TN State Board 12th Computer Applications Important Questions Chapter 5 PHP Function and Array

Question 1.
Define function calling.
Answer:
A function declaration part will be executed by a call to the function. Programmer has to create function calling part inside respective program.

Question 2.
Define Arguments.
Answer:
The Arguments are mentioned after the function name and inside of the parenthesis. There is no limit for sending arguments, just separate them with a comma notation.

Question 3.
Write the associative array syntax.
Answer:
Syntax:
array (keyl =s> value1. key2 => value2, keyn => value n, etc); where,
key – specifies the numeric or string type of key. value – specifies the value.

Samacheer Kalvi TN State Board 12th Computer Applications Important Questions Chapter 5 PHP Function and Array

Question 4.
What is needed to be able to use image function?
Answer:
GD library is needed to execute image function.

Question 5.
How to create an empty array in PHP?
Answer:
It is very easy to create an array in PHP. We can create an array in PHP using array 0 function or simply assigning [ ] in front of variable.
Eg: $array = [ ]

Question 6.
How to get number of elements in an array?
Answer:
Use count 0 function to count the number of elements in an PHP array.
Eg:
$array = [‘ram’, ‘ravi’, ‘rani’, ‘raja’]-; echo count (Sarray);
Output: 4

Samacheer Kalvi TN State Board 12th Computer Applications Important Questions Chapter 5 PHP Function and Array

Question 7.
Write a simple program in PHP to define a function.
Answer:
// Define a function
function add_numbers( ).
{
echo 1+2; .
}
add_numbers( );
?> .
Output: 3

Question 8.
What is the default of array?
Answer:
Any new array is always initialized with a default value as follows.

  1. For byte, short, int, long – default value is zero (0)
  2. For float, double – default value is 0.0
  3. For Boolean – default value is false
  4. For object – default value is null.

Samacheer Kalvi TN State Board 12th Computer Applications Important Questions Chapter 5 PHP Function and Array

Question 9.
Can we declare array size as a negative number?
Answer:
No, we cannot declare the negative integer as an array-size.
If we declare, there will be no compile time error.
However, we will get negative array size exception at run time.

Question 10.
What will be output of the following PHP code?
Answer:
<? php
function calc ($price, Stax = ” “)
{
Stotal = Sprice + (Sprice * Stax); echo “Stotal”;
)
calc (42);
?> .
Output: 42

Question 11.
Write a PHP program to valid an email address.
Answer:
<? php
function valid_email ($email)
{
Sresult = trim ($email); .
if (filter_var ($ result, FILTER_VALIDATE_EMAIL) ) {
return “true”;
}
else .
{
echo “false”;
} .
• }
‘ ?>

Samacheer Kalvi TN State Board 12th Computer Applications Important Questions Chapter 5 PHP Function and Array

Question 12.
What are the features of PHP functions?
Answer:

  1. PHP functions are reducing duplication of code.
  2. PHP functions are decomposing complex problems into simpler pieces.
  3. PHP functions are improving clarity of the code.
  4. PHP functions are reuse of code.
  5. PHP functions and Information hiding.
  6. PHP arrays are using for each looping concepts.

Question 13.
Write a PHP functions with one a argument program.
Answer:
<?php
function School_Name($sname)
{
echo $sname.”in Tamilnadu.<br>”;
}
School_Name (“Government Higher Madurai”);
School_Name (“Government Higher Trichy”);
School_Name .(“Government Higher Chennai”);
School_Name (“Government Higher Kanchipuram”);
School_Name (“Government Higher Tirunelveli”);
?>

Question 14.
Write a PHP function with two arguments program.
Answer:
<?php .
function School_Name (Ssname,$Strength) {
echo Ssname.”in Tamilnadu and Student Strength is” .$Strength;
}
School_Name (“Government Higher Secondary School Madurai”,200);
School_Name (“Government Higher Secondary School Trichy”,300);
School_Name (“Government Higher Secondary School Chennai”,250);
School_Name (“Government Higher Secondary School Kanchipuram”,100);
School_Name (“Government Higher Secondary School . Tirunelveli”,200);
?>

Samacheer Kalvi TN State Board 12th Computer Applications Important Questions Chapter 5 PHP Function and Array

Question 15.
Write a PHP function program to return a value, use the return statement.
Answer:
<?php
function sum($x, $y) { ‘
$z – $x + $y;
return } .
echo “5 + $z;
10 = ” . sum(5,10) . “<br>”;
echo “7 + 13 = ” . sum(7,13) . “<br>”;
echo
?> “2 + 4 = ” . sum(2,4);

Samacheer Kalvi TN State Board 12th Computer Applications Important Questions Chapter 5 PHP Function and Array

Question 16.
Define Function in PHP.
Answer:
A block of segment in a program that performs a specific operation tasks (Insert, execute, delete, calculate etc.,). This segment is known as function. A function is a type of sub- routine or procedure in a program.

