, the number of chromosome in its endosperm would be
a. 7
b. 14
c. 42
d. 28
Answer:
c. 42

Question 4.
Endosperm is gymnosperm is formed
a. At the time of fertilization
b. Before fertilization
c. After fertilization
d. Along with the development of embryo
Answer:
b. Before fertilization

Question 5.
Differentiate Haplontic and Diplontic life cycle.
Answer:

	Haplontic life cycle	Diplontic life cycle .
Gametophyte phase Sporophytic phase	Dominant photosynthetic independent Recessive represented by the zygote.Zygote undergoes meiosis to restore haploidy e.g. Volvox.Spirogyra	Recessive represented by single to few celled stage Zygote develop in to dominant sporophyte e.g.Fucus, Gymnosperm, Angiosperm.

Question 6.
What is plectostele – Give example.
Answer:
Plectostele: Xylem plates alternates with phloem plates. Example: Lycopodium clavatum.

Question 7.
What do we infer from the term Pucnoxylic?
Answer:

• Secondary growth is also traced in gymnosperms, E.g. Cycas and Pinus.
• The wood may be compact with narrow medullary ray this condition known as Pycnoxlic seen in Pinus.
• It is opposite to Manoxylic condition which is seen in Cycas.

Question 8.
Mention two characters shared by Gymnosperms and Angiosperms.
Answer:

Gymnosperms		Angiosperms
1	Seed bearing plants	Seed bearing plants
2	Plant body is a sporophyte and it is dominant phase.	Plant body is a sporophyte and it is also the dominant phase
3	Stem show secondary growth.	Stem show secondary growth only in dicots not in monocots.
4	Alternation of generation is present.	Alternation of generation is present.

Question 9.
Do you think shape of chloroplast is unique for algae. Justify your answer.
Answer:
Variation among the shape of the chloroplast is found in members of algae. It is Cup-shaped (chlamydomonas). Discoid ((Chara), Girdle shaped (Ulothrix), reticulate (Oedogonium), spiral (Spirogyra), stellate (Zygnema) and plate like (Mougeoutia).

Question 10.
Do you agree with the statement that Bryophytes need water for fertilization? Justify your answer.
Answer:
Being amphibians of plant kingdom they are simplest land inhabiting cryptogams and restricted to moist shady habitats. They need water for the male gametes to reach Archegonia to effect fertilization. So water is needed for completing their fertilization and their life cycle.

Part – II

11th Bio Botany Guide Plant Kingdom Additional Important Questions and Answers

I. Choose the correct option.

Question 1.
Gametophytic phase is …………… .
(a) triploid
(b) tetraploid
(c) haploid
(d) diploid
Answer:
(c) haploid

Question 2.
The numbers of known species of Angiosperms in the world is
a. 268600
b. 286600
c. 224400
d. 274832
Answer:
a. 268600

Question 3.
Which algae leads an endozoic life in Hydra?
(a) Chlorella
(b) Gracilaria
(c) Ulothrix
(d) Chlamydomonas
Answer:
(a) Chlorella

Question 4.
The protein bodies found in chromatophores & assist in the synthesis and storage of starch is
a. Leucoplasts
b. Floridean starch
c. Pyrenoids
d. Mannitol
Answer:
c. Pyrenoids

Question 5.
Postelia palmaeformis is commonly known as
a. Sea kelp
b. Sea shell
c. Sea palm
d. Sea worth
Answer:
c. Sea palm

Question 6.
In Chara, thallus is encrusted with …………… .
(a) calcium carbonate
(b) hydrogen sulphate
(c) silica
(d) ammonium carbonate
Answer:
(a) calcium carbonate

Question 7.
Gemmae formation is not traced in which three of the given four options
a. Marchanlia
b. Riella
c. Ricciocarpus
d. Anthoceros
(i) ab & c
(ii) be & d
(iii) ab & d
(iv) ac & d
Answer:
(ii) be & d

Question 8.
Find out the aquatic bryophytes of the following.
a. Riella
b. Ricciocarpus
c. Riccia
d. Bryopteris
(i) a&c
(ii) b&c
(iii) c&d
(iv) a&b
Answer:
(iv) a&b

