Samacheer Kalvi 11th Bio Botany Guide Chapter 6 Cell The Unit of Life

Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus Samacheer Kalvi 11th Bio Botany Guide Pdf Chapter 6 Cell The Unit of Life Text Book Back Questions and Answers, Notes.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 11th Bio Botany Solutions Chapter 6 Cell The Unit of Life

11th Bio Botany Guide Cell The Unit of Life Text Book Back Questions and Answers

Choose The Right Answers:

Question 1.
The two subunits of ribosomes remain united at a critical level of
a) Magnesium
b) Calcium
c) Sodium
d) Ferrous
Answer:
a) Magnesium

Question 2.
Sequence of which of the following is used to know the phylogeny
a) mRNA
b) rRNA
c) tRNA
d) HnRNA
Answer:
d) HnRNA

Question 3.
Many cells function properly and divide mitotically even they do not have
a) Plasma membrane
b) Cyto skeleton
c) Mitochondria
d) Plastids
Answer:
d) Plastids

Question 4.
Keeping in view the Fluid mosaic model for the structure of cell membrane which one of the following statements is correct with respect to the movement of lipids & Proteins from one lipid mono layer to the other
a) Neither lipid nor protein can flip flop
b) Both lipid and protein can flip flop
c) While lipid can rarely flip flop proteins cannot
d) While proteins can flip flop but lipids cannot ,
Answer:
c) While lipids can rarely flip-flop proteins cannot

Question 5.
Match the columns and identify the correct option:
Answer:

Column I	Column II
a. Thylakoids	Disc shaped sacs in Golgi apparatus
b. Cristae	Condensed structure of DNA
c. Cistemae	Flat membrane sacs in stroma
d. Chromatin	In folding in Mitochondria

(a) (b) (c) (d)
(1) (iii) (iv) (ii) (i)
(2) (iv) (iii) (i) (ii)
(3) (iii) (iv) (j) (ii)
(4) (iii) (i) (iv) (ii)
Answer:
(3) (iii) (iv) (i) (ii)

Question 6.
Bring out the significance of Phase Contrast Microscope
Answer:
Phase-contrast microscope is used to observe living cells, tissues and the cells cultured invitro during mitosis.

Question 7.
State the Protoplasm theory
Answer:

• Fischer in 1894 & Hardy ( 1899 ) Proposed the Colloidal theory of Protoplasm (the physical basis of life)
• It is a colloidal system with water, many biological import things, glucose, fatty acids, amino acids minerals, vitamins hormones & enzymes are seen.
• Homogenous -These solutes are soluble
• Heterogenous – Solutes are not soluble – This Forms the basis for its colloidal nature.
• Protoplasm occur in 2 states but interconvertible

Question 8.
Distinguish between Prokaryotes & Eukaryotes.
Answer:

	Prokaryotes	Eukaryotes
Size of cell	1-5 cm	10 -100 cm True Nucleus
Nuclear character	Nucleoid or incipient nucleus only (No nuclear membrane or Nucleolus	Nucleolus & Nuclear membrane present
DNA	Usually Circular without histone protein	Usually linear with histone proteins
RNA/ Protein synthesis	Couples in Cytoplasm	RNA Synthesis inside Nucleus / Protein synthesis in the cytoplasm)
Ribosomes	50 s +30 s (70s)	60s + 40s ( 80s)
Organelles	Absent	Numerous
Cell Movement	Flagella	Flagella & Celia
Organisation	Usually unicellular	Single, Colonial and multicellular
Cell division	Binary Fission	Mitosis & Meiosis
Example	Bacteria & Archae Bacteria	Fungi, Plants, and Animals

Question 9.
Difference between plant and animal cell:
Answer:

Plant Cell	Animal Cell
1.Usually they are large than animal cell	Usually smaller than plant cell
2. Cell wall present in addition to plasma membrane and consists of middle lamellae. Primary and secondary walls	Cell wall absent
3. Plasmaodesmata present	Plasmodesmata absent
4. Chloroplast present	Chloroplast absent
5. Centrioles absent except motile cells of lower plants	Vacuole small and temporary
6. Vacuole larger and pennanent	Tonoplast absent
7. Tonoplast present around vacuole	Centrioles present
8. Nucleus present along the periphery of the cell	Nucleus at the centre of the cell
9. Lysosomes are rare	Lysosomes present

Question 10.
Draw the ultrastructure of a plant cell:
Answer:

Part-A

Choose The Right Answer:

Question 1.
Scientist who named the unicellular particles as ‘animalcules’ …………… .
(a) Aristotle
(b) Robert Brown
(c) Antonie von Leeuwenhoek
(d) Robert Hooke
Answer:
(c) Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

Question 2.
Compound microscope was invented by
a) Robert brown
b) Z. Sigmody
c) Z. Jansen
d) Zenike
Answer:
C) Z. Jansen