Question 17.
Define User define Function.
Answer:
Besides the built-in PHP functions, we can create our own functions. A functions is a block of statements that can be used repeatedly in a program is called user define function.

Question 18.
What is parameterized Function.
Answer:
PHP parametrized functions are the functions with parameters or arguments. The parameter is also called as arguments, it is like variable.

Samacheer Kalvi TN State Board 12th Computer Applications Important Questions Chapter 5 PHP Function and Array

Question 19.
List out System defined Functions.
Answer:

  1. A function is already created by system it is a reusable piece or block of ‘ code that performs a specific action.
  2. Function can either return values when called or can simply perform an operation without returning any value.

Question 20.
Write Syntax of the Function in PHP.
Answer:
Syntax:
function functionName ( )
{
custom Logic code to be executed;
}

Question 21.
Define Array in PHP.
Answer:
Array is a concept that stores more than one value of same data type (homogeneous) in single array variable.

Samacheer Kalvi TN State Board 12th Computer Applications Important Questions Chapter 5 PHP Function and Array

Question 22.
Usage of Array in PHP.
Answer:

  1. Array in PHP is one of the most useful aspects of using arrays.
  2. PHP is combined with the foreach statement, this allows you to quickly loop through an array with very little code.

Question 23.
List out the types of array in PHP.
Answer:
They are 3 types of array concepts in PHP.

  1. Indexed arrays
  2. Associative array and
  3. Multi – dimensional array.

Question 24.
Define associative array.
Answer:
Associative arrays are a key-value pair data structure. Instead of having storing data in a linear array, with associative arrays we can store our data in a collection and assign it a unique key which we may use for referencing our data.

Samacheer Kalvi TN State Board 12th Computer Applications Important Questions Chapter 5 PHP Function and Array

Question 25.
Write array Syntax in PHP.
Answer:
Array syntax:
$ Array_variable = array(“value1”, “value2”, “value3”);
where,
array – keyword of array ( )
value 1 – value at 0th position,
value 2 – value at 1st position,
value 3 – value at 2nd position.

Question 26.
Write the features System define Functions.
Answer:

  1. A system define function is already created by the system.
  2. It is reusable piece of code that performs specific action.
  3. Functions can either return values when called or can simply perform an operation without returning any value.

Question 27.
Write the purpose of parameterized Function.
Answer:

  1. Required information can be shared between function declaration and function calling part inside the program.
  2. The parameter is also called as arguments, it is like variables.
  3. The arguments are mentioned after the function name and inside of the parenthesis.
  4. There is no limit for sending arguments, just separates them with a common notation.

Samacheer Kalvi TN State Board 12th Computer Applications Important Questions Chapter 5 PHP Function and Array

Question 28.
Differentiate user define and system define Functions.
Answer:

User defined function

 System defined function

Besides the built in PHP functions, we can create our own functions. A function is already created by system.
A function is a block of statement that can be used repeatedly in a program. It is a reusable piece or block of code that performs a specific action.
A function declaration part will be executed by a call to the function Programmer has to create function calling part inside the respective program. Functions can either return values when called or can simply perform an operation without returning any value.

Question 29.
Write Short notes on Array.
Answer:

  1. Arrays in PHP is a type of data structure that allows us to store multiple elements of similar data type under a single variable thereby saving us the effort of creating a different variable for every data.
  2. The arrays are helpful to create a list of elements of similar types,which can be accessed using their index or key.
  3. An array is created using an array ( ) function in PHP. All PHP array elements are assigned to an index number by default.