Question 9.
…………… are thin-walled non – motile spores.
(a) Zoospores
(b) Akinetes
(c) Aplanospores
(d) Genunae
Answer:
(c) Aplanospores

Question 10.
which one of the following is a terrestrial chiorophycea
a. Chara
b. Zygnema
c. Trentipohlia
d. Ulva
Answer:
c. Trentipohlia

Question 11.
Thick walled spores meant for perrennation are known as
a. Aplanospores
b. Akinetes
c. Endospores
d. Zoospores
Answer:
b. Akinetes

Question 12.
The photosynthetic part of the Phaeophyceae thallus Is called as
(a) holdfast
(b) stipes
(c) lamina
(d) fronds
Answer:
(d) fronds

Question 13.
The female sex organ of red algae is known as
a. Archegonium
b. Spermatogonium
c. Carpogonium
d. Oogonium
Answer:
c. Carpogonium

Question 14.
Endosperm is triploid and haploid in
a. Pteridophyta & Gymnosperm
b. Angiosperm & Gymnosperm
c. Gymnosperm & monocot
d. Gymnosperm & dicot
Answer:
b. Angiosperm & Gymnosperm

Question 15.
Gelidium belongs to …………… members.
(a) Rhodophyccae
(b) Phaeophyceae
(c) Cyanophyccae
(d) Dinophyceae
Answer:
(a) Rhodophyceae

Question 16.
……………….. is known as leather leaf fern
a. Marsilea
b. Azolla
c. Selaginella
d. Rumohra adiantiformis
Answer:
d. Rumohra adiantiformis

Question 17.
Stele includes
a. Xylem, phloem & cambium
b. Xylem, phloem & medulla
c. Xylem, phloem & pericycle
d. Xylem, phloem, pericycle & medulla
Answer:
d. Xylem, phloem, pericycle & medulla

Question 18.
Marchantia vegetatively propagates by …………… .
(a) tubers
(b) gemmae
(c) buds
(d) brood bodies
Answer:
(b) gemmae

Question 19.
The organ in bryophytes that help to attach the thallus to the substratum is
a. Hold fast
b. Rhizoids
c. Rhizopore
d.Roots
Answer:
a. Holdfast

Question 20.
Coralloid roots of cycas have a symbiotic association with …………….
(a) Blue-green algae
(b) Mycorrhiza
(c) Euglena
(d) Rhizobium
Answer:
(a) Blue-green algae

II. Match the following & find the correct answer.

Question 1.
(i) Spores look similar to parental cell – Zoospore (A)
(ii) Thick walled aplanospores – Autospore (B)
(iii) Thin walled non-motile spores – Hypnospore (C)
(iv) Thin walled motile spores – Aplanospore (D)

Answer:
(b) B-C-D-A

Question 2.
(i) Helianthusannum – Amphiboloicstele (A)
(ii) Lycopodium serratum – Eustele(B)
(iii) Zeamays – Actinostele (C)
(iv) Adiantumpedatum – Atactostele (D)

Answer:
(a) B-C-D-A

Question 3.
(i) Fossil bryophyte – Lepidodendron, Williamson
(ii) Fossil Algae – Calamites Baragwanthia
(iii) Fossil pteridophyte – Naiadita, Hepaticites
(iv) Fossil Gymnosperm – Palaeoporella,Dimorphosiphon

Answer:
(d) C-D-B-A

Question 4.
(i) Abies balsamea – Drug for cancer treatment (A)
(ii)Taxus brevifolia – Wood for making door, boat & railway sleepers (B)
(iii) Cedrus deodara – Treatment for asthama & bronchitis(C)
(iv) Ephedra gerardiana – Slide mounting medium(D)

Answer:
(c) D-A-B-C

Question 5.
Find the chromosome number of the following by choosing the correct option.
(i) Embryo ofblyophyta
(ii) Embryo ofAngiosperm
(iii) Endosperm ofAngiosperm
(iv) Sporophyte ofpteridophyta

Answer:
(a) (I) n (II) 2n (III) 3n (IV) 2n

III. Choose the wrong statement.

Question 1.
The following statement is not applicable to which one of the following options
The sporophyte is dominant, photosynthetic, and independent. The gametophytic phase is represented by a single to few celled gametophyte
a. Fucus
b. Mango
c. Pinus
d. Marchantia
Answer:
d. Marchantia