Question 3.
Micrometry is a technique of measurement of
a) Microtomy
b) Nanoparticles
c) Microscopic Objects
d) Moving objects
Answer:
c) Microscopic Objects

Question 4.
Which of the following electron opaque chemical is used in Electron microscope?
(a) Strontium
(b) Deuterium
(c) Palladium
(d) Uranium
Answer:
(c) Palladium

Question 5.
Who first observed Protoplasm
a) Corti
b) Felix Dujardin
c) Hugo Van Mohl
d) O. Hertwig
Answer:
a) Corti

Question 6.
Dinoflagellates and Protozoa are kept under
a) MegaKaryotes
b) Prokaryotes
c) Eukaryotes
d) Mesokaryola
Answer:
d) Mesokaryota

Question 7.
Which among the following is NOT an exception to cell theory?
(a) Viruses
(b) Viroids
(c) Prions
(d) Fungi
Answer:
(d) Fungi

Question 8.
Michondria was named by
a) A.kolliker
b) Altmann
c) Benda
d) Purkinje
Answer:
c) Benda

Question 9.
When Thylakoids are stacked together like a pile of coins known as
a) Grana
b) Cistemae
c) Quantosomes
d) Polysomes
Answer:
a) Grana

Question 10.
Dense particulars or granules observed by George Palade is known as
a) Cirtemae
b) Lamella
c) Locules
d) Ribosomes
Answer:
d) Ribosomes

Question 11.
Histone proteins are seen in the DNA of …………… .
(a) Pseudokaryotes
(b) Prokaryotes
(c) Mesokaryotes
(d) Eukaryotes
Answer:
(d) Eukaryotes

Question 12.
These are also known as Microbodies
a) Mitochondrial & Ribosomes
b) Ribosomes & Cistemao
c) Polysomes & Vacuoles
d) Peroxisomes & Glyoxysomes
Answer:
d) Peroxisomes & Glyoxysomes

Question 13.
The organelle made up of nine triplet peripheral fibrils are known as
a) Microbodies
b) Tululin
c) Centrosome
d) Centroles
Answer:
d) Centroles

Question 14.
Fungal cell wall is made of …………… .
(a) Cutin
(b) Chitin
(c) Hemicellulose
(d) Pectin
Answer:
(b) Chitin

Question 15.
‘Annule’ are circular structure seen around
a) Nuclear membrane
b) Nuclear Pore
c) Perinuclear Space
d) Annuli
Answer:
d) Annuli

Question 16.
The Chromosome that occur in the oocyte of Salamander and in Giant nucleus of Acetabularia is known as
a) Polytene Chromosome
b) Lamp brush chromosome
c) Mitochondrial chromosome
d) Chloroplast chromosome
Answer:
b) Lamp brush chromosome

Question 17.
Ordinary microscope can be made into Dark Field Microscope (DFM) by means of a special component is called
a) Patch stop carrier
b) Secondary Magnification lens
c) Stage
d) Phase plate
Answer:
a) Patch stop Carrier

Question 18.
In-plant cells, golgi bodies are found as small vesicles called …………… .
(a) Polysomes
(b) Cytosomes
(c) Cytosol
(d) Dictyosomes
Answer:
(d) Dictyosomes

Question 19.
Cisternae, tubule and Vesicles occur in which of the following:
a) Golgi apparatus
b) Lysosomes
c) Endoplasmic reticulum
d) Glyoxysomes
(i) a & b
(ii) b & c
(iii) c & d
(iv) a & c
Answer:
(iv) a & c

Question 20.
The Golgi apparatus in plant is known as
a) Dictyosomes
b) Glyoxysomes
c) Neo-particles
d) Microvesides
Answer:
a) Dictyosomes

Question 21.
Which of the three, come under the system of the membrane in Eukaryotic cell
a) Mitochondria
b) Nuclear Membrane
c) Golgi apparatus
d) Endoplasmic reticulum
(i) a, b & c
(ii) b, c & d
(iii) a, c & d
(iv) a, b & d
Answer:
(ii) b, c & d

Question 22.
DNA of mitochondrion is …………… .
(a) Helical
(b) Dumbbell
(c) Circular
(d) Spiral
Answer:
(c) Circular

Question 23.
Fluid droplets are engulfed by membrane, which form vesicles around them
a) Phagocytosis
b) Exocytosis
c) Endocytosis
d) Pinocytosis
Answer:
d) Pinocytosis

Question 24.
The 60 s large subunit of Eukaryotes contain
a) 23 s & 5 s – large subunit
b) 16 s r RNA in large subunit
c) 18 s r RNA in large subunit
d) 28 s, 5-8 sand 5 s in large subunit
Answer:
d) 28 s, 5-8 sand 5 s in large subunit

Question 25.
Elaioplasts store …………….
(a) Starch
(b) Lipid
(c) Protein
(d) Chlorophyll
Answer:
(b) Lipid

II. State whether the following statement True or False with reference to the origin of Eukaryotes.

1. A Prokaryote grow in size and develop infoldings in its cell membrane to increase surface area to volume ratio
2. Aerobic protea bacterium enter eukaryote as prey or parasite and become an endosymbiont
3. Proteobacteria eventually assimilated and became mitochondria
4.  Some Prokaryotes go on to acquire additional Exo symbionts the cyanobacteria evolve to become chloroplasts.