Samacheer Kalvi TN State Board 12th Computer Applications Important Questions Chapter 5 PHP Function and Array

Question 30.
Differentiate Associate array and Multidimensional array.
Answer:

Associate array

 Multidimensional array

Associative arrays are a key – value pair data structure.  A multidimensional array is an array containing one or more arrays.
Instead of having storing data in a linear array, with associative arrays you can store your data in a collection and assign it a unique key which you may use for referencing your data.  PHP understands multidimensional arrays that are two, three, four, five or more levels deep.
Associative arrays are arrays that use named keys that you assign to them.  However, arrays more than three levels deep are hard to manage for most people.

Question 31.
Explain Function concepts in PHP.
Answer:

  1. A function is a type of subroutine or procedure in a program.
  2. In most of the programming language, a block of segment in a program that perform a specific operation tasks (Insert, execute, delete, calculate etc.,) This segment is also known as function.
  3. A function will be executed by a call to the function and the function returns any data type values or NULL value to called function in the part of respective program.
  4. The function can be divided into three types as user defined function, pre – defined and parameterized function.
  5. User defined functions in PHP gives a privilege to user to write own specific operation inside of existing program module.
  6. PHP has over 700 functions built in that perform different tasks.
  7. Built in functions are functions that exist in PHP installation package.

Samacheer Kalvi TN State Board 12th Computer Applications Important Questions Chapter 5 PHP Function and Array

Question 32.
Discuss in detail about User define Functions.
Answer:
(i) User defined function in PHP gives a privilege to user to write own specific operation inside of exiting program module.
(ii) A user defined function declaration begins with the keyword function.
(iii) User can write any custom logic inside the block.
(iv) A function declaration part will be executed by a call to the function.
(v) Programmer has to create function calling part inside the respective program.
(vi) The syntax of user defined function is
function fanctionName ( )
{
codes
}

Question 33.
Explain the multidimensional array.
Answer:

  1. A Multidimensional array is an array containing one or more arrays.
  2. PHP understands multidimensional arrays that are two, three, four, five, or more levels deep.
  3. However, arrays more than three levels deep are hard to manage for most people.
  4. The dimension of an array indicates the number of indices you need to select an element.
  5. For a two-dimensional array you need two indices to select an element.
  6. For a three-dimeiisional array you need three indices to select an element.
  7. The advantage of multidimensional array is detailed information can be stored.
  8. On top level, it can either be kept indexed or associative, which makes it more user-friendly, as they can use it as per their requirements.

Samacheer Kalvi TN State Board 12th Computer Applications Important Questions Chapter 5 PHP Function and Array

Question 34.
Explain Array concepts and their types.
Answer:
Array is a concept that stores more than one value of same data type (homogeneous) in single array variable,
There are three types of array concepts in PHP. They are
(i) Indexed arrays
(ii) Associative array and
(iii) Multi-dimensional array.
The syntax of array is
$Array – variable = array (“value1”, “value2”, “value3);
Where,
$Array – variable – Array variable name
array – keyword of array
value 1 – value at 0th position
value 2 – value at 1st position
value 3 – value at 2nd position

(i) Indexed Arrays:
Arrays with numeric index for the available values in array variable which contains key value pair as user / developer can take the values using keys.
Eg:
<?php
Sstudents = array (“YUVA”, “SEENO”, “GUNA”); ,
?>
the $students names are stored the index value of $students(0), $student(1), $student(2) respectively.

(ii) Associative Array:
Associative arrays are a key-value pair data structure. Instead of having storing data in a linear array, with associative arrays you can store your data in a collection and assign it a unique key which you may use referencing your data. .
Eg:
<? php
Smarks = array (“Ram” => “35”, “RAJA” => “30”, “PALAN” => “25”);
?>

(iii) Multidimensional Array:
A multidimensional array is an array containing one or more arrays. PHP understands multidimensional arrays that are two, three, four, five, or more levels deep. However, arrays more than three levels are hard to manage for most people.
Eg:
<?php
$students = array ,
(
array (“$enthilkumar”, 100, 96), array (“Dharani”, 60, 59) , array (“Murugan”, 89, 68)
) ;

Samacheer Kalvi TN State Board 12th Computer Applications Important Questions Chapter 5 PHP Function and Array