Question 2.
One of the following is not a Marine Algae.
a. Gracilaria
b. Sargassum
c. Oedogonium
d. Cladophora
Answer:
c. Oedogonium

Question 3.
Which one of the following is not a Vascular cryptogam
a. Lycopodium
b. Anthoceros
c. Equisetum
d. Selaginella
Answer:
b. Anthoceros

Question 4.
Which one among the given four doesn’t belong to Chlorophyceae
a. Chiorella
b. Volvox
c. Chara
d. Sargassum
Answer:
d. Sargassum

Question 5.
Pollination is not entomophilous in
a. Hibiscus
b. Mangifera
c. Chrysanthemum
d. Cycas
Answer :
d. Cycas

Question 6.
The following one is not a monoecious plant
a. Pinus
b. Cycas
c. Alnus
d. Ginkgo
Answer:
b. Cycas

Question 7.
Which one of the following is not the correct statement regarding Algae?
a. The study of Algae is known as Phycology
b. A wide range of thallus organization is found in Algae
c. Algae are eukaryotic except Blue Green Algae
d. They are the simplest plant group with root stem and leaves
Answer:
d. They are the simplest plant group with root stem and leaves

IV. Find out the true or false statements from the following and on that basis find the correct answer.

Question 1.
(i) Chara thallus is encrusted with calcium carbonate
(ii) Siliceous wall occurs in the cell wall of Diatom
(iii) Soil inhabiting algae – Fritshchiella
(iv) Cladophora crispate is growing now

Answer:
c. (I) True (II) True (III) False (IV) True

Question 2.
(i)  Prothallus develop into a sporophyte
(ii)  Algae growing on snow is known as cryptophytes
(iii)  The common name of Postelia Palmaeformis is known as sea palm.
(iv)  Endosperm is triploid in pinus.

Answer:
a. (I) False (II) True (III) True (IV) False

Question 3.
(i)  Apogamy and Apospory is common in pteridophytes
(ii) Spore bearing leaves in pteridophytes are known as a sorus
(iii) Branches of limited growth and branches of unlimited growth are seen in gymnosperm
(iv) Cambium occur in gymnosperm as in dicots

Answer:
d. (I) True (II) False (III) False (IV) True

Question 4.
(i) Fungi play important role in soil conservation
(ii) Vascular cryptogams were predominant in the paleozoic era
(iii) Gymnosperms were dominant in the early cretaceous period.
(iv) Angiosperms appeared during the Jurassic period

Answer:
b (I) False (II) True (III) False (IV) False

Question 5.
(i) Polyembryony is traced in Pteridophyta
(ii) Vessels are present in Gnetum and ephedra
(iii) Heterosporus condition is seen in Lycopodium
(iv) Corolloid root occur in Cycas

Answer:
a. (I) False (II) True (III) False (IV) True

Question 6.
Which one of the following is the correct statement regarding Phaeophyta
a.  It is commonly known as Red Algae
b. The plant body has fronds, stipe & hold fast
c. The reserve material is Floridian starch
d. Sexual reproduction is isogamous
Answer:
b. The plant body has fronds, stipe & holdfast

Question 7.
Choose the right statement regarding leaves of Pteridiumsp.
a. It is used as food
b. Green dye is derived from it.
c. It is used as bio-fertilizer
d. It is an ornamental foliage plant
Answer:
b.Green dye is derived from it

Question 8.
Which one of the following is a correct statement regarding Bryophyta
a. Mostly terrestrial plants so water is not essential for reproduction
b. The gametophyte is dominant but the sporophyte is independent
c. They have well-developed xylem and phloem tissues
d. They are the simplest land inhabiting cryptogams lacking vascular tissues.
Answer:
d.They are the simplest land inhabiting cryptogams lacking vascular tissues

Question 9.
Choose the correct statement regarding Gymnosperm
a. The spores are generally homosporous
b. The leaves are dimorphic, foliage and scale leaves are present
c. The stem is aerial erect and unbranched in conifers
d. Xylem mostly consists of only vessels.
Answer:
b. The leaves are dimorphic, foliage and scale leaves are present.