Answer:
b) True, True, True, False

Question 2.
Find out the true and false statements from the following and on that basis And the correct answer.
(i) In Prokaryotes the flagellar rotation, only proton movements are involved & not ATP.
(ii) In Eukaryotes to shift the adjacent microtubules to bend cilia or flagella, dynein use energy from ATP
(iii) Bacterial flagella are made up of helical polymers of protein known as Tubulin
(iv) In Eukaryotes the flagella are made up of microtubules and proteins known as dynein and nexin.

Answer:
b) True True False True

Question 3.
With reference to Eukaryotic flagellum Find out the true or false statements from the following and on that basis find the correct answer
(i) Flagellum is shorter than cilia as short as 200 µm
(ii) Flagella are microtubule projection of plasma membrane
(iii) Flagella composed of 8 pairs of microtubules with 2 pairs of microtubules in the center
(iv) Structure of Flagella has Axoneme made up of microtubules & protein tubules

Answer:
c) False True False True

Question 4.
(i) Cytoplasm is the physical basis of life
(ii) Cytoplasm inheritance occurs only through the plasma genes
(iii) Cytoplasm serves as a molecular soup where all the cellular organelles are suspended and bound together by a lipid bilayer plasma membrane
(iv) Cytoplasm is a very bad conductor of electricity.

Answer:
a) False True True False

Question 5.
Find out the true or false statements from the following and on that basis find the correct answer
(i) The contractibility of protoplasm is important for the absorption and removal of water, especially in stomatal operations
(ii) The viscosity of protoplasm is 2-20centipoises
(iii) The protoplasm is made of 10-20% of water
(iv) Brownian movement and Tyndall effect are colloidal properties, so not applicable to protoplasm

Answer:
d) True True False False

II. Choose The Wrong Match

Question 1.
(a) Cytoplith – Hypodermal leaf cells of ficus bengaliensis
(b) Raphides – Eichhomia leaves
(c) Sphaero raphides – Colocasia
(d) Silica – Oryza sativa
Answer:
d) Silica – Oryza sativa

Question 2.
Choose the wrong match with reference to mitochondria
(a) Protein – 73%
(b) Lipids – 25-30%
(c) DNA – 12%
(d) RNA – 5-7%
Answer:
c) DNA-12%

Question 3.
(i) Centrosome give rise to spindle fibers in Animal cell
(ii) Golgibodies play important role in packaging and secretion
(iii) Endoplasmic reticulum-SER is involved in protein synthesis
(iv) Vacuoles facilitate the transport of ions and materials in plant cell
Answer:
(iii) Endoplasmic reticulum SER is involved in protein synthesis

Question 4.
(i) The magnification of SEM & its resolving power is – 200000 &5-20nm
(ii) The magnification &resolution power of temis – 1 – 300000&2-10A
(iii) The magnification power of TEM is – 100000 then the light microscope
(iv) The magnification power of phase-contrast – 3 – 40000 & 8-10A microscope &its resolution power
Answer:
(iv) The magnification power contrast is microscope & its resolution power – 3-400000 & 8-10A

IV. Choose The Right Match From The Following

Question 1.
(i) Size of mycoplasma – 0.15-0.03 µm
(ii) Size of BGA – 60mm
(iii) Size of RBC – 0.25-0.06 µm
(iv) Size of chick egg – 7-811mm
Answer:
(i) Size of mycoplasma – 0.15-0.03µm

Question 2.
Choose the right match:
(i) Volutin granules occurin -Bacteria
(ii) Ttannin – Cassia auriculata
(iii) Calcium carbonate – Mimosa pudica
(iv) Heavy metals – Erchhornia
Answer:
(i) Volutin granules- Bacteria

Question 3.
Choose the right match:
(i) Cell theory – Cortix
(ii) Protoplasm theory – Max Schultze
(iii) Chromosomes physical carriers of genes – Strasburger
(iv) Endoplasmic reticulum word coined by – Benda
Answer:
(ii) Protoplasm theory – Max Schultze

V. Match The Following And Find The Correct Answer:

Question 1.
(i) Harry Beevers – (A) identified Lysosomes a Peroxisomes
(ii) Christian Do Duve – (B) Discovered Glycoxysome c
(iii) A-F-U- Schimper – (C) Coined the word Chromosome
(iv) Waldeyer – (D) Coined the word Plastids