Question 35.
Explain Indexed array and Associate array in PHP.
Answer:
Indexed Array:
There are two ways to create indexed arrays.
The index can be assigned automatically (index always starts at 0), like this ($student = array “RAM”, “VELU”, “PALANI”); the index can be assigned as
$student[0] = “RAM”;
Sstudent[1] = “VELU”;
Sstudent[2] = “PALANI”;
In another indexed array is loop through an indexed array, to loop through and print all the value of an indexed array, we could use a for loop.
Eg:
<?php
$cars = array (“VOIVO”, “BMW”,
$arrlength = count (Scars);
for ($x =0; $x < $arrlength; $x++)
{
echo $cars [$x]; echo “<br>”;
}
?>

Associative Arrays:
Associative arrays are arrays that use named keys that we assign to them.
There are two ways to create an associative arrays.
Eg:
Sage = array (“RAM” => “35”);
“VELU” => 40, “PALANI” > = 45);
(or)
Sage [‘RAM’] = “35”;
Sage [‘VELU’] = “40”;
Sage [‘PALANI’] = “45”;
The named key can then be used in a script.
In another way is to loop through and print all the values of an associative array, we could use a‘foreach’loop.
Eg:
<?php
$age = array (“RAM” => “35”, “VELU” = “40”, “PALANI” => “45”);
foreach ($age as $x $x_value)
{
echo “key=”.$x.”, value=”.$x_value; echo “<brs”;
}
?>

Samacheer Kalvi TN State Board 12th Computer Applications Important Questions Chapter 5 PHP Function and Array

Question 36.
Create store the student details arrays and display the values.
Answer:
<?php
Sstudents = array (“RAM” => “90”, “mani” => “80”,
“Kumar” => “70”);
print_r ($students);
echo “Ram got”. $students [“Ram”];
?>
Output: Ram got 90

Question 37.
List out real world Built-in string function usages in PHP.
Answer:

  1. To get length of string – strlen(string);
  2. counting the number of words in string – str word count (string);
  3. Reversing a string – strev (string);
  4. Finding text within a string – strpos (string, text);
  5. Replacing text within a string – strjreplace (string to be replaced, text, string);
  6. Converting lower case into Title case – Ucwords (string);
  7. Converting a whole string into upper case – strtoupper (string);
  8. Comparing strings – string (string 1, string2);

Samacheer Kalvi TN State Board 12th Computer Applications Important Questions Chapter 5 PHP Function and Array

Choose the correct answer:

Question 1.
Which is also called as arguments?
(a) Parameter
(b) Function
(c) Subroutine
(d) Constants
Answer:
(a) Parameter

Question 2.
How many types of array concepts in PHP?
(a) 2
(b) 3
(c) 4
(d) 5
Answer:
(b) 3

Question 3.
Which is one of the most useful aspects of using arfays in PHP?
(a) For each statement
(b) Conditional statement
(c) branch statement
(d) loop statement
Answer:
(a) For each statement

Samacheer Kalvi TN State Board 12th Computer Applications Important Questions Chapter 5 PHP Function and Array

Question 4.
PHP’s numerically indexed array begin with position:
(a) 1
(b) 2
(c) 0
(d) -1
Answer:
(c) 0

Question 5.
Which of the following are correct ways of creating an array?
(i) state [0] = “TAMILNADU”;
(ii) state [f] = array (“TAMILNADU”); –
(iii) $state [0] = “TAMILNADU”;
(iv) $state = array (“TAMILNADU”);
(a) (iii) and (iv)
(b) (ii) and (iii)
(c) only (i)
(d) (i), (ii) and (iv)
Answer:
(a) (iii) and (iv)

Question 6.
Which function will return true if a variable is an array or false if it not?
(a) this_array ()
(b) is_array ()
(c) do array ()
(d) in_array ()
Answer:
(b) is_array ()

Samacheer Kalvi TN State Board 12th Computer Applications Important Questions Chapter 5 PHP Function and Array

Question 7.
What will be the output of the following PHP code?
<?php
$Fruits = array (‘apple’,orange’, ‘banana’);
echo (next (Sfruits));
echo (next ($fruits));
?>
(a) orangeorange
(b) appleorange
(c) orangebanana
(d) appleapple
Answer:
(c) orangebanana

Question 8.
What will be the output of the following PHP code?
$x = array (“aaa”, “bbb”, “ccc”, “bbb”, “ddd”, “bbbb”);
$y = array_count_values ($x) ; echo $y (bbb);
?>
(a) 2
(b) 3
(c) 4
(d) 1
Answer:
(a) 2