Question 10.
Choose the correct statement regarding the common characters of Gymnosperm and Angiosperm only
a. Pollen tube help in the transfer of male nucleus & fertilization is Siphonogamous
b. Heterospory is of common occurrence
c. Vessels are the chief water-conducting elements
d. Pollination is by Anemophilous method only
Answer:
a. Pollen tubes help in the transfer of the male nucleus & fertilization is Siphonogamous.

Question 11.
Look at the picture and find out the correct answer.
a. Gemmae of Marchantia
b. Thallus of Riccia
c. The gametophyte of Anthoceos
d. The tubers of Anthoceos

Answer:
d.The tubers of Anthoceos

Question 12.
Look at the picture and find out the correct answer
a. The Asexual reproduction in Ultrix by the formation of zoospores
b. Akinetes formation in Pithophora
c. Scalariform conjugation in Zygnema
d. Zygospore formation in spirogyra

Answer:
c. Scalariform conjugation in zygoma.

V.

Question 1.
Which one of the following is a wrong pair?
a. National wood fossil park – Thuruvakkarai
b. Shiwalik fossil park – Arunachala Pradesh
c. Mandal fossil park – Madhya Pradesh
d. Raj mahal hill – Jharkhand
Answer:
b. Shiwalik fossil park – Arunachala Pradesh

Question 2.
Which one of the following is a wrong pair?
a. Halophytic Algae – Dunaliella salina
b. Epiphytic Algae – Rhodymenia
c. Endophytic algae – Cladophora crisp ala
d. Endozoic Algae – Chlorella
Answer:
c. Endophytic Algae – Cladophora crisp ala

Question 3.
Which one of the following is a wrong pair?
a. Father of Indian Bryology- Prof. Shiv. Ram Kashyap
b. Father of Indian Phycology – F.E. Fritsch
c. The classification of gymnosperm – Sporn
d. The father of Indian Paleobotany – Prof. Birbal Sahni
Answer:
b.Father of Indian Phycology F.E.Fritsch

VI. Read the following assertion & reason. Find the correct answer.

Question 1.
Assertion: Chlorophyceae is known as green algae.
Reason: These plants have chlorophyll & chlorophyll as their major photosynthetic pigments.
(a) Assertion and Reason are correct. The reason is explaining Assertion.
(b) Assertion and Reason are correct, but Reason is not explaining Assertion.
(c) Assertion is true, but Reason is wrong.
(d) Assertion is true, but Reason is not explaining Assertion.
Answer:
(a) Assertion and Reason are correct. The reason is explaining Assertion.

Question 2.
Assertion: In Bryophytes haploid gametophyte, alternate with diploid sporophyte phase.
Reason: Bryophytes lack vascular tissue and hence called non-vascular cryptogams.
(a) Assertion and Reason are correct. The reason explaining Assertion.
(b) Assertion and Reason are correct, but Reason is not explaining Assertion.
(c) Assertion is true, but Reason is wrong.
(d) Assertion is true, but Reason is not explaining Assertion.
Answer:
(b) Assertion and Reason are correct, but Reason is not explaining Assertion

Question 3.
Assertion: Gnetum has flowers and it also has vessels as conducting elements like angiosperm.
Reason: Gnetum is a primitive gymnosperm.
(a) Assertion and Reason are correct, Reason explaining assertion.
(b) Assertion and Reason are correct, but Reason not explaining Assertion.
(c) Assertion is true, but Reason is wrong.
(d) Assertion is true, but Reason is not explaining Assertion.
Answer:
(c) Assertion is true, but Reason is wrong.

Question 4.
Assertion: The endosperm is haploid and develops before fertilization in a gymnosperm.
Reason: The endosperm is triploid and develops after fertilization in angiosperm.
(a) Assertion and Reason are correct. The reason explaining Assertion.
(b) Assertion and Reason are correct, but Reason is not explaining Assertion.
(c) Assertion is true, but Reason is wrong.
(d) Assertion is true, but Reason is not explaining Assertion.
Answer:
(b) Assertion and Reason are correct, but Reason is not explaining Assertion.