Answer:
a) B A D C

Question 2.
(i) When the small pieces of golgibody pinches off from its tubules to form – A. Chioroplast
(ii) Fernandez moran particles occur in – B. Golgi apparatus
(iii) Zymogen granules occur in – C. Lysosome
(iv) Quantosomes are present in – D. Mitochondria

Answer:
b) C D B A

Question 1.
ASSERTION (A): A cell membrane shows fluid behavior
REASON (R): A membrane is- a mosaic or composite of diverse lipids and proteins
a) Assertion and Reason are correct ‘R’ explaining ‘A’
b) A and R-correct ‘R’ not explaining A
c) A is true, but R is wrong
d) A is true but R is not explaining A
Answer:
(a) Assertion A & Reason R are correct R is explaining A

Question 2.
Assertion (A): Chloroplast is an important cell organelle performing photosynthesis in plants
Reason (R): An organelle is a distinct part of a cell which has a particular structure and function.
a) A and R are correct R explaining A
b) A and R correct and R not explaining A
c) A is true, but R is wrong
d) A is true but R is not explaining A
Answer:
b) A and R correct R not explaining A

Question 3.
Assertion (A): The inheritance of Mitochondria is uniparental
Reason (R): Mitochondria of any one of the parenting divide and gets distributed to daughter cells.
a) A and R are correct R explaining A
b) A and R are correct R not explaining A
c) A is true but R is wrong
d) A is true but R is not explaining A
Answer:
(c) A is true but R is wrong

Question 4.
Assertion (A): The objective of optic lenses of a microscope are interchanged, then it can work as a telescope
Reason (R): The objective of the telescope has a small focal length
(a) A and R are correct R explaining A
(b) A and R are correct R not explaining A
(c) A is true but R is wrong
(d) A is true but R is not explaining A
Answer:
(d) A is true but R is not explaining A

Question 5.
Assertion (A): A polytene achieved by repeated replication of chromosomal DNA without nuclear division. The daughter chromatids aligned side by side called Endomitosis
Reason (R): Polytenes is observed in the salivary glands of Drosophila by C.G.Balbiani. 1881.
a) A and R are correct R explaining A
b) A and R are correct R not explaining A
c) A is true but R is wrong
d) A is true but R is not explaining A
Answer:
(b) A and R correct R not explaining A

Two Marks Questions

Question 1.
Name the scientist who proposed the cell theory.
Answer:
Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann.

Question 2.
ER- can be referred to as the endoskeleton of the cell. Justify.
Answer:

• Yes. It connects plasma membrane & nuclear membrane, giving support to the Cytosol so we can call it the endoskeleton of the cell.
• It also helps in the exchange of substances in and out of the cell.

Question 3.
Why do we say that viruses are an exception to its cell theory?
Answer:
Viruses lack protoplasm, the essential parts of the cell, and are existing as obligate parasites (i.e)(subcellular particles).

Question 4.
Who said that different kinds of plastids can transform into one another?
Answer:

A-F-U Schimper said that the 3 different kinds of plastids can transform into one another according to the need or demand of the plant body.

Question 5.
In a Bright field microscope, where does the primary & secondary magnification occurs?
Answer:
Primary magnification is obtained through, objective lens, and secondary magnification is obtained through an eye piece lens.

Question 6.
State the functions of chloroplast
Answer:

• They are organs of Photosynthesis.
• Light reactions & dark reactions take place in the granum & stroma respectively.
• Chloroplast also play important role in the Photorespiration or C₂ cycle.

Question 7.
Distinguish between 70’s & 80’s Ribosomes.
Answer:

Question 8.
Name the types of cells based on nuclear characteristics.
Answer:
The types of cells based on nuclear characteristics:

1. Prokaryotes
2. Mesokaryotes and
3. Eukaryotes.

Question 9.
Distinguish between glyoxysomes, peroxysomes & sphaerosomes
Answer:

GLYOXYSOMES	PEROXYSOMES	SPHAEROSOMES
Single membrane-bound &sub cellular organelle	Single membrane-bound & subcellular organelle	Single membrane-bound & subcellular organelle
Contain enzymes of the glyoxylate pathway	Contain enzymes and play important role in C2 cycle or Photorespiration	They play important role in the storage of fats in the endoplasm cells of oilseeds
Beta oxidation of fatty acids occurs in the glyoxysomes of germinating seeds
Eg. Castor seeds	Eg. Occur in all green plants	Eg. Coconut Castor seeds

Question 10.
Distinguish between Resolution & Magnification:
Answer:

RESOLUTION	MAGNIFICATION
Ability of lenses to show the finest details between two points form Resolution R	It is the size of the image seen with eye, magnified by the microscope
Formula = \(R=\frac{0.61 \lambda}{(\mathrm{NA})}\) where,λ -wavelength of light NA-numerical aperture	Formula = Size of image seen with microscope Size of image seen with normal eyes

Question 11.
Differentiate 4 points of differences between Prokaryotes & Mesokaryotes
Answer:

PROKARYOTES	MESOKARYOTES
Nucleoid no true nucleus	Nucleus with nuclear membrane
1-5µm	5- 10µm
DNA usually circular without	DNA linear but without
histone proteins	histone proteins
Ribosomes 50S+30S	60S+40S
Organelles absent	Organelles present
Eg. bacteria & archaea	Eg. Dinoflagellate, Protozoa

Question 12.
Write down any 4 functions of cell wall
Answer:

NAME OF THE CELL WALL	FUNCTIONS OF THE CELL WALL
SHAPE	It offers definite Shape and Rigidity
BARRIER	It prevents the entry of several molecules into the cell
PROTECTION	Protects internal protoplasm against mechanical injury
Prevents cell from bursting	lit maintains osmotic pressure and prevent cell from bursting
DEFENSIVE DEVICE	It plays a major role by acting as a defensive device

Question 13.
Differentiate between TEM and SEM:
Answer:

TEM	SEM
It has a high resolving power	Resolving power Comparatively lower
Most commonly used	Occasionally used depending on the study
2-dimensional image is provided	3D image is provided
Magnification 1-3 lakhs times	Magnification 2 lakhs times
Resolving power 2-10A°	Resolving power 5-20 nm

Question 14.
Explain signal transduction:
Answer:
DEFINITION:

• It is a process by which a cell receives information from outside and respond to it is called signal transduction
• Nitric oxide → is the main signally molecule
• Cell membrane → site of chemical interaction of signal transduction

Question 15.
Draw the structure of the Golgi apparatus & label its parts.
Answer:

Question 16.
What is the cell wall composition of the following organism?
(a) Fungi
(b) Bacteria
(c) Algae
Answer:
(a) Fungi – Chitin and fungal cellulose.
(b) Bacteria – Peptidoglycan
(c) Algae – Cellulose, mannan and galactan.

Question 17.
What is meant by Holocentric chromosomes?
Answer:
If a chromosome has centromere activity distributed along the whole surface of the chromosome during mitosis (i.e) microtubules distributed all along the mitotic chromosome.
Eg. Caenorhabditis Elegans (transparent nematode) & many insects.

Question 18.
Differentiate between point centromere & Regional centromere.
Answer:

POINT CENTROMERE	REGION AL CENTROMERE
The kinetochore is assembled as a result of protein recognition of specific DNA sequences Kinetochores assembled on point centromere bind a single microtubule localized, Centromere Eg. Budding Yeasts	The kinetochore is assembled on a variable array of repeated DNA sequences Kinetochore assembled on regional centromeres, bind multiple microtubules Eg. Fission yeast cells, Human cells

Question 19.
Draw the structure of the polytene chromosome:
Answer:

Question 20.
Draw the structure of the lysosome.
Answer:

Three Mark Questions

Question 1.
Distinguish between autosomes & allosomes.
Answer:

AUTOSOMES	ALLOSOMES
In human diploid cells out of 46, only 44 chromosomes are Autosomes	Only 2 chromosomes are Allosomes or Sex chromosomes
They are controlling somatic characteristics of an organism	They are involved in Sex determination

Question 2.
Explain lampbrush chromosomes:
Answer:

• In 1882- observed by Flemming in Oocytes of animal Salamander &Giant nucleus of unicellular Algae Acetabularia
• The highly condensed chromosomes form a chromosomal axis, from which lateral loops of DNA formed as a result of intense RNA synthesis

Question 3.
Define cytoplasmic streaming.
Answer:
Cytoplasmic streaming refers to the movement of the cytoplasm along with the cellular materials inside the cell.

Question 4.
Draw the structure of the Eukaryotic flagellum.
Answer:

Question 5.
List out the functions of the Cell Wall.
Answer:
The cell wall plays a vital role in holding several important functions given below.

1. Offers definite shape and rigidity to the cell.
2. Serves as barrier for several molecules to enter the cells.
3. Provides protection to the internal protoplasm against mechanical injury.
4. Prevents the bursting of cells by maintaining the osmotic pressure.
5. Plays a major role by acting as a mechanism of defense for the cells.

Question 6.
Explain in detail about Fluid mosaic model.
Answer:
Jonathan Singer and Garth Nicolson (1972) proposed fluid model: It is made up of lipids and proteins together with a little amount of carbohydrate. The lipid membrane is made up of phospholipid. The phospholipid molecule has a hydrophobic tail and hydrophilic head. The hydrophobic tail repels water and water-loving polar molecule are called hydrophilic molecule. They have polar phosphate group responsible for attracting water. Water-hating non – polar molecule are called as a hydrophobic molecules. They have fatty acid which is non – polar which cannot attract water.

Hydrophilic head attracts water. The proteins of the membrane are globular proteins which are found intermingled between the lipid bilayer most of which are projecting beyond the lipid bilayer. These proteins are called as integral proteins. Few are superficially attached on either surface of the lipid bilayer which are called as peripheral proteins. The proteins are involved in the transport of molecules across the membranes and also act as enzymes, receptors or antigens.

Question 7.
Draw the structure of the chromosome & neatly label the parts:
Answer:

Question 8.
Based on the position of centromere classify the chromosomes with the help of diagrams.
Answer:

Eukaryotic chromosomes may be rod-shaped telo & acrocentric as well as meta & sub-meta-centric.

Question 9.
List out the functions of Golgi bodies.
Answer:
Functions of Golgi bodies:

1. Glycoproteins and glycolipids are produced.
2. Transporting and storing lipids.
3. Formation of lysosomes.
4. Production of digestive enzymes.
5. Cell plate and cell wall formation
6. Secretion of carbohydrates for the formation of plant cell walls and insect cuticles.
7. Zymogen granules (proenzyme / pre-cursor of all enzymes) are synthesized.

Question 10.
Explain the structure of Cilia.
Answer:

• Short cellular-numerous microtubule bound projections of plasma membrane.
• Each Cilium has membrane-bound structures, basal body,rootlets, basal plate shaft
• Shaft (axoneme) consists of nine pairs of microtubule doublets, arranged in a
• circle along the periphery with a two central tubules (9+2) arrangement of microtubules is present.
• Microtubules – made up of tubulin.
• Motor protein dynein – connects the outer microtubules pair & links them to the central pair.
• Nexin – links the peripheral doublets of microtubules.

Question 11.
Write in detail about the 3 types of centromere in eukaryotes.
Answer:
There are three types of centromere in Eukaryotes. They are as follows:

1. Point Centromere: The type of centromere in which the kinetochore is assembled as a result of protein recognition of specific DNA sequences. Kinetochores assembled on point centromere bind a single microtubule. It is also called a localized centromere. It occurs in budding yeasts.
2. Regional Centromere: In regional centromere where the kinetochore is assembled on a variable array of repeated DNA sequences. Kinetochore assembled on regional centromeres bind multiple microtubules. It occurs in fission yeast cell, humans and so on.
3. Holocentromere: The microtubules bind all along the mitotic chromosome. Example: Caenorhabditis Elegans (transparent nematode) and many insects.

Question 12.
Distinguish between primary wall & secondary wall of the plant cell wall.
Answer:

PRIMARY WALL	SECONDARY WALL
First formed	Formed later
Thin elastic, extensible	Thick inelastic
Matrix made up of Hemi cellulose-bind micro, fibrils with matrix Pectinase- filling material, Glycoprotein-control orientation of microfibrils Water	Here cellulose & pectin compactly arranged with different orients giving a laminated structure to give strength to the cell wall.
Only one layer	Has three sub-layers s1,s2,s3.
Does not determine shape of cell	Determine shape of cell

Question 13.
Describe the steps involved in cytological techniques.
Answer:
There are different types of mounting based on the portion of a specimen to be observed.

1. Whole-mount: The whole organism or smaller structure is mounted over a slide and observed.
2. Squash: This is a preparation where the material to be observed is crushed/squashed onto a slide so as to reveal its contents. Example: Pollen grains, mitosis, and meiosis in root tips and flower buds to observe chromosomes.
3. Smears: Here the specimen is in the fluid (blood and microbial cultures etc) are scraped, brushed, or aspirated from the surface of the organ. Example: Epithelial cells.
4. Sections: Freehand sections from a specimen and thin sections are selected, stained, and mounted on a slide. Example: Leaf and stem of plants.

Question 14.
List out any 3 stains used in histo- chemistry.
Answer:

S.No	Stain	Colour of staining	Affinity
1.	Eosin	Pink or red	Cytoplasm, Cellulose
2.	Methylene blue	Blue	Nucleus
3.	Saffranine	Red	Cell wall(lignin)
4.	Janus green	Greenish blue	Mitochondria

Question 15.
Identify the diagram and label the parts.

Answer:
This is a dark field microscope
A-objective lens
B-stage
C-condenser lens
D- patch stop
E-light source

Five Mark Questions

Question 1.
Differentiate between BFM & DFM.
Answer:

Question 2.
Differentiate between Light microscope & electron microscope.
Answer:

Light Microscope	Electron Microscope
Another name = compound microscope	1st introduced by Ernest Ruska & developed by   G.Binnin & H. Roher (1981)
Principle	Principle
The transmission of visible light from the source of eye through a sample	It uses a beam of accelerated electrons as source of illumination.
Resolving power – Lesser	Resolving power – Higher
Magnification – Less	Magnification-1,00,000 times than the light
Purpose – studying in schools & college	Purpose Microscope Research purpose -can be seen in scientific laboratories

Pattern of working: The microscope transmits visible light from eye through sample where interaction occur and magnified image is visible.	The specimen to be viewed under EM should be dehydrated and impregnated with election opaque chemicals like gold, palladium for withstanding electrons & also for contrast.
Types :1 Only one	Types: 2 types TEM, SEM

Question 3.
Write down the functions of the cell wall.
Answer:

NAME OF THE CELL WALL	FUNCTIONS OF THE CELL WALL
SHAPE	It gives definite Shape and Rigidity to the ceil
BARRIER	It prevents several molecules from entering the cells
PROTECTION	To the internal protoplasm against mechanical injury
MAINTAIN ANCE	It maintains osmotic pressure So, prevent bursting of cells
DEFENCE	They are acting as a source of defense for cells

Question 4.
Write down the functions of the Plasma Membrane or cell membrane.
Answer:

• Cell transport is the main function
• PM act as a channel of transport for molecules
• PM is selectively permeable to molecules

It transported by

1. Energy-dependent processes,
2. Energy independent processes Membrane proteins involved processes
3. Endocytosis & Exocytosis large quantity of solids and liquids are transported into a cell or out of cells.

I. Endocytosis 2 types
a) Phagocytosis particle is engulfed by membrance which fold around it forming vesicles, enzymes digest and products are absorbed.

b) Pinocytosis Fluid droplets are engulfed by forming vesicles.
II. Exocytosis -Vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane and eject contents.
-This may be a secretion in the case of digestive enzymes hormones or mucus.

Question 5.
Explain the fluid mosaic model of plasma membrane.
Answer:

• Jonathan Singer & Garth Nicolson (1972) proposed FM model.
• Plasma membrane made up of lipid (phospholipid), protein & little carbohydrate.

I. Phospholipid: Molecule has a hydrophobic tail(repel water) & hydrophilic head (water-loving)
II. Protein of membrane

• Globular in nature intermingles between lipid bipolar most perfect beyond Jt known
  as (integral proteins)

Few are superficially attached on either surface of lipid bilayer (peripheral proteins)

• They are involved in transport of molecules across the membrane
• They acts as enzymes
• They acts as receptors or antigens.

III Carbohydrate

• They are short chain of polysaccharides.
  (i.e) With protein glycoprotein With lipid glycolipids, glycocalyx

Flip Flapping:

• The movement of membrane lipids from one side of the membrane to the other side by vertical movement called flip-flap movement.

Answer:
A- hydrolipid tail,
B-hydrophilic head,} lipid
C-intrisic protein
D-extrinsic protein
This movement is very slow than lateral diffusion of lipid molecules.

• Phospholipids can flip flop due to smaller polar regions.
• Proteins cannot do so because of extensive polar regions.

Question 6.
Give an account of the structure and function of mitochondria.
Answer:

• 1st observed by A. Kolliker (1880)
• Altmann(1894) – named it as Bio-plasts
• Benda (1897) – named as Mitochondria

Structure

• Ovoid, rod-shaped, pleomorphic structures
• Double membrane
• Outer membrane smooth, & permeable- contain porins

2 compartments
1. outer chamber between 2 membranes
2. Inner chamber filled with matrix

Cristae – Infoldings of inner membrane:

• It contain enzymes for ETS(Electron Transport System)
• Inner membrane has FI particles or exosomes
• Each FI particle has a base, a stem & a rounded head
• Head has ATP synthetase to do oxidative phosphorylation content.
  • 73% protein
  • 25-30% lipids
  • 5-7% RNA, DNA & enzymes(about 60 circular DNA &70’s Ribosomes.
• All enzymes of Kreb’s cycle are found in the matrix except succinate dehydrogenase.
• Mitochondria is a semi-autonomous body
• It’s inheritance is uniparental (i.e) maternal
• It is used to track recent evolutionary time because it mutates 5-10 times faster than DNA in the nucleus.

Question 7.
Structure of chloroplast
Answer:

• A vital organ of green plants.
• Double membrane-bound organelle peripheral space in between the membrane
• Inner chloroplast is filled with gelatinous stroma
• Inside the stroma interconnected sacs called Thylakoids
• Inner space of the thylakoid is the thylakoid lumen
• Thylakoids stacked together like piles of coins known as grana.
• Light is absorbed and converted into chemical energy (carbohydrates) in the granum
  
• Chloroplast genome encodes for approximately 30 proteins involved in photosystem I & II – cytochrome, b, f, complex and ATP synthase & also one of the subunits of RUBISCO is enclosed by it.
• RUBISCO- is the major protein component of the stroma single most abundant protein on earth
• The thylakoid contain small, rounded photosynthetic units called Quantosomes
• The chloroplast is semi-autonomous, divided by fission.
  

Question 8.
Give an account of Ribosomes:
Answer:

• 1953 – 1 observed by George Palade
• Dense particles in the EM not membrane-bound

Electron microscope observation
1. Made up of 2 round subunits one large layer & one small unit to form a complete unit
2. Mg++ is required for complete cohesion.
Biogenesis – denova formation, auto replication and nucleolar origin
Function – Sites of protein synthesis.

Content – consists of

• RNA 60%,
• Protein 40%

Polysemes:
In protein synthesizing cells, many ribosomes attached to single m RNA – to form polysomes’ main role in the formation of several copies of particular.

Question 9.
Differentiate between chromoplast & leucoplast
Answer:

Chromoplast		Leucoplast
Nature	Coloured	Colourless
Types & occurence	Chloroplast: occur in green algae& higher plants. Pigment chlorophyll a & b Phaeoplast: occur in brown algae & dinoflagelletes Pigment-fucoanthin Rhodoplast: Occur in red algae Stores protein Pigment phycoerythrin	Amyloplast Stores starch occur in storage parts Eg. Tapioca rootElaioplast Stores- lipids Eg. Groundnut seeds Aleuroplast or proteoplast Eg. Moon dhal

Question 10.
State any 3 functions of Lysosomes
Answer:
polypeptide Intracellular digestion:
They digest carbohydrates, proteins & lipids present in the cytoplasm

Autophagy:
During the adverse condition, they digest their own organelles like mitochondria ER

Auto lysis:
Causes self-destruction of cell on the insight of disease

Aging:
Have autolytic enzymes that disrupts intracellular molecules.

Question 11.
Explain the structure of Centrioles
Answer:

• Central hub, surrounded by nine triplet peripheral fibrils (tubulin) connected to the tubules by radial spokes (9 + 0) pattern Cilia or Flagella Spindle fibres
• Centriole is the basal body of Flagella, Lilia or, Spindle fibers.
• It is a nonmembranous organelle

Question 12.
Differentiate between other inclusions of cells in Prokaryotes & Eukaryotes.
Answer:

	Prokaryotes	Eukaryotes
Reserse material	Phosphate granules & Cyanophycean granules	Starch grains Glycogen granules
Organic materials	Poly (3 hydroxyl granules sulphur granules, carboxysomes &Gas vacuoles	Aleurone grains, flat droplets
Other secretions	…………………………….	Essential oil, resins, gums, latex and tannin
Inorganic inclusions	metachromatic granules- such as polyphosphate granules (volutin granules) & sulfur granules	Calcium carbonate crystals, Calcium oxalate crystals, Silica crystals Eg.cystolith- hypodermal cells of Ficus bengalensis (calcium carbonate)
		Raphides- Eichhornia (calcium oxalate)
		Prismatic crystals – dry scales ofAlliumcepa (calcium oxalate)

Question 13.
Explain the structure of the Nucleus.

• It is important CPU of the cell, the largest part of it
• Control all activities of cell
• Hold the hereditary information

Nuclear envelope Nuclear space (nucleoplasm)

I Membrane:
Double membrane Nuclear envelope
a) Outer membrane

• Rough by the presence of ribosomes and with irregular intervals continues with ER
• It has nuclear pores that allow m RNA, ribosomal units, proteins & other macromolecules to pass in & out
• Nuclear pore enclosed by circular structure – annuli

b) Inner membrane:
Smooth without ribosomes in between the two membranes perinuclear space is present

II. Nucleoplasm:
A gelatinous matrix has 2 parts

• Nucleoli &
• Chromatin reticulum

a) Nucleoli:

• Small dense spherical structure occur in singly or in multiples.
• It possesses genes for r RNA &, tRNA

b) Chromatin network

• Uncoiled, indistinct , thread like structure(inter phase)
• Has little amount of RNA, DNA bound to histone proteins in Eukaryotes
• At the time of cell division – It get condensed to form Chromosome

Euchromatin With -2 parts
1. Euchromatin
2.Heterochromatin

• The portion that get transcribed into rn RNA – active genes that are not tightly condensed & stains lightly.
• Heterochromatin
• The portion of chromatin that does not get transcribed into m RNA – remain tightly condensed & stains intensively.

Question 14.
Explain the structure of Endoplasmic reticulum
Answer:

• The largest internal membrane (ER)
• Name given by K.R.Porter(1948)
  Consists of Vesicles &Tubules, Cisternae

Cisternae:

• Long broad, flat sac-like structures arranged in stacks to form lamella.
• In between membrane is filled with fluid

Vesicles:
Oval membrane-bound vascular structure

Tubules:
Irregular shaped, branched, smooth-walled structure enclosing a space

Function:

• It is associated with nuclear membrane and cell surface membrane
• When ribosomes present on ER- it is known as (RER) Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
• When ribosomes absent on ER- it is known as Smooth Endoplasmic Retiöulum(SER).