Question 9.
What will be the output of the following PHP code?
<? php
$x = array (1, 3, 2, 4, 5, 6, 2,- 4);
$y = array_count_values ($x);
echo $y [6];
?>
(a) 1
(b) 2
(c) 3
(d) 4
Answer:
(a) 1

Samacheer Kalvi TN State Board 12th Computer Applications Important Questions Chapter 5 PHP Function and Array

Question 10.
Which operator is used to concatenate two strings in PHP?
(a) (•) – dot operator
(b) (+) – operator
(c) (,) – comma operator
(d) (:) – colon operator
Answer:
(a) (•) – dot operator

Question 11.
PHP variable are:
(a) single type variable
(b) multi type variable
(c) double type variable
(d) trible type variable
Answer:
(b) multi type variable

Question 12.
In PHP the error control operator is:
(a) .
(b) *
(c) @
(d) &
Answer:
(c) @

Samacheer Kalvi TN State Board 12th Computer Applications Important Questions Chapter 5 PHP Function and Array

Question 13.
PHP is a:
(a) client side script language
(b) server side script language
(c) even – driven language
(d) High – level language
Answer:
(b) server side script language

Question 14.
The PHP syntax is most similar to:
(a) Pearl and C
(b) Java script
(c) VB script
(d) Visual Basic
Answer:
(a) Pearl and C

Question 15.
Which of the following function is used for terminate the script execution in PHP?
(a) break ()
(b) quit ()
(c) die ()
(d) stop ()
Answer:
(c) die ()

Samacheer Kalvi TN State Board 12th Computer Applications Important Questions Chapter 5 PHP Function and Array

Question 16.
Match the following:

(A) Function  (i) Built in function
(B) User defined function  (ii) Ideal solution
(C) System defined function  (iii) Arguments
(D) Parameterized function  (iv) System created

(a) (A) – (ii); (B) – (i); (C) – (iv); (D) – (iii)
(b) (A) – (ii); (B) – (iii); (C) – (i); (D) – (iv)
(c) (A) – (iv); (B) – (i); (C) – (iii); (D) – (ii)
(d) (A) – (iv)- (B) – (ii); (C) – (i); (D) – (iii)
Answer:
(a) (A) – (ii); (B) – (i); (C) – (iv); (D) – (iii)

Question 17.
Match the following:

(A) Array  (i) More arrays
(B) Associative array  (ii) Data set
(C) Indexed arrays  (iii) named keys
(D) Multidimensional array  (iv) Heterogeneous data

(a) (A) – (ii); (B) – (i); (C) – (iv); (D) – (iii)
(b) (A) – (iv); (B) – (iii); (C) – (ii); (D) – (i)
(c) (A) – (ii); (B) – (iii); (C) – (iv); (D) – (i)
(d) (A) – (iv); (B) – (i); (C) – (ii); (D) – (iii)
Answer:
(b) (A) – (iv); (B) – (iii); (C) – (ii); (D) – (i)

Question 18.
Choose incorrect pair:
(a) PHP – server side
(b) Function – subroutine
(c) NULL – data type
(d) UDF – Language
Answer:
(d) UDF – Language

Samacheer Kalvi TN State Board 12th Computer Applications Important Questions Chapter 5 PHP Function and Array

Question 19.
Choose correct pair:
(a) Parameter – Arguments
(b) calling – variable
(c) Array – Function
(d) data – operator
Answer:
(a) Parameter – Arguments

Question 20.
Choose incorrect statement:
(a) PHP has over 700 functions built-in that perform different tasks.
(b) Built-in functions are functions that exist in PHP installation package.
(c) In PHP client side scripting language.
(d) A function is a type of procedure in a program.
Answer:
(c) In PHP client side scripting language.

Question 21.
Choose the correct statement.
(a) The parameter is also called Recursion.
(b) A function declaration part will be executed by a call to the function.
(c) Programmer has to create function calling part outside the respective program.
(d) PHP function can be divided in to two types..
Answer:
(b) A function declaration part will be executed by a call to the function.