Question 5.
Assertion: The embryogeny is endoscopic in Bryophytes.
Reason: The first division of the zygote is transverse & the apex of the embryo develops from the outer cell.
(a) Assertion and Reason are correct, Reason explaining Assertion.
(b) Assertion and Reason are correct, but Reason is not explaining Assertion.
(c) Assertion is true, but Reason is wrong.
(d) Assertion is true, but Reason is not explaining Assertion.
Answer:
(a) Assertion and reason are correct, Reason explaining Assertion.

VII. In the following diagram what are the parts (A) (B) (C) (D) representing?

Question 1.
(a) (A) Epidermis (B) Xylem
(C) Phloem (D) Cambium
(b) (A) Epidermis (B) Phloem
(C) Cambium (D) Xylem
(c) (A) Epidermis (B) Cambium
(C) Xylem (D) Phloem
(d) (A) Phloem (B) Xylem
(C) Cambium (D) Epidermis

Ans: (b) (A) Epidermis-(B) Phloem-(C) Cambium-(D) Xylem

Additional Questions – 2 Marks

Question 1.
Define alternation of generation.
Answer:
Alternation of the haploid gametophytic phase (n) with diploid sporophytic phase (2n) during the life cycle is called alternation of generation.

Question 2.
Chlorella – structure label the parts.
Answer:

Label (1) nucleus
(2) cup-shaped chloroplast

Question 3.
Name any two freshwater algae.
Answer:
Two freshwater algae:

1. Oedogonium and
2. Ulothrix

Question 4.
What is the use of Diatomaceous earth?
Answer:
Diatomaceous earth is got from the siliceous frustules (Diatom). It belongs to bacillario phyta. The transparent cell walls of a diatom are made up of hydrated silica. Generally known as Diatomaceous earth.
Use:

• It is used in water filters as an insultation material.
• Reinforcing agent in concrete and rubber.

Question 5.
What is the use of chlorella in sewage treatment?
Answer:

• Chlorella, Scenedesmus, Chlamydomonas are used in the sewage treatment plants. For their photosynthetic activity, they utilize the carbon dioxide from sewage and release oxygen.
• The aerobic bacteria, by utilising this oxygen degrade & decompose organic materials in the sewage. Thus play a vital role in sewage treatment plants. (STPs)

Question 6.
Identify and label the given diagram.

Answer:
The given figure represents Marchantia

1. Apical notch
2. Sex organs
3. Gametophyte of thallus
4. Rhizoids
5. Gemma

Question 7.
Differentiate between Sorus, Sporangia, Sporophyll.
Answer:

Sporangia	Sorus	Sporophyll
Spore producing organ	Group of Sporangia known as Sorus	The leaf-bearing Sorus in Neprolepis is known as Sporophyll

Question 8.
Bryophytes are amphibians of plant kingdom – Justify.
Answer:
Bryophytes are called ‘amphibians of plant kingdom’ because they need water for completing their life cycle.

Question 9.
Label the given diagram.

Answer:
The given diagram is the sporophyte of Funaria parts

1. Calyptra
2. Capsule
3. Leaves
4. Rhizoids

Question 10.
What are the aspects that helped Pteridophtes to evolve into terrestrial habitats?
Answer:

• Pteridophytes are the first to acquire vascular tissues, xylem and phloem, and a well-developed root system. So known as vascular cryptogam.
• This aspect had helped pteridophytes to evolve into terrestrial habitats.

Question 11.
Assign few plants in the group Pteridophytes.
Answer:
Type Botanical name
Club moss – Lycopodium
Horsetails – Equisetum
Quill worts – Isoetes
Water ferns – Salviniales
Tree ferns – Dryopteris

Question 12.
Write down Reimer’s classification of Pteridophytes.
Answer:
5 subdivisions – 19 orders – 48 families

1. Psilophytopsida
2. Psilotopsida
3. Lycopsida
4. Sphenopsida
5. Pteropsida

Question 13.
What Is amber? Which group of plants produce amber?
Answer:
Amber is a plant secretion that is an efficient preservative that doesn’t get degraded and hence can preserve remains of extinct life forms. The amber is produced by Pinites succinifera, a Gymnosperm.

Question 14.
What is meant by Siphonostele?
Answer:
In siphonostele, the xylem is surrounded by phloem with pith in the centre- eg. Marsilea. It includes ectophloic, siphonoslele, Amphiphloic-siphonoslele, soleonslete, eustele, Atactostele, and polycyclic stele thus altogether 6 types.