Samacheer Kalvi TN State Board 12th Computer Applications Important Questions Chapter 5 PHP Function and Array

Question 22.
Assertion (A):
A user – defined function declaration begins with the keyword ‘function’.
Reason (R):
Functions and array concepts are very important to solve the many complex problems in real world.
(a) Both A and R are True, and R is the correct explanation fpr A.
(b) Both A and R are True, but R is the not correct explanation for A.
(c) A is True, but R is false.
(d) A is false, but R is true.
Answer:
(b) Both A and R are True, but R is the not correct explanation for A.

Question 23.
Assertion (A):
Associative arrays are a key-value pair data structure.
Reason (R):
A multidimensional array is an array containing single value.
(a) Both A and R are True, and R is the correct explanation for A.
(b) Both A and R are True, but R is the not correct explanation for A.
(c) A is True, but R is false.
(d) A is false, but R is true.
Answer:
(c) A is True, but R is false.

Question 24.
Pick the odd one out:
(a) Associative
(b) Function
(c) Indexed
(d) Multi-dimension
Answer:
(b) Function

Samacheer Kalvi TN State Board 12th Computer Applications Important Questions Chapter 5 PHP Function and Array

Question 25.
Pick the odd one out:
(a) Arrays
(b) User defined
(c) System defined
(d) Built-in
Answer:
(a) Arrays

Question 26.
Which one of the following is the right way of defining a function in PHP?
(a) function { function body }
(b) data type functionNamefparameters) { function body }
(c) functionName(parameters) {function body }
(d) function functionName(parameters) {function body }
Answer:
(d) function functionName(parameters) {function body }

Question 27.
A function in PHP which starts with (double underscore) is know as:
(a) Magic Function
(b) Inbuilt Function
(c) Default Function
(d) User Defined Function
Answer:
(a) Magic Function

Samacheer Kalvi TN State Board 12th Computer Applications Important Questions Chapter 5 PHP Function and Array

Question 28.
PHP’s numerically indexed array begin with position:
(a) 1
(b) 2
(c) 0
(d) -1
Answer:
(c) 0

Question 29.
Which of the following are correct ways of creating an array?
(i) state[0] = “Tamilnadu”;
(ii) $state[ ] = array(“Tamilnadu”);
(iii) $state[0] = “Tamilnadu”;
(iv) $state = array{“Tamilnadu”);
(a) (iii) and (iv)
(b) (ii) and (iii)
(c) Only (i)
(d) (ii), (iii) and (iv)
Answer:
(a) (iii) and (iv)

Question 30.
What will be the output of the following PHP code?
<?php
$a=array(“A”, “Gat”, “Dog”, “A”, “Dog”);
$b=array(“A”, “A” “Cat”, “A”, “Tiger”); –
$c=array_combine($a,$b);
print_r(array_count_vaiues($c));
?>
(a) Array ([A] => 5 [Cat] => 2 [Dog] => 2 [Tiger] => 1)
(b) Array ([A] => 2 [Cat] => 2 [Dog] => 1 [Tiger] => 1)
(c) Array ([A] ==> 6 [Cat] => 1 [Dog] => 2 [Tiger] => 1)
(d) Array ([A] => 2 [Cat] => 1 [Dog] => 4 [Tiger] => 1 )
Answer:
(a) Array ([A] => 5 [Cat] => 2 [Dog] => 2 [Tiger] => 1)

Samacheer Kalvi TN State Board 12th Computer Applications Important Questions Chapter 5 PHP Function and Array

Question 31.
For finding nonempty elements in array we use:
(a) is_array () function
(b) sizeof ( ) function
(c) array_count () function
(d) count ( ) function
Answer:
(a) is_array () function

Question 32.
Indices of arrays can be either strings or numbers and they are denoted as:
(a) $my_array {4}
(b) $my_array [4]
(c) $my_array| 41
(d) None of them
Answer:
(b) $my_array [4]

Question 33.
PHP arrays are also called as:
(a) Vector arrays
(b) Perl arrays
(c) Hashes
(d) All of them
Answer:
(d) All of them

Samacheer Kalvi TN State Board 12th Computer Applications Important Questions Chapter 5 PHP Function and Array

Question 34.
As compared to associative arrays vector arrays are much:
(a) Faster
(b) Slower
(c) Stable
(d) None of them
Answer:
(a) Faster

Question 35.
What functions count elements in an array?
(a) count
(b) Sizeof
(c) Array Count
(d) Countarray
Answer:
(a) count

TN Board 12th Computer Applications Important Questions