Question 15.
What is Amber? Where have you noticed it?
Answer:

• In Spielberg’s Jurassic park-movie (A mosquito embedded in a transparent substance called amber is
  mentioned)
• Amber is thus a plant secretion, used as an efficient preservative, that doesn’t get degraded.
• Pinites succinifera a Gymnosperm plant produces Amber.

Question 16.
What is the word Jurassic – denote?
Answer:

• ‘Jurassic’ is a specific period of the dinosaurs. It comes under the Mesozoic era.
• Gymnosperms were also dominant in that period.

3 Marks

Question 1.
Give the widely accepted outline classification for plants.
Answer:

Question 2.
Give the total number of plant groups in the world and India.
Answer:

Total Number of plant groups in the world and India
N	Number of known species
Plant group	World	India
Algae	40000	7357
Bryophytes	16236	2748
Pteridophytes	12000	1289
Gymnosperms	1012	79
Angiosperms	268600	18386

Question 3.
Name the 3 types of life cycles seen in plants?
Answer:
The 3 types of life cycles seen in the plant:

1. Haplontic life cycle
2. Diplontic life cycle
3. Haplodiplontic life cycle

Question 4.
More than half of the total productivity of the world is done by Marine Algae -Justify.
Answer:

• Yes two-third of earths surface is covered by oceans and seas.
• Of this the photosynthetic plants called algae are the major primary producers Nearly 1/2 of total productivity of the world is done by marine Algae. All other marine organisms depend upon them for the very existence.

Question 5.
Classify Algae according to F.E.Fritsch.
Answer:
F.E. Fritsch in his the structure and reproduction of Algae (1935)-classified Algae into 11 classes.

1. Chlorophyceae
2. Xanthophyceae
3. Chrysophyceae
4.  Bacillariophyceae
5. Cryptophyceae
6. Dinophyceae
7. Chloromondineae
8. Euglenophyceae
9. Phaeophyceae
10. Rhodophyceae
11. Cyanophyceae

Question 6.
Write about Reproduction in Chlorophyceae.
Answer:

1.	Vegetative Reproduction	Fragmentation-E.g. spirogyra
2.	Asexual Reproduction	Zoospores, Aplanospores, Akinetes
3.	Sexual Reproduction	Isogamous, Anisogamous, Oogamous

Question 7.
Write down the economic importance of Bryophyte?
Answer:

Name of the Bryophyte	Use
Sphagnum	A large amount of dead thallus compressed & hardened to form-peat
Peat	Northern Europe (Netherlands) peat is a commercial fuel.
Sphagnumt peat	Nitrates, brown dye, tanning materials are derived from the peat used in horticulture as packing material.
Marechantia polymorpha	Cure pulmonary tuberculosis
Sphagnum, Bryum polytrichum	Used as food
All bryophytes	From major role in soil formation through succession & help in soil conservation

Question 8.
List down the economic importance of Pteridophytes.
Answer:

Pteridophyte	Uses
Rumohra adiantiformis(leather leaf fem)	Cut flower arrangements
Marsilea	Food
Azolla	Biofertilizer
Dryopteris filix-mas	Treatment for tapeworm.
Pteris vittata	Removal of heavy metals from soils-(Bioremediation)
Pteridium sp.	Leaves yield a green dye
Equisetum sp.	Stems for scouring
Psilotum, Lycopodium, Selaginella, Angiopteris, Marattia	Ornamental plants

Question 9.
Name the three classes of Bryophytes, according to Proskauer.
Answer:
Three Classes of Bryophytes, According to Proskauer:

1. Hepaticopsida
2. Anthocerotopsida and
3. Bryopsida.

Question 10.
List down the salient features of Angiosperm.
Answer:

• Vascular system – Xylem and Phloem well developed
• Flowers are produced (instead of cones)
• Ovules (embryosac and seeds) – remain enclosed in ovary/fruit Pollen tube -Help in fertilization water no necessary
• Double fertilization & triple fusion present is one of the unique features.

Question 11.
Differentiate between Dicotyledons & Monocotyledons.
Answer:

5 Marks

Question 1.
Classify Algae on the basis of their habitats.
Answer:

S.no	Habitat	Name of Algae
1.	Aquatic / Marine	Gracilaria & Sargassum
2.	Freshwater	Oedogonium & ulothrix
3.	Soil	Fritschella & Vaucheria
4.	Endozoic life in (Hydra & sponges)	Chlorella
5.	Epizoic (on the shells of mollusks)	Cladophora crispata
6.	Salt pans – (Halophytic algae)	Dunaliella salina
7.	Growing in snow converted mountains – (Cryophytic)	Chlamydomonas nivulis (give red colour to snow / red Snow)
8.	Epiphytic on the surface of aquatic plants	Coleochaete, Rhodymenia

Question 2.
Give an account of General Characteristics of Algae?
Answer:
Criteria I

Thallus Organization	Unicellular motile – Chlamydomonas
	Unicellular non-motile – Chlorella
	Colonial motile – Volvox
	Colonial non-motile – Hydrodictyon
	Siphonous – Vaucheria
	Filamentous (unbranched)- Spirogyra
	Filamentous (branched) – Cladophora
	Discoid – Coleochaete
	Heterotrichous – Frlschiella Sc macrocyslis
	Foliaceous – Ulva
	Giant kelps – Laminaria, Macrocystis

Criteria II

Eukaryotic Cell wall	Almost all except Blue-green alga (prokaryotic)
Cellulose & Hemicelluloses	Most algae
Siliceous walls	Diatoms
Cell wall-encrusted with Calcium Carbonate	Chara thallus
Algin, Polysulphate	(Agar Agar)
Ester of Polysaccharide Carrageenin	Gracillaria Chondrus crispus Gellidella

Criteria III

Pigmentation Reserve food material & flagellation	A lot of difference exists
Reproduction	Vegetative Asexual & sexual
Vegetative reproduction	Fission, fragmentation budding, bulbils, akinetes, tubers etc
Asexual reproduction	Zoo spores- ulolhrix Aplano spores- Vaucheria Auto spores- Chlorella Hypno spores – Chlamydomonas nivalis Tetra spores etc polysiphonia
Sexual reproduction	Isogamy – ulothrix Anisogamy- Pandorina Oogamy- Sargassum

Question 3.
Give an account of Phaeophyceae.
Answer:

Question 4.
Give an account of Rhodophyceae (red algae) criteria.
Answer:

Question 5.
Economic importance of Algae.
Answer:

Question 6.
General characteristic features of Bryophytes.
Answer:

Question 7.
Write down differences between Gymnosperm & Angiosperm.
Answer:

Gymnosperms	Angiosperms
Vessels are absent [except Gnetales]	Vessels are present
Phloem lacks companion cells	Companion cells are present
Ovules are naked	Ovules are enclosed within the ovary
Wind pollination only	Insects, wind, water, animals etc., act as pollinating agents
Double fertilization is absent	Double fertilization is present
The endosperm is haploid (Pre-Fertilisation)	The endosperm is triploid (Post-Fertilisation)
Fruit formation is absent	Fruit formation is present
Flowers absent	Flowers present

Question 8.
Write down the Economic Importance of Gymnosperm.
Answer:

Plants	Products	Uses
1. Cycas circinalis, Cycas revolute	Sago	Starch used as a food
2. Pinus gerardiana	Roasted seed	Used as food
3. Abies balsamea	Resin (Canada balsam)	Used as a mounting medium in permanent slide preparation
4. Pinus insularis, Pinus roxburghii	Rosin and Tupertine	Paper sizing and varnishes
5. Araucaria (monkey’s puzzle), Picea and Phyllocladus	Tannins	Bark yield tannins and is used in leather industries
6. Taxus brevifolia	Taxol	Drug used for cancer treatment
7. Ephedra gerardiana	Ephedrine	For the treatment of asthma, bronchititis
8. Pinus roxburghii,	Oleo resin	Used to make soap, varnishes, and printing ink
9. Pinus roxburghii, Picea smithiana	Wood pulp	Used to make papers
10. Cedrus deodara	Wood	Used to make doors, boats, and railway sleepers
11. Cedrus atlantica	Oil	Used in perfumery
12. Thuja, Cupressus, Araucaria, & Cryptomeria	Decorative	Ornamental plants

Question 9.
Give an account of Fossil plants.
Answer: