Category: Class 12

Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus Samacheer Kalvi 12th Computer Science Guide Pdf Chapter 3 Scoping Text Book Back Questions and Answers, Notes.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 12th Computer Science Solutions Chapter 3 Scoping

12th Computer Science Guide Scoping Text Book Questions and Answers

I. Choose the best answer (I Marks)

Question 1.
Which of the following refers to the visibility of variables in one part of a program to another part of the same program.
a) Scope
b) Memory
c) Address
d) Accessibility
Answer:
a) Scope

Question 2.
The process of binding a variable name with an object is called
a) Scope
b) Mapping
c) late binding
d) early binding
Answer:
b) Mapping

Question 3.
Which of the following is used in programming languages to map the variable and obj ect?
a) ::
b) :=
c) =
d) ==
Answer:
c) =

Question 4.
Containers for mapping names of variables to objects is called
a) Scope
b) Mapping
c) Binding
d) Name spaces
Answer:
d) Name spaces

Question 5.
Which scope refers to variables defined in current function?
a) Local Scope
b) Global scope
c) Module scope
d) Function Scope
Answer:
a) Local Scope

Question 6.
The process of subdividing a computer program into separate sub-programs is called
a) Procedural Programming
b) Modular programming
c) Event Driven Programming
d) Object oriented Programming
Answer:
b) Modular programming

Question 7.
Which of the following security technique that regulates who can use resources in a computing environment?
a) Password
b) Authentication ‘
c) Access control
d) Certification
Answer:
c) Access control

Question 8.
Which of the following members of a class can be handled only from within the class?
a) Public members
b) Protected members
c) Secured members
d) Private members
Answer:
d) Private members

Question 9.
Which members are accessible from outside the class?
a) Public members
b) Protected members
c) Secured members
d) Private members
Answer:
a) Public members

Question 10.
The members that are accessible from within the class and are also available to its sub classes is called
a) Public members
b) Protected members
c) Secured members
d) Private members
Answer:
b) Protected members

II. Answer the following questions (2 Marks)

Question 1.
What is a scope?
Answer:
Scope refers to the visibility of variables, parameters, and functions in one part of a program to another part of the same program.

Question 2.
Why scope should be used for variables. State the reason
Answer:

• Every variable defined in a program has global scope.
• Once defined, every part of your program can access that variable.
• But it is a good practice to limit a variable’s scope to a single definition.
• This way, changes inside the function can’t affect the variable on the outside of the function in unexpected ways.

Question 3.
What is Mapping?
Answer:
The process of binding a variable name with an object is called mapping. = (equal to sign) is used in programming languages to map the variable and object.

Question 4.
What do you mean by Namespaces?
Answer:
Names paces are containers for mapping names of variables to objects.

Question 5.
How Python represents the private and protected Access specifiers?
Answer:
Private members of a class are denied access from the outside of the class. They can be handled only within the class.
Protected members of a class are accessible from within the class and are also available to its sub-classes. No other process is permitted access to it.

III. Answer the following questions (3 Marks)

Define Local scope with an example.
Answer:
Local scope:

• Local scope refers to variables defined in the current function.
• Always, a function will first lookup for a variable name in its local scope.
• Only if it does not find it there, the outer scopes are checked.

Example:

• On execution of the above code, the variable a displays the value 7, because it is defined and available in the local scope.

Question 2.
Define Global scope with an example
Answer:
Global variable:

• A variable which is declared outside of all the functions in a program is known as Global variable.
• Global variable can be accessed inside or outside of all the functions in a program

Example:

• On execution of the above code the variable a which is defined inside the, function displays the value 7 for the function call Disp() and then it displays 10, because a is defined in global scope.

Question 3.
Define Enclosed scope with an example
Answer:
Enclosed Scope:

• A variable which is declared, inside a function which contains another function definition with in it, the inner function can also access the variable of the outer function. This scope is called enclosed scope.
• When a compiler or interpreter search for a variable in a program, it first searches Local, and then searches Enclosing scopes.

Example:

Question 4.
Why access control is required?
Answer:
Access control is a security technique that regulates who or what can view or use resources in a computing environment.
It is a fundamental concept in security that minimizes risk to the object. In other words, access control is a selective restriction of access to data.
In Object-oriented programming languages, it is implemented through access modifies.
Classical object-oriented languages, such as C++ and Java, control the access to class members by the public, private, and protected keywords.

Question 5.
Identify the scope of the variables in the following pseudo-code and write its output
color:= Red
mycolor():
b:=Blue
myfavcolor():
g:=Green
printcolor, b, g
myfavcolor()
printcolor, b
mycolor()
print color
Answer:
Scopes:
g – Local scope
b – Enclosed scope
color – Global scope
Output:
Red Blue Green
Red Blue
Red

IV. Answer the following questions (5 Marks)

Question 1.
Explain the types of scopes for variable or LEGB rule with example.
Answer:
Types of Scope:
There are four types of Scope namely
Local Scope, Global Scope, Enclosed Scope and Built-in Scope:
Local Scope:

• Local scope refers to variables defined in the current function.
• Always, a function will first lookup for a variable name in its local scope.
• Only if it does not find it there, the outer scopes are checked.

Example:

• On execution of the above code the variable a displays the value 7, because it is defined and available in the local scope.

Global Scope:

• A variable which is declared outside of all the functions in a program is known as a global variable.
• This means global variable can be accessed inside or outside of all the functions in a program.

Example:

• On execution of the above code the variable ‘a’ which is defined inside the function displays the value 7 for the function call Disp() and then it displays 10; because a is defined in global scope.
• Enclosed Scope:
• All programming languages permit functions to be nested. A function (method) with in another function is called nested function.
• A variable which is declared inside a function which contains another function definition with in it, the inner function can also access the variable of the outer function. This scope is called enclosed scope.
• When a compiler or interpreter search for a variable in a program, it first search Local, and then search Enclosing scopes.

Example:

• In the above example Displ() is defined with in Disp().
• The variable ‘a’ defined in Disp( ) can be even used by Displ( ) because it is also a member of Disp().

Built-in Scope:

• The built-in scope has all the names that are pre-loaded into the program scope when we start the compiler or interpreter.
• Any variable or module which is defined in the library functions of a programming
  language has a Built-in or module scope. They are loaded as soon as the library files are imported to the program.

LEGB rule:

• The LEGB rule is used to decide the order in which the scopes are to be searched for scope resolution.
• The scopes are listed below in terms of hierarchy (highest to lowest).

Local (L)	Defined inside function/ class
Enclosed(E)	Defined inside enclosing functions (Nested function concept)
Global (G)	Defined at the uppermost level
Built-in(B)	Reserved names in built-in functions (modules)

Scope also defines the order in which variables have to be mapped to the object in order to obtain the value.

Example:
1. x:= ‘outer x variable’
2. display ():
3. x:= ‘inner x variable’
4. print x
5. display()

• When the above statements have executed the statement (4) and (5) display the result as

Output:
outer x variable
inner x variable

• Above statements give different outputs because the same variable name ‘x’ resides in different scopes, one inside the function display() and the other in the upper level.
• The value ‘outer x variable’ is printed when x is referenced outside the function definition.
• Whereas when display() gets executed, ‘inner x variable’ is printed which is the x value inside the function definition.
• From the above example, we can guess that there is a rule followed, in order to decide from which scope a variable has to be picked.

Question 2.
Write any Five Characteristics of Modules
Answer:

• Modules contain instructions, processing logic, and data.
• Modules can be separately compiled and stored in a library.
• Modules can be included in a program.
• Module segments can be used by invoking a name and some parameters.
• Module segments can be used by other modules.

Question 3.
Write any five benefits of using modular programming.
Answer:

• Less code to be written.
• A single procedure can be developed for reuse, eliminating the need to retype the code many times.
• Programs can be designed more easily because a small team deals with only a small part of the entire code.
• Modular programming allows many programmers to collaborate on the same application.
• The code is stored across multiple files.
• Code is short, simple, and easy to understand.
• Errors can easily be identified, as they are localized to a subroutine or function.
• The same code can be used in many applications.
• The scoping of variables can easily be controlled.

12th Computer Science Guide Scoping Additional Questions and Answers

I. Choose the best answer (1 Mark)

Question 1.
Names paces are compared with ……………………….
(a) Programs
(b) Dictionaries
(c) Books
(d) Notebooks
Answer:
(b) Dictionaries

Question 2.
The scope of a ……………. is that part of the code where it is visible
a) Variable
b) Keyword
c) Function
d) Operator
Answer:
a) Variable

Question 3.
Find the value of a.
1. a: = 5
2. b: = a
3. a: = 3
(a) 0
(b) 3
(c) 5
(d) 2
Answer:
(b) 3

Question 4.
The inner function can access the variable of the outer function. This is called ………… scope.
a) Local
b) Enclosed
c) Function
d) Global
Answer:
b) Enclosed

Question 5.
The duration for which a variable is alive is called its ……………………………
(a) Scale
(b) Life time
(c) Static
(d) Function
Answer:
(b) Lifetime

Question 6.
InObjectOrientedProgrammingLanguageAccesscontrolisimplementedthrough ………….
a) Access modules
b) Access modifiers
c) Access variables
d) Keywords
Answer:
b) Access modifiers

Question 7.
………… is a selective restriction of access to data in a program?
a) Control variable
b) Access control
c) System authentication
d) Module
Answer:
b) Access control

Question 8.
How many types of variable scopes are there?
(a) 1
(b) 2
(c) 3
(d) 4
Answer:
(d) 4

Question 9.
How many variables can be mapped to the same instance?
a) 2
b) 3
c) Multiple
d) 4
Answer:
c) Multiple

Question 10.
A variable which is declared outside of all the functions in a program is known as …………………………… variable.
(a) L
(b) E
(c) G
(d) B
Answer:
(c) G

Question 11.
Which of the following rule is used to decide the order in which the scopes are to be searched for scope resolution?
a) LGEB
b) LEGB
c) LBEG
d) LGBE
Answer:
b) LEGB

Question 12.
How many types of variable scope are there?
a) 2
b) 3
c) 4
d) 6
Answer:
c) 4

Question 13.
A variable which is declared outside all the functions in a program is known as
a) Local
b) Enclosed
c) Global
d) Extern
Answer:
c) Global

Question 14.
The scope of a nested function is …………………………… scope
(a) Local
(b) Global
(c) Enclosed
(d) Built-in
Answer:
(c) Enclosed

Question 15.
Which of the following programming enables programmers to divide up the work and retry pieces of the program independently?
a) Procedural Programming
b) Modular Programming
c) Object-Oriented Programming
d) Structural Programming
Answer:
b) Modular Programming

Question 16.
Which of the following contain instructions, processing logic, and data?
a) Scopes
b) Indentation
c) Modules
d) Access control
Answer:
c) Modules

Question 17.
Which of the following members of a class are denied access from outside the class?
a) Protected
b) Private
c) Public
d) Enclosed
Answer:
b) Private

Question 18.
Variables of built-in scopes are loaded as …………………………… files.
(a) Exe
(b) Linker
(c) Object
(d) Library
Answer:
(d) Library

Question 19.
By default the Python class members are
a) Private
b) Protected
c) Public
d) Global
Answer:
c) Public

Question 20.
By default the C++ and Java class members are
a) Protected
b) Private
c) Public
d) Local
Answer:
b) Private

Question 21.
…………….. are composed of one or more independently developed Modules
a)’Access control
b) Programs
c) Encapsulation
d) Members of a class
Answer:
b) Programs

Question 22.
Identify which is not a module?
(a) Algorithm
(b) Procedures
(c) Subroutines
(d) Functions
Answer:
(a) Algorithm

II. Answer the following questions (2 and 3 Marks)

Question 1.
Define variable.
Answer:
Variable are addresses (references, or pointers, to an object in memory.

Question 2.
Define lifetime?
Answer:
The duration for which a variable is alive is called its ‘lifetime’.

Question 3.
Define Modular programming.
Answer:
The process of subdividing a computer program into separate sub-programs is called modular programming.

Question 4.
Define: module
Answer:

• A module is a part of a program.
• Programs are composed of one or more independently developed modules

Question 5.
Define nested function.
Answer:
A function (method) within another function is called a nested function.

Question 6.
Write a note on module
Answer:

• A module is a part of a program.
• Programs are composed of one or more independently developed modules.
• A single module can contain one or several statements closely related to each other.
• Modules work perfectly on an individual level and can be integrated with other modules.
• A software program can be divided into modules to ease the job of programming and debugging as well.
• A program can be divided into small functional modules that work together to get the output.
• The process of subdividing a computer program into separate subprograms is called Modular programming.
• Modular programming enables programmers to divide up the work and debug pieces of the program independently.
• The examples of modules are procedures, subroutines, and functions.

Question 7.
Write a note on modules?
Answer:
A module is a part of a program. Programs are composed of one or more independently developed modules. A single module can contain one or several statements closely related to each other. Modules work perfectly on an individual level and can be integrated with other modules.

III. Answer the following questions (5 Marks)

Question 1.
Explain how Access Specifiers are activated in Python, C++, and Java:
Answer:

• Python prescribes a convention of prefixing the name of the variable/ method with a single or double underscore to emulate the behaviour of protected and private access specifiers.
• C++ and Java, control the access to class members by the public, private, and protected
  keywords.
• All members in a Python class are public by default whereas by default in C++ and java all members are private.
• Any member can be accessed from outside the class environment in Python which is not. possible in C++ and java.

Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus Samacheer Kalvi 12th Business Maths Guide Pdf Chapter 4 Differential Equations Miscellaneous Problems Text Book Back Questions and Answers, Notes.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 12th Business Maths Solutions Chapter 4 Differential Equations Miscellaneous Problems

Question 1.
Suppose that Qd = 30 – 5P + 2\(\frac { dp }{dt}\) + \(\frac { d^2p }{dt^2}\) and Qs = 6 + 3P Find the equilibrium price for market clearance.
Solution :
Qd = 30 – 5P + 2\(\frac { dp }{dt}\) + \(\frac { d^2p }{dt^2}\) and
Qs = 6 + 3P
For market clearance, the required condition is
Qd = Qs

The auxiliary equation is m2 + 2m – 8 = 0
(m + 4) (m – 2) = 0
m = -4, 2
Roots are real and different
C.F = Ae^m₁x + Be^m₂x
C.F = Ae^-4t + Be^2t

The general solution is y = C.F + P.I
y = Ae^-ut + Be^2t + 3

Question 2.
Form the differential equation having for its general solution y = ax² + bx
Solution:
y = ax² + bx ……….. (1)
Since we have two arbitary constants, differentiative twice.

Question 3.
Solve yx²dx + e^-x dy = 0
Solution:
yx²dx + e^-x dy = 0
e^-x dy = -yx²dx
\(\frac { 1 }{y}\) dy = -x² e^x dx
Integrating on both sides

Question 4.
Solve (x² + y²) dx + 2xy dy = 0
Solution:
(x² + y²) dx + 2xy dy = 0
2xy dy = – (x² + y²) dx
\(\frac { dy }{dx}\) = \(\frac { -(x^2+y^2) }{2xy}\) ………. (1)
This is a homogeneous differential equation

\(\frac { 1 }{3}\) log(3v² + 1) = – logx + logc
log (3v² + 1)^1/3 + log x = log c
logx (3v² + 1)^1/3 = log c
⇒ x (3v² + 1)^1/3 = c
⇒ x[\(\frac { 3y^2 }{x^2}\) + 1]^1/3 = c

Question 5.
Solve x \(\frac { dy }{dx}\) + 2y = x⁴
Solution:

This solution is
y(I.F) = ∫Qx (I.F) dx + c
y(x²) = ∫(x³ × x²) dx + c
yx² = ∫x⁵ dx + c
⇒ yx² = \(\frac { x^6 }{6}\) + c

Question 6.
A manufacturing company has found that the cost C of operating and maintaining the equipment is related to the length’m’ of intervals between overhauls by the equation m² \(\frac { dc }{dm}\) + 2mc = 2 and c = 4 and whem m = 2. Find the relationship between C and m.
Solution:
m² \(\frac { dc }{dm}\) + 2mc = 2
÷ each term by m²
\(\frac { dc }{dm}\) + \(\frac { 2mc }{m^2}\) = \(\frac { 2 }{m^2}\)
\(\frac { dc }{dm}\) + \(\frac { 2c }{m}\) = \(\frac { 2 }{m^2}\)
This is a first order linear differential equation of the form
\(\frac { dc }{dm}\) + Pc = Q where P = \(\frac { 2 }{m}\) and Q = \(\frac { 2 }{m^2}\)
∫Pdm = 2 ∫\(\frac { 1 }{m}\)dm = 2 log m = log m²
I.F = e^∫Pdm = e^logm² = m²
General solution is
C (I.F) = ∫Q × (IF) dm + k
C(m²) = ∫\(\frac { 2 }{m^2}\) × (m²) dm + k
C(m²) = ∫2dm + k
Cm² = 2m + k ……….. (1)
when C = 4 and m = 2, we have
(4) (2)² = 2(2) + k
16 = 4 + k = 12
Equation (1)
Cm² = 2m + 12
Cm² = 2(m + 6)

Question 7.
Solve (D² – 3D + 2) y = e^4x
Solution:
(D² – 3D + 2) y = e^4x
The auxiliary equation is m² – 3m + 2 = 0
(m – 1) (m – 2) = 0
m = 1, 2
The roots are real and different
C.F = Ae^m₁x + Be^m₁x
C.F = Ae^x + Be^2x

The general solution is y = C.F + P.I
y = Ae^x + Be^2x + \(\frac { e^{4x} }{6}\) ………. (1)
When x = 0; y = 0

Question 8.
Solve \(\frac { dy }{dx}\) + y cos x = 2 cos x
Solution:
\(\frac { dy }{dx}\) + y cos x = 2 cos x
This is of the form \(\frac { dy }{dx}\) + Py = Q
Here P = cos x and Q = 2 cos x
∫Pdx = ∫cos x dx = sin x
I.F = e^∫pdx = e^{sin x}
The solution is
y (I.F) = ∫Q (I.F) dx + c
ye^{sin x} = ∫(2 cos x) e^{sin x} dx

Question 9.
Solve x²ydx – (x³ + y³) dy = 0
Solution:
x²ydx = (x³ + y³) dy = 0
x²ydx = (x³ + y³) dy
\(\frac { dy }{dx}\) = \(\frac { x^2y }{(x^3+y^3)}\) ……… (1)
This is a homogeneous differential equation, same degree in x and y

Question 10.
Solve \(\frac { dy }{dx}\) = xy + x + y + 1
Solution:

Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus Samacheer Kalvi 12th Computer Science Guide Pdf Chapter 2 Data Abstraction Text Book Back Questions and Answers, Notes.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 12th Computer Science Solutions Chapter 2 Data Abstraction

12th Computer Science Guide Data Abstraction Text Book Questions and Answers

I. Choose the best answer (1 Marks)

Question 1.
Which of the following functions build the abstract data type?
a) Constructors
b) Destructors
c) recursive
d) Nested
Answer:
a) Constructors

Question 2.
Which of the following functions retrieve information from the data type?
a) Constructors
b) Selectors
c) recursive
d) Nested
Answer:
b) Selectors

Question 3.
The data structure which is a mutable ordered sequence of elements is called
a) Built-in
b) List
c) Tuple
d) Derived data
Answer:
b) List

Question 4.
A sequence of immutable objects is called
a) Built-in
b) List
c) Tuple
d) Derived data
Answer:
c) Tuple

Question 5.
The data type whose representation is known is called
a) Built-in data type
b) Derived data type
c) Concrete data type
d) Abstract data type
Answer:
c) Concrete data type

Question 6.
The data type whose representation is unknown are called
a) Built-in data type
b) Derived data type
c) Concrete data type
d) Abstract data type
Answer:
d) Abstract data type

Question 7.
Which of the following is a compound structure?
a) Pair
b) Triplet
c) single
d) quadrat
Answer:
a) Pair

Question 8.
Bundling two values together into one can be considered as
a) Pair
b) Triplet
c) single
d) quadrat
Answer:
a) Pair

Question 9.
Which of the following allows to name the various parts of a multi-item object?
a) Tuples
b) Lists
c) Classes
d) quadrats
Answer:
c) Classes

Question 10.
Which of the following is constructed by placing expressions within square brackets?
a) Tuples
b) Lists
c) Classes
d) quadrats
Answer:
b) Lists

II. Answer the following questions (2 Marks)

Question 1.
What is abstract data type?
Answer:
Abstract Data type (ADT) is a type (or class) for objects whose behavior is defined by a set of values and a set of operations. The definition of ADT only mentions what operations are to be performed but not how these operations will be implemented.

Question 2.
Differentiate constructors and selectors.
Answer:

Constructors	Selectors
Constructors are functions that build the abstract data type.	Selectors are functions that retrieve information from the data type.

Question 3.
What is a Pair? Give an example.
Answer:

• Pair is a compound structure which is made up of a list of Tuple
• The way of bundling two values together into one can be considered as a Pair.
• Example: Pr = [10,20]
  a,b :=Pr
  In the above example ‘a’ becomes 10,’ b’ becomes 20.

Question 4.
What is a List? Give an example.
Answer:
The list is constructed by placing expressions within square brackets separated by commas.
An example for List is [10, 20].

Question 5.
What is a Tuple? Give an example.
Answer:

• A tuple is a comma-separated sequence of values surrounded by parentheses.
• Example: colour^ (‘red’, ‘blue’, ‘Green’)

III. Answer the following questions (3 Marks)

Question 1.
Differentiate Concrete Data Type and Abstract Data Type
Answer:

Concrete Data Type		Abstract Data Type
1	Concrete data types or structures (CDT’s) are direct implementations of a relatively simple concept	Abstract Data types (ADT’s) offer a high-level view (and use) of a concept independent of its implementation
2	In Concrete Data Type is a data type whose representation is known	In Abstract Data Type the representation of a data type is unknown

Question 2.
Which strategy is used for program designing? Define that Strategy.
Answer:
We are using here a powerful strategy for designing programs: ‘wishful thinking’.
Wishful Thinking is the formation of beliefs and making decisions according to what might be pleasing to imagine instead of by . appealing to reality.

Question 3.
Identify Which of the following are constructors and selectors?
(a) N1=number()
(b) accetnum(n1)
(c)  displaynum(n1)
(d)  eval(a/b)
(e) x,y= makeslope (m), makeslope(n)
(f) display()
Answer:

a	N1=number()	a	Constructors
b	accetnum(n1)	b	Selector
c	displaynum(n1)	c	Selector
d	eval(a/b)	d	Selector
e	x,y= makeslope (m), makeslope(n)	e	Constructors
f	display()	f	Selector

Question 4.
What are the different ways to access the elements of a list. Give example
Answer:
List is constructed by placing expressions within square brackets separated by commas. An example for List is [10, 20].
The elements of a list can be accessed in two ways. The first way is via our familiar method of multiple assignments, which unpacks a list into its elements and binds each element to a different name.
1st: = [10, 20]
x, y: = 1st
In the above example, x will become 10 and y will become 20.
A second method for accessing the elements in a list is by the element selection operator, also expressed using square brackets. Unlike a list literal, a square – bracket expression directly following another expression does not evaluate to a list value but instead selects an element from the value of the preceding expression.
1st [0]
10
1st [1]
20

Question 5.
Identify Which of the following are List, Tuple and class ?
(a) arr [1, 2, 34]
(b) arr (1, 2, 34)
(c) student [rno, name, mark]
(d) day= (‘sun’, ‘mon’, ‘tue’, ‘wed’)
(e) x= [2, 5, 6.5, [5, 6], 8.2]
(f) employee [eno, ename, esal, eaddress]
Answer:

a	arr [1, 2, 34]	a	List
b	arr (1, 2, 34)	b	Tuple
c	student [rno, name, mark]	c	Class
d	day= (‘sun’, ‘mon’, ‘tue’, ‘wed’)	d	Tuple
e	x= [2, 5, 6.5, [5, 6], 8.2]	e	List
f	employee [eno, ename, esal, eaddress]	f	Class

IV. Answer the following questions (5Marks)

Question 1.
How will you facilitate data abstraction? Explain it with a suitable example.
Answer:
To facilitate data abstraction we need to create two types of functions namely

1. Constructors
2. Selectors

Constructors:
Constructors are functions that build the abstract data type.
Selectors:
Selectors are functions that retrieve information from the data type.
Example:

• We have an abstract data type called a city.
• This city object will hold the city’s name, and its latitude and longitude.
• To create a city object, you’d use a function like
  city =makecity (name, lat, Ion)
• Here makecity (name, lat, Ion) is the constructor which creates the object city.
• To extract the information of a city object, we would use functions(Selectors) like getname( city)
  getlat( city)
  getlon(city)
• In the above example, makecity (name, lat, Ion) is the constructor and getname(city),getlat( city) and getlon(city) are the selectors.
• Because the above functions extract the information of the city object.

Question 2.
What is a List? Why List can be called as Pairs. Explain with suitable example
Answer:

• Some languages like Python provides a compound structure called Pair which is made up of List or Tuple.
  The first way to implement pairs is with the List construct.

List:

• The list is constructed by placing expressions within square brackets separated by commas.
• Such an expression is called a list literal. The list can store multiple values.
• Each value can be of any type and can even be another list.
• Example :List := [10,20],
  The elements of a list can be accessed in two ways.
• The first way is via our familiar method of multiple assignments, which unpacks a list into its elements and binds each element to a different name.
  1st := [10,20]
  x, y := 1st
  In the above example, x will become x and y will become 20.
• A second method for accessing the elements in a list is by the element selection operator, also expressed using square brackets.
• Unlike a list literal, a square-brackets expression directly following another expression does not evaluate a list value but instead selects an element from the value of the preceding expression.
  1st[0]
  10
  Ist[l]
  20
• In both the example mentioned above mathematically we can represent list similar to a set as 1st[(0,10),(l,20)]
  List [(0,10), (1,20)] – Where
  
• Any way of bundling two values together into one can be considered as a pair.
• Lists are a common method to do so. Therefore List can be called as Pairs.

Example: Representing rational numbers using list:

• We can now represent a rational number as a pair of two integers in pseudo-code: a numerator and a denominator.
  rational(n, d):
  return [n, d]
  numer(x):
  return x[0]
  denom(x):
  return x[l]

Question 3.
How will you access the multi-item? Explain with example.
Answer:
We can use the structure construct (In OOP languages it’s called class construct) to represent multi-part objects where each part is named (given a name).

Consider the following pseudo-code:
class Person:
creation()
firstName :=””
lastName :=””
id :=””
email :=””
The new data type Person is pictorially represented as

Let main() contains
p1:=Person()	statement creates the object
firstN ame:=” Padmashri”	setting a field called first Name with value Padamashri
lastName:=”Basker”	setting a field called last Name with value Baskar
id:=”994-222-1234″	setting a field called id value 994-222-1234
email=”[email protected]“	setting a field called email with value [email protected]
— output of first Name: Padmashri

The class (structure) construct defines the form for multi-part objects that represent a person.

 

• Its definition adds a new data type, in this case, a type named Person.
• Once defined, we can create new variables (instances) of the type.
• In this example, Person is referred to as a class or a type, while pi is referred to as an object or an instance.

12th Computer Science Guide Data Abstraction Additional Questions and Answers

I. Choose the best answer (1 Mark)

Question 1.
How many types of functions are needed to facilitate abstraction?
(a) 1
(b) 2
(c) 3
(d) 4
Answer:
(b) 2

Question 2.
Expansion of CDT is ………….
a) Collective Data Type
b) Class Data Type
c) Concrete Data Type
d) Central Data Type
Answer:
c) Concrete Data Type

Question 3.
To facilitate data abstraction we need to create types of functions
a) 2
b) 3
c) 4
d) 5
Answer:
a) 2

Question 4.
……………………………. is the representation for ADT.
(a) List
(b) Classes
(c) Int
(d) Float
Answer:
(b) Classes

Question 5.
Which of the following is contracted by placing expressions within square brackets separated by commas?
a) Tuple
b) List
c) Set
d) Dictionary
Answer:
b) List

Question 6.
The list is constructed by using …………….. and …………….
a) ();
b) [ ],
c) < >.;
d) [ ]
Answer:
b) [ ],

Question 7.
Identify the constructor from the following
(a) City = makecity(name, lat, lon)
(b) getname(city)
(c) getlat(city)
(d) getlon(city)
Answer:
(a) City = makecity(name, lat, lon)

Question 8.
Which of the following extract the information of the object?
a) Constructors
b) Selectors
c) Functions
d) Destructors
Answer:
b) Selectors

Question 9.
Which of the following is used to build the abstract data type?
a) Destructors
b) Constructors
c) Selectors
d) All of these
Answer:
b) Constructors

Question 10.
How many ways of representing pair data types are there?
(a) 1
(b) 2
(c) 3
(d) 4
Answer:
(b) 2

Question 11.
The process of providing only the essentials and hiding the details is known as …………….
a) Functions
b) Encapsulation
c) Abstraction
d) Pairs
Answer:
c) Abstraction

Question 12.
A D T expansion is …………….
a) Abstract Data Type
b) Absolute Data Type
c) Abstract Data Template
d) Application Development Template
Answer:
a) Abstract Data Type

Question 13.
How many objects can be created from a class?
(a) 0
(b) 1
(c) 2
(d) many
Answer:
(d) many

Question 14.
A powerful concept that allows programmers to treat codes as objects?
a) Encapsulation
b) Inheritance
c) Data Abstraction
d) Polymorphism
Answer:
c) Data Abstraction

II. Answer the following questions (2 and 3 Marks)

Question 1.
What are the two parts of a program?
Answer:
The two parts of a program are, the part that operates on abstract data and the part that defines a concrete representation.

III. Answer the following questions (5 Marks)

Question 1.
Explain the representation of Abstract data type using rational numbers.
Answer:

• Any program consists of two parts – the part that operates on abstract data and the part that defines a concrete representation, which is connected by a small set of functions that implement abstract data in terms of the concrete representation.
• To illustrate this technique, let us consider an example to design a set of functions for manipulating rational numbers.

Example:

• A rational number is a ratio of integers, and rational numbers constitute an important sub-class of real numbers.
• A rational number such as 8/3 or 19/23 is typically written as : < numerator > /< denominator > where both the < numerator > and < denominator > are placeholders for integer values.
• Both parts are needed to exactly characterize the value of the rational number.
• Actually dividing integers produces a float approximation, losing the exact precision of integers.
• However, you can create an exact representation for rational numbers by combining together the numerator and denominator.
  – – constructor
  – – constructs a rational number with numerator n, denominator d
  rational (n, d)
  – – selector
  numer(x) → returns the numerator of rational number x
  denom(y) → returns the denominator of rational number y.
• We have the operations on rational numbers defined in terms of the selector functions numer and denom, and the constructor function rational, but you haven’t yet defined these functions.
• We have to glue together a numerator and a denominator into a compound value
• The pseudo-code for the representation of the rational number using the above constructor and selector is
  x,y:=8,3
  rational (n,d)
  numer(x)/numer(y)
  – – output: 2.6666666666666665

Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus Samacheer Kalvi 12th Economics Guide Pdf Chapter 6 Banking
Text Book Back Questions and Answers, Notes.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 12th Economics Solutions Chapter 6 Banking

12th Economics Guide Banking Text Book Back Questions and Answers

PART – A

Multiple Choice questions

Question 1.
A Bank is a
a) Financial institutions
b) Corporate
c) An Industry
d) Service institutions
Answer:
a) Financial institutions

Question 2.
A commercial Bank is an institution that provides services
a) Accepting deposits
b) Providing loans
c) Both a and b
d) None of the above
Answer:
c) Both a and b

Question 3.
The Functions of commercial banks are broadly classified into
a) Primary Functions
b) Secondary Functions
c) Other Functions
d) a, b, and c
Answer:
d) a, b, and c

Question 4.
Bank credit refers to
a) Bank loañs
b) Advances
c) Bank loans and advances
d) Borrowing
Answer:
c) Bank loans and advances

Question 5.
Credit creation means.
a) Multiplication of loans and advances
b) Revenue
c) Expenditure
d) Debt
Answer:
a) Multiplication of loans and advances

Question 6.
NBFI does not have.
a) Banking license
b) government approval
c) Money market approval
d) Finance ministry approval
Answer:
a) Banking license

Question 7.
Central bank is …………………… authority of any country.
a) Monétary
b) Fiscal
c) Wage
d) National Income
Answer:
a) Monétary

Question 8.
Who will act as the banker to the Government of India?
a) SBI
b) NABARD
c) ICICI
d) RBI
Answer:
d) RBI

Question 9.
Lender of the last resort is one of the functions of.
a) Central Bank
b) Commercial banks
c) Land Development Banks
d) Co – operative banks
Answer:
a) Central Bank

Question 10.
Bank Rate means.
a) Re – discounting the first class securities
b) Interest rate
c) Exchange rate
d) Growth rate Repo Rate means.
Answer:
a) Re – discounting the first class securities

Question 11.
Repo Ràte means.
a) Rate at which the Commercial Banks are willing to lend to RBI
b) Rate at which the RBI is willing to lend to commercial banks
c) Exchange rate of the foreign bank
d) Growth rate of the economy .
Answer:
b) Rate at which the RBI is willing to lend to commercial banks

Question 12.
Moral suasion refers.
a) Optimization
b) Maximization,
c) Persuasion
d) Miñimization
Answer:
c) Persuasion

Question 13.
ARDC started functioning from
a) June 3 1963
b) July 5, 1963
c)July 1,1963
d) July 1, 1963
Answer:
d) July 1, 1963

Question 14.
NABARD was set up in .
a) July 1962
b) July 1972
c) July 1982
d) July 1992
Answer:
c) July 1982

Question 15.
EXIM bank was established in ……………..
a) June 1982
b) April 1982
c) May 1982
d) March 1982
Answer:
d) March 1982

Question 16.
The State Financial Corporation Act was passed by .
a) Governnent of India
b) Government of Tamilnadu
c) Government of Union Territòries
d) Local Government
Answer:
a) Governnent of India

Question 17.
Monetary policy is formulated by.
a) Co – operative banks
b) Commercial banks
c) Central bank
d) Foreign banks
Answer:
c) Central bank

Question 18.
Online Banking is also known as
a) E Banking.
b) Internet Banking
c) RTGS
d) NEFT
Answer:
b) Internet Banking

Question 19.
Expansions of ATM.
a) Automated Teller Machine
b) Adjustment Teller Machine
c) Automatic Teller mechanism
d) Any Time Money
Answer:
a) Automated Teller Machine

Question 20.
2016 Demonetization of currency includes denominations of
a) ₹ 500 and ₹ 1000
b) ₹ 1000 and ₹ 2000
c) ₹ 200 and ₹ 500
d) All the above
Answer:
a) ₹ 500 and ₹ 1000

PART – B

Answer the following questions in one or two sentences.

Question 21.
Define Commercial banks.
Answer:
Commercial bank refers to a bank, or a division of a large bank, which more specifically deals with deposit and loan services provided to corporations or large/middle-sized business – as opposed to individual members of the public/small business.

Question 22.
What is credit creation?
Answer:
Credit creation means the multiplication of loans and advances. Commercial banks receive deposits from the public and use these deposits to give loans.

Question 23.
Define central bank.
Answer:
A central bank is an institution that manages a state’s currency, money supply, and interest rates.

Question 24.
Distinguish between CRR and SLR.
CRR is the percentage of money, which a bank has to keep with RBI in the form of cash.
SLR is the proportion of liquid assets to time and demand liabilities.

Question 25.
Write the meaning of Open market operations
Answer:

1. In a narrow sense, the Central Bank starts the purchase and sale of Government securities in the money market.
2. In Broad Sense, the Central Bank purchases and sells not only Government securities but also other proper eligible securities like bills and securities of private concerns.
3. When the banks and the private individuals purchase these securities they have to make payments for these securities to the Central Bank.

Question 26.
What is rationing of credit?
Answer:
Rationing of credit is an instrument of credit control. It aims to control and regulate the purposes for which credit is granted by commercial banks.

Question 27.
Mention the functions of the agriculture credit department.
Answer:
Functions of Agriculture Credit Department:

1. To maintain an expert staff to study all questions on agricultural credit;
2. To provide expert advice to Central and State Government, State Co-operative Banks, and other banking activities.
3. To finance the rural sector through eligible institutions engaged in the business of agricultural credit and to co-ordinate their activities.

PART – C

Answer the following questions in one paragraph.

Question 28.
Write the mechanism of crédit creation by commercial banks.
Answer:

• Bank credit refers to bank loans and advances. Money is said to be created when the banks, through their lending activities, make a net addition to the total supply of money in the economy.
• Likewise, money is said to be destroyed when the loans are repaid by the borrowers. Consequently the credit creáted are wiped out.
• Banks have the power to expand or contract demand deposits. This power of the commercial banks to create deposits through their loans and advances is known as credit creation.

Question 29.
Give a brief note on NBFI.
Answer:
Non – Banking Financial Institution (NBFI):
1. A non – banking financial institution (NBFI) or non-bank financial company (NBFC) is a financial institution that does not have a full banking license or is not supervised by the central bank.

2. The NBFIs do not carry on pure banking business, but they will carry on other financial transactions. They receive deposits and give loans. They mobilize people’s savings and use the funds to finance expenditure on investment activities. In short, they are institutions which undertake borrowing and lending. They operate in both the money and the capital markets.

3. NBFIs can be broadly classified into two categories. Viz.., (1) Stock Exchange; and (2) Other Financial institutions. Under the latter category comes Finance Companies, Finance Corporations, ChitFunds, Building Societies, Issue Houses, Investment Trusts and Unit Trusts and Insurance Companies.

Question 30.
Bring out the methods of credit control.
Answer:
Credit Control Measures

Question 31.
What are the functions of NABARD?
Answer:
Functions of NABARD:
NABARD has inherited its apex role from RBI i.e, it is performing all the functions performed
by RBI with regard to agricultural credit.

1. NABARD acts as a refinancing institution for all kinds of production and investment credit to agriculture, small-scale industries, cottage, and village industries, handicrafts and rural crafts and real artisans and other allied economic activities with a view to promoting integrated rural development.

2. NABARD gives long-term loans (upto 20 Years) to State Government to enable them to subscribe to the share capital of cooperative credit societies.

3. NABARD gives long-term loans to any institution approved by the Central Government or contribute to the share capital or invests in securities of any institution concerned with agriculture and rural development.

4. NABARD has the responsibility of coordinating the activities of Central and State Governments, the Planning Commission (now NITI Aayog) and other all India and State level institutions entrusted with the development of small scale industries, village and cottage industries, rural crafts, industries in the tiny and decentralized sectors, etc.

5. It maintains a Research and Development Fund to promote research in agriculture and rural development.

Question 32.
Specify the function of IFCI.
Answer:
The functions of the Industrial Finance Corporation of India are

• Long term loans; both in rupees and foreign currencies.
• Underwriting of equity, preference and debenture issues.
• Subscribing to equity, preference and debenture issues. .
• Guaranteeing the deferred payments in respect of machinery imported from abroad or purchased in India.
• Guaranteeing of loans raised in foreign currency from foreign financial institutions.

Question 33.
Distinguish between money market and capital market.
Answer:

Money market	Capital market
1. Money market is the mechanism through which short term funds are loaned and borrowed.	The market where investment instruments like bonds, equities and mortgages are traded is known as the capital market.
2. It is a part of financial system It designates financial institutions which handle the purchase, sale and transfer of short term credit instruments.	It is a part of financial system which is concerned with raising and transfer of short term credit capital by dealing in shares, bonds instruments, and other long term investments.

Question 34.
Mention the Objectives of demonetizations.
Answer:
Objectives of Demonetisation:

1. Removing Black Money from the country.
2. Stopping of Corruption.
3. Stopping Terror Funds.
4. Curbing Fake Notes.

Demonetisation is the act of stripping a currency unit of its status as legal tender. It occurs whenever there is a change of national currency. The current form or forms of money is pulled from circulation, often to be replaced with new coins or notes.

PART – D

Answer the following questions in about a page.

Question 35.
Explain the role of Commercial Banks in economic development.
Answer:
Role of Commercial Banks in Economic Development of a Country Role of Commercial Banks:

1. Capital Formation
2. Creation of Credit
3. Channelizing the funds
4. Encouraging Rights Type of Industries
5. Banks Monetize Debt
6. Finance to Government
7. Employment Generation
8. Bank Promote Entrepreneurship

1. Capital Formation:

• Banks play an important role in capital formation, which is essential for the economic development of a country.
• They mobilize the small savings of the people scattered over a wide area through their network of branches all over the country and make it available for productive purposes.

2. Creation of Credit:

• Banks create credit for the purpose of providing more funds for development projects.
• Credit creation leads to increased production, employment, sales and prices and thereby they bring about faster economic development.

3. Channelizing the Funds towards Productive Investment:

• Banks invest the savings mobilized by them for productive purposes.
• Capital formation is not the only function of commercial banks.

4. Encouraging Right Type of Industries:

• Many banks help in the development of the right type of industries by extending loan to right type of persons.
• In this way, they help not only for industrialization of the country but also for the economic development of the country.
• They grant loans and advances to manufacturers whose products are in great demand.

5. Banks Monetize Debt:

• Commercial banks transform the loan to be repaid after a certain period into cash, which can be immediately used for business activities.
• Manufacturers and wholesale traders cannot increase their sales without selling goods on credit basis.

6. Finance to Government:

• The government is acting as the promoter of industries in underdeveloped countries for which finance is needed for it.
• Banks provide long – term credit to Government by investing their funds in Government securities and short-term finance by purchasing Treasury Bills.

7. Employment Generation:

• After the nationalization of big banks, banking industry has grown to a great extent.
• Bank’s branches are opened frequently, which leads to the creation of new employment opportunities.

8. Banks Promote Entrepreneurship:

• In recent days, banks have assumed the role of developing entrepreneurship particularly in developing countries like India by inducing new entrepreneurs to take up well-formulated projects and provision of counseling services like technical and managerial guidance.

Question 36.
Elucidate the functions of commercial Banks.
Answer:
The functions of commercial Banks are classified as primary secondary and other functions.
(a) Primary Functions:

1. Accepting Deposits:
It implies that Commercial banks are mainly dependent on public deposits. There are two types of deposits, which are :

• Demand Deposits:
  It refers to deposits that can be with drawn by individuals without any prior notice to the bank
• Time Deposit:
  It refers to deposits that are made for certain committed period of time.

2. Advancing Loans:
It refers to granting loans to individuals and businesses. Commercial banks grant loans in the form of overdraft, cash credit and discounting bills of exchange.

b) Secondary Functions:

1. Agency Functions
It implies that commercial banks act as agents of customers by performing various functions. They are

• Collecting cheques
• Collecting Income
• Paying Expenses

2) General utility Function
It implies that commercial banks provide some utility to customers by performing various functions .

• Providing Locker Facilities
• Issuing Traveler’s cheques
• Dealing in Foreign Exchange

3) Transferring Funds :
It refers to transferring of funds from one bank to another. Funds are transferred by means of draft, telephonic transfer, and electronic transfer.

4) Letter of credit:
Commercial banks issue letters of credit to their customers to certify their creditworthiness.

• Underwriting securities
• Electronic Banking

(c) Other Functions:

1. Money supply
   It refers to one of the important functions of commercial banks that help in increasing money supply. With this function without printing additional money, the supply of money is increased.
2. Credit creation
   Credit creation means the multiplication of loans and advances.
3. Collection of statistics
   Banks collect and publish statistics relating to trade, commerce, and industry.

Question 37.
Describe the functions of Reserve Bank of India.
Answer:
Functions of Central Bank (Reserve Bank of India):
The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) is India’s central banking institution, which controls the monetary policy of the Indian rupee.

1. Monetary Authority:
It controls the supply of money in the economy to stabilize exchange rate, maintain healthy balance of payment, attain financial stability, control inflation, strengthen banking system.

2. The issuer of currency:
The objective is to maintain the currency and credit system of the country. It is the sole authority to issue currency. It also takes action to control the circulation of fake currency.

3. The issuer of Banking License:
As per Sec 22 of Banking Regulation Act, every bank has to obtain a banking license from RBI to conduct banking business in India.

4. Banker to the Government:
It acts as banker both to the central and the state governments. It provides short-term credit. It manages all new issues of government loans, servicing the government debt outstanding and nurturing the market for government securities. It advises the government on banking and financial subjects.

5. Banker’s Bank:
RBI is the bank of all banks in India as it provides loan to banks, accept the deposit of banks, and rediscount the bills of banks.

6. Lender of last resort:
The banks can borrow from the RBI by keeping eligible securities as collateral at the time of need or crisis, when there is no other source.

7. Act as clearing house:
For settlement of banking transactions, RBI manages 14 clearing houses. It facilitates the exchange of instruments and processing of payment instructions.

8. Custodian of foreign exchange reserves:
It acts as a custodian of FOREX. It administers and enforces the provision of Foreign Exchange Management Act (FEMA), 1999. RBI buys and sells foreign currency to maintain the exchange rate of Indian rupee v/s foreign currencies.

9. Regulator of Economy:
It controls the money supply in the system, monitors different key indicators like GDP, Inflation, etc.

10. Managing Government securities:
RBI administers investments in institutions when they invest specified minimum proportions of their total assets/liabilities in government securities.

11. Regulator and Supervisor of Payment and Settlement Systems:
The Payment and Settlement Systems Act of 2007 (PSS Act) gives RBI oversight authority for the payment and settlement systems in the country. RBI focuses on the development and functioning of safe, secure and efficient payment and settlement mechanisms.

12. Developmental Role:
This role includes the development of the quality banking system in India and ensuring that credit is available to the productive sectors of the economy. It provides a wide range of promotional functions to support national objectives.

It also includes establishing institutions designed to build the country’s financial infrastructure. It also helps in expanding access to affordable financial services and promoting financial education and literacy.

13. Publisher of monetary data and other data:
RBI maintains and provides all essential banking and other economic data, formulating and critically evaluating the economic policies in India. RBI collects, collates and publishes data regularly.

14. Exchange manager and controller:
RBI represents India as a member of the International Monetary Fund [IMF], Most of the commercial banks are authorized dealers of RBI.

15. Banking Ombudsman Scheme:
RBI introduced the Banking Ombudsman Scheme in 1995. Under this scheme, the complainants can file their complaints in any form, including online and can also appeal to the Ombudsman against the awards and the other decisions of the Banks.

16. Banking Codes and Standards Board of India:
To measure the performance of banks against Codes and standards based on established global practices, the RBI has set up the Banking Codes and Standards Board of India (BCSBI).

Question 38.
What are the objectives of Monetary policy? Explain.
Answer:
1) Neutrality of money :
Neutralists hold the view that monetary authority should aim at neutrality of money in the economy. Monetary changes could be the root cause of all economic fluctuations.

2) Exchange Rate stability :
Exchange rate stability was the traditional objective of monetary authority. This was the main objective under Gold standard among different countries. Instability in the Exchange rates results in unfavourable balance of payments. Therefore, stable exchange rates are advocated.

3) Price stability:
Price stability is considered the most genuine objective of monetary policy Stable prices repose public confidence. It promotes business activity and ensures equitable distribution of income and wealth. As a result, there is general wave of prosperity and welfare in the community.
But, price stability does not mean “price rigidity or price stagnation”

4) Full employment:
Full employment was considered as the main goal of monetary policy. With the publication of keynes General Theory of Employment, Interest and money in 1936, the objective of full employment gained full support as the chief objective of monetary policy.

5) Economic Growth:
Monetary policy should promote sustained and continuous economic growth by maintaining equilibrium between the total demand for money and total production capacity and further creating favourable conditions for saving and investment.
For bringing equality between demand and supply, a flexible monetary policy is the best course.

6) Equilibrium in the Balance of Payments:
Equilibrium in the balance of payments is another objective of monetary policy which emerged significantly in the post-war years. Monetary authority makes efforts to maintain equilibrium in the balance of payments.

12th Economics Guide Banking Additional Important Questions and Answers

One Mark Questions.

Question 1.
Reserve Bank of India was nationalised in …………………………
(a) 1947
(b) 1948
(c) 1949
(d)1950
Answer:
(c) 1949

Question 2.
Under British rule the first bank of India was …………………….
a) Bank of Bengal
b) Bank of Hindustan
c) Bank of Bombay
d) Bank of Madras
Answer:
b) Bank of Hindustan

Question 3.
The ……………………… Bank of India was changed into SBI
a) Mumbai
b) Chennai
c) Imperial
d) Presidency
Answer:
c) Imperial

Question 4.
Primary functions of the commercial bank is …………………………
(a) Accepting deposits from the public
(b) Making loans and advances to public
(c) Discounting bills of exchange
(d) Inter bank borrowing
Answer:
(a) Accepting deposits from the public

Question 5.
RBI commenced its operations on …………………………..
a) April 1,1934
b) April 1,1935
c) January 1,1949
d) April 1,1937
Answer:
b) April 1,1935

Question 6.
The coins are issued by …………………………
(a) Ministry of Finance
(b) RBI
(c) Central Bank
(d) State Bank
Answer:
(a) Ministry of Finance

Question 7.
The name Rupee was derived from the Sanskrit word …………….
a) Nomia
b) Rupay
c) Raupya
d) None of the above
Answer:
c) Raupya

Question 8.
The rate at which the RBI is willing to borrow from the commercial banks is called …………….
a) Reverse Repo Rate
b) Repo rate
c) Cash Reserve Ratio
d) Bank rate
Answer:
a) Reverse Repo Rate

Question 9.
Open Market operations enable the ………………………… to reduce the money supply in the economy.
(o) Commercial bank
(b) SBI
(c) ICICI
(d) RBI
Answer:
(d) RBI

Question 10.
Each Indian bank note has its amount written in …………….. language.
a) 15
b) 20
c) 17
d) 14
Answer:
c) 17

Question 11.
Regional Rural Banks were set up on ……………………
a) 1950
b) 1967
c)1970
d) 1975
Answer :
d) 1975

Question 12.
Industrial credit and Investment Corporation of India (ICICI) was set up on ………………
a) January 5, 1955
b) January 5,1973
c) February 15, 1976
d) February 5,1955
Answer:
a) January 5,1955

Question 13.
“Monetary History of the United states, 1867 -1960” was written by ………………
a) Milton Friedman
b) Irving Fisher
c) Walker
d) Culbertson.
Answer:
a) Milton Friedman

Question 14.
The qualitative credit control methods are also called …………………………
(a) Selective cash control
(b) Selective expenditure control
(c) Selective credit control
(d) Selective money control
Answer:
(c) Selective credit control

Question 15.
…………………. is the act of stripping a currency unit of its status as legal tender.
a) Fiscal policy
b) Demonitisation
c) Monetary policy
d) Money market.
Answer:
b) Demonetisation

II. Match the following:

Question 1.
A) Bank of Bengal – 1) 1843
B) Bank of Bombay – 2) 1809
C) Bank of Madras – 3) 1935
D) Reserve Bank of India – 4)1840

Answer:
a) 2 4 1 3

Question 2.
A) NEFT – 1) Automated Teller Machine
B) RTGS – 2) Payment Bank
C) ATM – 3) National Electronic Fund Transfer
D) Paytm – 4) Real Time Gross Settlement.

Answer:
c) 3 4 1 2

Question 3.
A) Expansionary monetary policy – 1) Milton Friedman
B) Contractionary monetary policy – 2) Cassel, Keynes
c) Monetary policy – 3) Cheap money policy
D) Price stability – 4) Dear money policy

Answer :
a) 3 4 1 2

III. Choose the correct pair

Question 1.
a) Nobel prize – J.M. Keynes
b) Monetary policy – Macro-Economic Policy
c) Money Market – Long term credit instruments
d) Capital Market – Short term credit instruments
Answer :
b) Monetary policy – Macro-Economic Policy

Question 2.
a) RBI – 1945
b) ARDC – 1968
c) RRB – 1975
d) NABARD – 1984
Answer:
c) RRB -1975

Question 3.
a) Neutrality of Money – Cassel, Keynes
b) Price stability – Wicksteed, Robertson
c) E-banking – Internet banking
d) Merger of banks – 2018
Answer:
c) E-banking – Internet banking

IV. Choose the incorrect pair
Question 1.
a)NABARD – Agricultural credit
b) All-India level Institutions – IFCI, ICICI, IDBI
c) State level Institutions – SFC, SIDC
d) RRB – Industrial Development Bank
Answer:
d) RRB – Industrial Development Bank

Question 2.
a) First Central Bank – The Ricks Bank
b) Commercial banks – Service motivated
c) Time Deposit – Recurring deposit
d) Primary Deposit -. Passive Deposits
Answer:
b) Commercial banks – Service motivated

Question 3.
a) Reserve Bank of India Act – 1935
b) Foreign Exchange Management Act – 1999
c) Banking Ombudsman Scheme -‘1995
d) Banking Regulation Act – 1949
Answer:
a) Reserve Bank of India Act -1935

V. Choose the correct statement.

Question 1.
a) Central Government is the sole authority to issue currency in India.
b)Variable cash Reserve Ratio as an objective of monetary policy was first suggested by J.M.Keynes.
c) SBI represents India as a member of the International Monetary Fund.
d )Variable cash Reserve Ratio was first followed by RBI.
Answer:
b) Variable cash Reserve Ratio as an objective of monetary policy was first suggested by J.M.Keynes.

Question 2.
a) RRBS provides credit and other facilities to urban Industries.
b)Contractionary Monetary policy decreases unemployment.
c) Expansionary Monetary policy is a cheap money policy.
d) Price stability means price rigidity or price stagnation.
Answer:
c) Expansionary Monetary policy is a cheap money policy.

Question 3.
a) The Minimum amount for NEFT transfer is 2 lakhs.
b) RTGS means National electronic fund transfer.
c) Capital market is concerned with raising capital by dealing in shares, bonds, and other long-term investments.
d) The rate at which the RBI is willing to borrow from the commercial banks is called Repo Rate.
Answer:
c) Capital market is concerned with raising capital by dealing in shares, bonds, and other long-term investments.

VI. Choose the incorrect statement

Question 1.
a) Variable cash Reserve Ratio was first introduced by J.M.Keynes.
b) Bank rate is otherwise called Discount Rate.
c) Commercial Banks are profit-motivated.
d) Public deposits are classified as Demand deposits, Time deposits, and Primary deposits.
Answer:
d) Public deposits are classified as Demand deposits, Time deposits, and Primary deposits.

Question 2.
a) Commercial banks provide long-term credit to maintain liquidity of assets.
b) Credit creation literally means the multiplication of loans and advances.
c) Rationing of credit is the oldest method of credit Control.
d) The modern banks create deposits in two ways such as primary deposit and derived deposit.
Answer:
a) Commercial banks provide long-term credit to maintain liquidity of assets.

Question 3.
a) The Agricultural Refinance Development Corporation was established on July 1, 1963.
b) Non – Banking Financial Institutions are supervised by the Central Bank.
c) If the Central Bank wants to control credit, it will raise the bank rate.
d) The share capital of NABARD was equally contributed by the RBI and the GOI.
Answer:
b) Non – Banking Financial Institutions are supervised by the Central Bank.

VII. Pick the odd one out:

Question 1.
a) State Financial Corporations.
b) Industrial Finance Corporation of India
c) Industrial Credit and Investment Corporation of India
d) Industrial Development Bank of India.
Answer:
a) State Financial Corporations.

Question 2.
a) Bank Rate Policy
b) Open Market Operations
c) Rationing of Credit
d) Variable Reserve Ratio
Answer:
c) Rationing of Credit

Analyse the reason:

Question 1.
Assertion (A): Reserve Bank of India had set up a separate Agricultural Credit Department.
Reason (R): RBI’s responsibility in the field of agriculture had been creased due to the predominance of agriculture in the Indian economy and the inadequacy of the formal agencies to cater to the huge requirements of the sector.
Answer:
a) Assertion (A): and Reason (R) both are true, and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).

Question 2.
Assertion (A): A central bank is an institution that manages a state’s currency, money supply, and interest rates.
Reason (R): Central bank through monetary policy controls the supply of money.
Answer:
a) Assertion (A) and Reason (R) both are true, and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).

Question 3.
Assertion (A) : RBI was given oversight authority for the payment and settlement systems in the country. .
Reason (R) : The payment and settlement systems Act came into force in 2007.
Answer:
a) Assertion (A) and Reason (R) both are true, and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
Option:
a) Assertion (A) and Reason (R) both are true, and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
b) Assertion (A) and Reason (R) both are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
c) (A) is true, but (R) is false.
d) Both (A) and (R) are false.

IX. 2 Mark Questions

Question 1.
When and where was the first central bank established?
Answer:

• The Ricks Banks of Sweden, which had sprung from a private bank established in 1656 is the oldest central bank in the world.
• The Bank of England (1864) is the first bank of issues.

Question 2.
What are the functions of primary deposits?
Answer:
Primary Deposits:

1. It is out of these primary deposits that the bank makes loans and advances to its customers.
2. The initiative is taken by the customers themselves. In this case, the role of the bank is passive.
3. So these deposits are also called “Passive deposits”.

Question 3.
Name the classification of NBFIs.
Answer:

• Stock Exchange
• Other financial institutions Under the latter category comes Finance companies, Finance corporations, Chit funds, Building societies, etc.

Question 4.
Name the institutions for industrial finance.
Answer:
All-India level Institution:

• Industrial Finance Corporation of India
• Industrial Credit and Investment Corporation of India
• Industrial Development Bank of India.

State-level Institutions:

• State Financial Corporations
• State Industrial Development Corporation

Question 5.
Write RBI granting Regional Rural Banks concessions?
Answer:
The RBI has been granting many concessions to RRBs:

1. They are allowed to maintain the cash reserve ratio at 3 percent and statutory liquidity ratio at 25 percent; and
2. They also provide refinance facilities through NABARD.

Question 6.
State the specific objectives of monetary policy.
Answer:

• Neutrality of Money
• Stability of Exchange Rates
• Price stability
• Full employment
• Economic Growth
• Equilibrium in the Balance of Payments.

Question 7.
What is E-Banking?
Answer:
Online banking also known as internet banking, is an electronic payment system that enables customers of a bank or other financial institution to conduct a range of financial transactions through the financial institution’s website.

Question 8.
What do you know about Automated Teller Machine?
Answer:
ATMs were first introduced in 1967. Biometric authentication is already used in India, and its recognition is in place at Qatar National Bank ATMs.

Question 9.
Write a note on Paytm.
Answer:
Payments bank or Paytm is one of India’s e-commerce payment system and digital wallet company. It was established on August 2015, by the license of RBI.

Question 10.
Write a note on Debit Card.
Answer:
A Debit card is a card allowing the holder to transfer money electronically from their bank account when making a purchase.

Question 11.
What is demonetization?
Answer:
Demonetization is the act of stripping a currency unit of its status as legal tender. The current form or forms of money is pulled from circulation, often to be replaced with new coins or notes.

X. 3 Mark Questions

Question 1.
What are the functions of RBI agricultural credit?
Answer:
Role of RBI in agricultural credit:

1. RBI has been playing a very vital role in the provision of agricultural finance in the country.
2. The Bank’s responsibility in this field had been increased due to the predominance of agriculture in the Indian economy and the inadequacy of the formal agencies to cater to the huge requirements of the sector.
3. In order to fulfill this important role effectively, the RBI set up a separate Agriculture Credit Department.
4. However, the volume of informal loans has not declined sufficiently.

Question 2.
Write a note on Regional Rural Banks.
Answer:

• Regional Rural Banks (RRBs) was setup by the Government of India in 1975.
• The main objective of the RRBs is to provide credit and other facilities particularly to the small and marginal farmers, agricultural labourers, artisans, and smalls entrepreneurs so as to develop agriculture, trade, commerce, industry, and other productive activities in the rural areas.
• RBI provides refinance facilities to RRBs through NABARD.

Question 3.
Explain the functions of ICICI.
Answer:
ICICI was set up on 5th January 1955. The principal purpose of this institution is to channelize the world bank funds to the industry in India and also to help build up a capital market.

Functions:

1. Assistance to industries
2. Provision of foreign currency loans
3. Merchant banking
4. Letter of credit
5. Project promotion
6. Housing loans
7. Leasing operations

Question 4.
What is E-Banking?
Answer:

1. Online banking, also known as internet banking, is an electronic payment system that enables customers of a bank or other financial institution to conduct a range of financial transactions through the financial institution’s website.
2. The online banking system typically connects to or be part of the core banking system operated by a bank and is in contrast to branch banking which was the traditional way customers accessed banking services.

Question 5.
Differentiate NEFT and RTGS.
Answer:

NEFT	RTGS
1. National Electronic Fund Transfer	1. Real Time Gross Settlement
2. Transactions happen in batches hence slow	2. Transactions happens in real-time hence fast.
3. No minimum limit	3. Minimum amount for RTGS transfer is Rs.2 Lakhs.

XI. 5 Mark Questions

Question 1.
Differentiate Repo Rate and Reverse Repo Rate.
Answer:

Repo Rate RR	Reverse Repo Rate RRR
1. The rate at which the RBI is willing to lend to commercial banks is called Repo Rate	1. The rate at which the RBI is willing to borrow from the commercial banks is called the reverse repo rate.
2. To central inflation, RBI increases the Repo Rate.	2. If the RBI increases the reverse repo rate, it means that the RBI wants the banks to park their money with the RBI.
3. Similarly RBI reduces the Repo rate to control deflation.	3. To control deflation RBI also reduces the Reverse Repo rate.

Question 2.
Explain the functions of the Industrial Development Bank of India.
Answer:

• The functions of IDBI fall into two groups.
  • Assistance to other financial institutions.
  • Direct assistance to industrial concerns either on its own or in participation with other institutions.
• The IDBI can provide refinance in respect of term loans to industrial concerns given by the IFC, the SFCs, other financial institutions notified by the government, scheduled banks, and state cooperative banks.
• A special feature of the IDBI is the provision for the creation of a special fund known as the Development assistance fund.
• The fund is intended to provide assistance to industries which require heavy investments with a low anticipated rate of return.

Question 3.
Explain the State level institutions of Industrial Finance.
Answer:
1. State Financial Corporation (SFCs):
The government of India passed 1951 the State Financial corporations Act and SFCs were set up in many states. The SFCs are mainly intended for the development of small and medium industrial units within their respective states. However, in some cases, they extend to neighbouring states as well.

SFCs depend upon the IDBI for refinancing in respect of the term loans granted by them. Apart from these, the SFCs can also make temporary borrowings from the RBI and borrowings from IDBI and by the sale of bonds.

2. State Industrial Development Corporations(SIDCOs):
The Industrial Development Corporations have been set up by the state governments and they are wholly owned by them. These institutions are not merely financing agencies, are entrusted with the responsibility of accelerating the industrialization of their states.

Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus Samacheer Kalvi 12th Computer Science Guide Pdf Chapter 1 Function Text Book Back Questions and Answers, Notes.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 12th Computer Science Solutions Chapter 1 Function

12th Computer Science Guide Function Text Book Questions and Answers

I. Choose the best answer (I Marks)

Question 1.
The small sections of code that are used to perform a particular task is called
a) Subroutines
b) Files
c) Pseudo code
d) Modules
Answer:
a) Subroutines

Question 2.
Which of the following is a unit of code that is often defined within a greater code structure?
a) Subroutines
b) Function
c) Files
d) Modules
Answer:
b) Function

Question 3.
Which of the following is a distinct syntactic block?
a) Subroutines
b) Function
c) Definition
d) Modules
Answer:
c) Definition

Question 4.
The variables in a function definition are called as
a) Subroutines
b) Function
c) Definition
d) Parameters
Answer:
d) Parameters

Question 5.
The values which are passed to a function definition are called
a) Arguments
b) Subroutines
c) Function
d) Definition
Answer:
a) Arguments

Question 6.
Which of the following are mandatory to write the type annotations in the function definition
a) Curly braces
b) Parentheses
c) Square brackets
d) indentations
Answer:
b) Parentheses

Question 7.
Which of the following defines what an object can do?
a) Operating System
b) Compiler
c) Interface
d) Interpreter
Answer:
c) Interface

Question 8.
Which of the following carries out the instructions defined in the interface?
a) Operating System
b) Compiler
c) Implementation
d) Interpreter
Answer:
c) Implementation

Question 9.
The functions which will give exact result when same arguments are passed are called
a) Impure functions
b) Partial Functions
c) Dynamic Functions
d) Pure functions
Answer:
d) Pure functions

Question 10.
The functions which cause side effects to the arguments passed are called
a) Impure functions
b) Partial Functions
c) Dynamic Functions
d) Pure functions
Answer:
a) Impure functions

II. Answer the following questions (2 Marks)

Question 1.
What is a subroutine?
Answer:
Subroutines are the basic building blocks of computer programs. Subroutines are small sections of code that are used to perform a particular task that can be used repeatedly. In Programming languages, these subroutines are called Functions.

Question 2.
Define Function with respect to the Programming language.
Answer:

• A function is a unit of code that is often defined within a greater code structure.
• A function works on many kinds of inputs like variants, expressions and produces a concrete output.

Question 3.
Write the inference you get from X:=(78).
Answer:
Value 78 is bound to the name X.

Question 4.
Differentiate Interface and Implementation
Answer:

Interface	Implementation
Interface defines what an object can do, but won’t actually do it	Implementation carries out the instructions defined in the interface

Question 5.
Which of the following is a normal function definition and which is a recursive function definition?
Answer:
(I) Let Recursive sum x y:
return x + y

(II) let disp:
print ‘welcome’

(III) let Recursive sum num:
if (num! = 0) then return num + sum (num – 1) else
return num

1. Recursive function
2. Normal function
3. Recursive function

III. Answer the following questions (3 Marks)

Question 1.
Mention the characteristics of Interface.
Answer:

• The class template specifies the interfaces to enable an object to be created and operated properly.
• An object’s attributes and behaviour is controlled by sending functions to the object.

Question 2.
Why strlen() is called pure function?
Answer:
strlen (s) is called each time and strlen needs to iterate over the whole of ‘s’. If the compiler is smart enough to work out that strlen is a pure function and that ‘s’ is not updated in the lbop, then it can remove the redundant extra calls to strlen and make the loop to execute only one time. This function reads external memory but does not change it, and the value returned derives from the external memory accessed.

Question 3.
What is the side effect of impure function? Give example.
Answer:

• Impure function has side effects when it has observable interaction with the outside world.
• The variables used inside the function may cause side effects through the functions which are not passed with any arguments. In such cases the function is called impure function.
• When a function depends on variables or functions outside of its definition block, you can never be sure that the function will behave the same every time it’s called.
• For example, the mathematical function random () will give different outputs for the same function call
  let random number
  let a:= random()
  if a> 10 then
  return: a
  else
  return 10
• Here the function random is impure as it not sure what the will be the result when we call
  the function

Question 4.
Differentiate pure and impure functions.
Answer:

Pure Function		Impure Function
1	The return value of the pure functions solely depends on its arguments passed.	The return value of the impure functions does not solely depend on its arguments passed..
2	Pure functions with the same set of arguments always return same values.	Impure functions with the same set of arguments may return different values.
3	They do not have any side effects.	They have side effects.
4	They do not modify the arguments which are passed to them	They may modify the arguments which are passed to them
5	Example: strlen(),sqrt()	Example: random(),date()

Question 5.
What happens if you modify a variable outside the function? Give an example
Answer:
When a function depends on variables or functions outside of its definition block, you can never be sure that the function will behave the same every time it’s called.
For example let y: = 0
(int) inc (int) x
y: = y + x;
return (y)
In the above example the value of y get changed inside the function defintion due to which the result will change each time. The side effect of the inc ( ) function is it is changing the data ‘ of the external visible variable ‘y’.

IV. Answer the following questions (5 Marks)

Question 1.
What are called Parameters and Write a note on
1. Parameter Without Type
2. Parameter With Type
Answer:
Parameter:
Parameter is the variables in a function definition
Arguments:
Arguments are the values which are passed to a function definition
Parameters passing are of two types namely

1. Parameter without Type
2. Parameter with Type

1. Parameter without Type:
Let us see an example of a function definition.
(requires: b > =0 )
(returns: a to the power of b)
let rec pow a b:=
if b=0 then 1
else a pow a*(b-l)

• In the above function definition variable ‘b’ is the parameter and the value which is passed to the variable ‘b’ is the argument.
• The precondition (requires) and postcondition (returns) of the function is given.
• Note we have not mentioned any types (data types).
• Some language computer solves this type (data type) inference problem algorithmically, but some require the type to be mentioned.

2. Parameter with Type:
Now let us write the same function definition with types for some reason:
(requires: b > 0 )
(returns: a to the power of b )
let rec pow (a: int) (b: int): int: =
if b=0 then 1 else a * pow b (a-1)

• When we write the type annotations for ‘a’ and ‘b’ the parentheses are mandatory.
• There are times we may want to explicitly write down types.
• This useful on times when you get a type error from the compiler that doesn’t make sense.
• Explicitly annotating the types can help with debugging such an error message.

Question 2.
Identify in the following program
Answer:
let rec gcd a b : =
if b < > 0 then gcd b (a mod b) else return a
(I) Name of the function
gcd

(II) Identify the statement which tells it is a recursive function
let rec

(III) Name of the argument variable
a, b

(IV) Statement which invokes the function recursively
gcd b(a mod b) [when b < > 0]

(V) Statement which terminates the recursion
return a (when b becomes 0).

Question 3.
Explain with example Pure and impure functions.
Answer:
Pure functions:

• Pure functions are functions which will give exact result when the same arguments are passed.
• For example, the mathematical function sin (0) always results 0.
  Let us see an example.
  let square x
  return: x * x
• The above function square is a pure function because it will not give different results for the same input.

Impure functions:

• The variables used inside the function may cause side effects through the functions which are not passed with any arguments. In such cases, the function is called the impure function.
• When a function depends on variables or functions outside of its definition block, we can never be sure that the function will behave the same every time it’s called.
• For example, the mathematical functions random () will give different outputs for the same function call.
  let Random number
  let a := random() if a > 10 then
  return: a else
  return: 10
• Here the function Random is impure as it is not sure what will be the result when we call the function.

Question 4.
Explain with an example interface and implementation
Answer:
Interface Vs Implementation:
An interface is a set of actions that an object can do. For example, when you press a light switch, the light goes on, you may not have cared how it splashed the light. In an Object-Oriented Programming language, an Interface is a description of all functions that a class must have in order to be a new interface.

In our example, anything that “ACTS LIKE” a light, should have to function definitions like turn on ( ) and a turn off ( ). The purpose of interfaces is to allow the computer to enforce the properties of the class of TYPE T (whatever the interface is) must have functions called X, Y, Z, etc.

A class declaration combines the external interface (its local state) with an implementation of that interface (the code that carries out the behaviour). An object is an instance created from the class. The interface defines an object’s visibility to the outside world.

Characteristics of interface

• The class template specifies the interfaces to enable an object to be created and operated properly.
• An object’s attributes and behavior is controlled by sending functions to the object.

Interface	Implementation
Interface defines what an object can do, but won’t actually do it	Implementation carries out the instructions defined in the interface

Example:

• • The person who drives the car doesn’t care about the internal working.
• To increase the speed of the car he just presses the accelerator to get the desired behaviour.
• Here the accelerator is the interface between the driver (the calling / invoking object) and the engine (the called object).
• In this case, the function call would be Speed (70): This is the interface.
• Internally, the engine of the car is doing all the things.
• It’s where fuel, air, pressure, and electricity come together to create the power to move the vehicle.
  All of these actions are separated from the driver, who just wants to go faster. Thus we separate interface from implementation.

12th Computer Science Guide Function Additional Questions and Answers

I. Choose the best answer (1 Mark)

Question 1.
……………………… are expressed using statements of a programming language.
(a) Algorithm
(b) Procedure
(c) Specification
(d) Abstraction
Answer:
(a) Algorithm

Question 2.
The recursive function is defined using the keyword
a) let
b) requires
c) name
d) let rec
Answer:
d) let rec

Question 3.
A function definition which calls itself is called
a) user-defined function
b) recursive function
c) built-in function
d) derived function
Answer:
b) recursive function

Question 4.
Find the correct statement from the following.
(a) a : = (24) has an expression
(b) (24) is an expression
Answer:
(a) a : = (24) has an expression

Question 5.
strlen() is an example of ………………. function.
a) pure
b) impure
c) user-defined
d) recursive
Answer:
a) pure

Question 6.
Evaluation of ………………. functions does not cause any side effects to its output?
a) Impure
b) built-in
c) Recursive
d) pure
Answer:
d) pure

Question 7.
The name of the function in let rec pow ab : = is …………………………
(a) Let
(b) Rec
(c) Pow
(d) a b
Answer:
(c) Pow

Question 8.
An …………….. is an instance created from the class.
a) Interface
b) object
c) member
d) function
Answer:
b) object

Question 9.
In object-oriented programs …………… are the interface.
a) classes
b) object
c) function
d) implementation
Answer:
a) classes

Question 10.
In b = 0, = is ……………………….. operator
(a) Assignment
(b) Equality
(c) Logical
(d) Not equal
Answer:
(b) Equality

II. Answer the following questions (2 and 3 Marks)

Question 1.
What are the two types of parameter passing?
Answer:

1. Parameter without type
2. Parameter with type

Question 2.
What is meant by Definition?
Answer:
Definitions are distinct syntactic blocks.

Question 3.
Write the syntax for the function definitions?
Answer:
let rec f_n a₁ a₂ … a_n : = k
f_n : Function name
a₁ … a_n – variable
rec: recursion

Question 4.
Define Argument.
Answer:
Arguments are the values which are passed to a function definition through the function definition

Question 5.
Write notes on Interface.
Answer:

• An interface is a set of actions that an object can do.
• Interface just defines what an object can do, but won’t actually do it

Question 6.
Define Implementation.
Answer:
Implementation carries out the instructions defined in the interface

Question 7.
Write notes on Pure functions.
Answer:

• Pure functions are functions which will give exact result when the same arguments are passed.
• Example: strlen(),sqrt()

Question 8.
Write notes on the Impure function.
Answer:

• The functions which cause side effects to the arguments passed are called
  Impure function.
• Example: random(), date()

Question 9.
What is a Recursive function?
Answer:
A function definition which calls itself is called a Recursive function.

Question 10.
Differentiate parameters and arguments.
Answer:

Parameters	Arguments
Parameters are the variables in a function definition	Arguments are the values which are passed to a function definition.

Question 11.
Give function definition for the Chameleons of Chromeland problem?
Answer:
let rec monochromatize abc : =
if a > 0 then
a, b, c : = a – 1, b – 1, c + 2
else
a: = 0, b: = 0, c: = a + b + c
return c

Question 12.
Define Object:
Answer:
An object is an instance created from the class.

III. Answer the following questions (5 Marks)

Question 1.
Explain the syntax of function definitions
Answer:

• The syntax to define functions is close to the mathematical usage.
• The definition is introduced by the keyword let, followed by the name of the function and its arguments; then the formula that computes the image of the argument is written after an = sign.
• If you want to define a recursive function: use “let rec” instead of “let”.

The syntax for function definitions:

• let rec fn al a2 … an := k
• Here the ‘fn’ is a variable indicating an identifier being used as a
  function name.
• The names ‘al’ to ‘an’ are variables indicating the identifiers used as parameters.
• The keyword ‘rec’ is required if ‘fn’ is to be a recursive function; otherwise, it may be omitted.

Question 2.
Write a short note and syntax for function types?
Answer:

• The syntax for function types
  x→→y
  x1 →→ x2→→y
  x1 →→….. →→xn→→ y
• The ‘x’ and ‘y’ are variables indicating types
• The type x →→ ‘y’ is the type of a function that gets an input of type ‘x’ and returns an output of type ‘y’ whereas xl→→ x2 →→y is a type of a function that takes two inputs, the first input is of type and the second input of type ‘xl’, and returns an output of type <y’.
• Likewise x1→→……. →→ >xn→→y has type ‘x’ as the input of n arguments and ‘y’ type as output

Question 3.
On the island, there are different types of chameleons. Whenever two different color chameleons meet they both change their colors to the third color. Suppose two types of chameleons are equal in number.
Construct an algorithm that arranges meetings between these two types so that they change their color to the third type. In the end, all should display the same color.
Answer:
let ree monochromatic a b c:=
if a > 0 then
a, b, c:= a -1, b -1, c + 2
else
a:= 0 b:= 0 c:= a + b + c
return c

HANDS-ON PRACTICE

Question 1.
Write the algorithmic function definition to find the minimum among 3 numbers.
Answer:
let min 3abc:=
if a < b then
if a < c then a else c
else
if b < c then b else c

Question 2.
Write the algorithmic recursive function definition to find the sum of ‘n ‘ natural numbers. Answer:
let rec sum num:
lf(num!=0)
then return num+sum(num-l)
else return num

Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus Samacheer Kalvi 12th Computer Science Guide Pdf Chapter 16 Data Visualization Using Pyplot: Line Chart, Pie Chart and Bar Chart Text Book Back Questions and Answers, Notes.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 12th Computer Science Solutions Chapter 16 Data Visualization Using Pyplot: Line Chart, Pie Chart and Bar Chart

12th Computer Science Guide Data Visualization Using Pyplot: Line Chart, Pie Chart and Bar Chart Text Book Questions and Answers

I. Choose the best answer (1 Mark)

Question 1.
Which is a python package used for 2D graphics?
a) matplotlib.pyplot
b) matplotlib.pip
c) matplotlib.numpy
d) matplotlib.plt
Answer:
a) matplotlib.pyplot

Question 2.
Identify the package manager for Python packages, or modules.
a) Matplotlib
b) PIP
c) plt.show()
d) python package
Answer:
b) PIP

Question 3.
Read the following code: Identify the purpose of this code and choose the right option from the following.
C:\Users\YourName\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python36-32\Scripts > pip – version
a) Check if PIP is Installed
b) Install PIP
c) Download a Package
d) Check PIP version
Answer:
d) Check PIP version

Question 4.
Read the following code: Identify the purpose of this code and choose the right option from the following.
C:\Users\Your Name\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python36-32\Scripts > pip list
a) List installed packages
b) list command
c) Install PIP
d) packages installed
Answer:
a) List installed packages

Question 5.
To install matplotlib, the following function will be typed in your command prompt. What does “-U”represents?
Python -m pip install -U pip
a) downloading pip to the latest version
b) upgrading pip to the latest version
c) removing pip
d) upgrading matplotlib to the latest version
Answer:
b) upgrading pip to the latest version

Question 6.
Observe the output figure. Identify the coding for obtaining this output.

a) import matplotlib.pyplot as pit
plt.plot([1,2,3],[4,5,1])
plt.show()

b) import matplotlib.pyplot as pit plt.
plot([1,2],[4,5])
plt.show()

c) import matplotlib.pyplot as pit
plt.plot([2,3],[5,1])
plt.showQ

d) import matplotlib.pyplot as pit pit .plot ([1,3], [4,1 ])
Answer:
a) import matplotlib.pyplot as pit
plt.plot([1,2,3],[4,5,1])
plt.show()

Question 7.
Read the code:
a. import matplotlib.pyplot as pit
b. plt.plot(3,2)
c. plt.show()
Identify the output for the above coding

Answer:
c

Question 8.
Which key is used to run the module?
a) F6
b) F4
c) F3
d) F5
Answer:
d) F5

Question 9.
Identify the right type of chart using the following hints.
Hint 1: This chart is often used to visualize a trend in data over intervals of time.
Hint 2: The line in this type of chart is often drawn chronologically.
a) Line chart
b) Bar chart
c) Pie chart
d) Scatter plot
Answer:
a) Line chart

Question 10.
Read the statements given below. Identify the right option from the following for pie chart. Statement A : To make a pie chart with Matplotlib, we can use the plt.pie() function.
Statement B : The autopct parameter allows us to display the percentage value using the Python string formatting.
a) Statement A is correct
b) Statement B is correct
c) Both the statements are correct
d) Both the statements are wrong
Answer:
b) Statement B is correct

II Answer the following questions (2 marks)

Question 1
Define Data Visualization.
Answer:
Data Visualization is the graphical representation of information and data. The objective of Data Visualization is to communicate information visually to users. For this, data visualization uses statistical graphics. Numerical data may be encoded using dots, lines, or bars, to visually communicate a quantitative message.

Question 2.
List the general types of data visualization.
Answer:

• Charts
• Tables
• Graphs
• Maps
• Infographics
• Dashboards

Question 3.
List the types of Visualizations in Matplotlib.
Answer:
There are many types of Visualizations under Matplotlib. Some of them are:

1. Line plot
2. Scatter plot
3. Histogram
4. Box plot
5. Bar chart and
6. Pie chart

Question 4.
How will you install Matplotlib?
Answer:

• Pip is a management software for installing python packages.
• We can install matplotlib using pip.
• First of all, we need to identify whether pip is installed in your PC. If so, upgrade the pip in your system.
• To check if pip is already installed in our system, navigate our command line to the location of Python’s script directory.
• You can install the latest version of pip from our command prompt using the following command:
  Python -m pip install -U pip
• To install matplotlib, type the following in our command prompt:
  Python -m pip install -U matplotlib

Question 5.
Write the difference between the following functions: plt. plot([1,2,3,4]), plt. plot ([1,2,3,4], [14, 9,16]).
Answer:

plt.plot([I,2,3,4])		plt.pIot([I,2,3,4],[1,4,9,16])
1	In plt.plot([1,2,3,4]) a single list or array is provided to the plot() command.	In plt.pIot([1,2,3,4],[l,4,9,16]) the first two parameters are ‘x’ and ‘y’ coordinates.
2	matplotlib assumes it is a sequence of y values, and automatically generates the x values.	This means, we have 4 co-ordinate according to these ‘list as (1,1), (2,4), (3,9) and (4,16).
3	Since python ranges start with 0, the default x vector has the same length as y but starts with 0. Hence the x data are [0,1,2,3].

III. Answer the following questions (3 marks)

Question 1.
Draw the output for the following data visualization plot.
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
plt.bar([1,3,5,7,9],[5,2,7,8,2], label=”Example one”)
plt.bar([2,4,6,8,10],[8,6,2,5,6], label=:”Example two”, color=’g’)
plt.legend()
plt.xlabel(‘bar number’)
plt.ylabel(‘bar height’)
plt.title(‘Epic Graph\nAnother Line! Whoa’)
plt.show()
Output:

Question 2.
Write any three uses of data visualization.
Answer:

1. Data Visualization helps users to analyze and interpret the data easily.
2. It makes complex data understandable and usable.
3. Various Charts in Data Visualization helps to show the relationship in the data for one or more variables.

Question 3.
Write the coding for the following:
a) To check if PIP is Installed in your PC.
b) To Check the version of PIP installed in your PC.
c) To list the packages in matplotlib.
Answer:
a) To check if PIP is Installed in your PC.

1. In command prompt type pip – version.
2. If it is installed already, you will get version.
3. Command : Python – m pip install – U pip

b) To Check the version of PIP installed in your PC.
C:\ Users\ YourName\ AppData\ Local\ Programs\ Py thon\ Py thon36-32\ Scripts>
pip-version

c) To list the packages in matplotlib.
C:\ Users\ Y ou rName\ AppData\ Local\ Programs\ Py thon\ Py thon36-32\ Scripts>
pip list

Question 4.
Write the plot for the following pie chart output.
Coding:
import matplotlib. pyplot as pit
sizes = [54.2,8.3,8.3,29.2]
labels= [“playing”,”working”,”eating”,”sleeping”]
exp=(0,0,0.1,0)
pit.pie (sizes labels = labels,explode=exp,autopct=”%.If%%, shadow-True, counterclock=False,strartangle-90)
pit, axes (). set_aspect (“equal”)
pit. title (“Interesting Graph \nCheck it out”)
plt.show ()

IV. Answer the following questions (5 Marks)

Question 1.
Explain in detail the types of pyplots using Matplotlib.
Answer:
Matplotlib allows us to create different kinds of plots ranging from histograms and scatter plots to bar graphs and bar charts.

Line Chart:

• A Line Chart or Line Graph is a type of chart which displays information as a series of data points called ‘markers’ connected by straight line segments.
• A Line Chart is often used to visualize a trend in data over intervals of time – a time series – thus the line is often drawn chronologically.

Program for Line plot:
import matplotlib.pyplot as pit years = [2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018] total_populations = [8939007, 8954518,, 8960387,8956741,8943721]
plt. plot (“years, total_populations)
plt. title (“Year vs Population in India”)
plt.xlabel (“Year”)
plt.ylabel (“Total Population”)
plt.showt

In this program,
Plt.titlet() →→7 specifies title to the graph
Plt.xlabelt) →→ specifies label for X-axis
Plt.ylabelO →→ specifies label for Y-axis
Output:

Bar Chart:

• A BarPlot (or Bar Chart) is one of. the most common type of plot. It shows the relationship between a numerical variable and a categorical variable.
• Bar chart represents categorical data with rectangular bars. Each bar has a height corresponds to the value it represents.
• The bars can be plotted vertically or horizontally.
• It is useful when we want to compare a given numeric value on different categories.
• To make a bar chart with Matplotlib, we can use the plt.bart) function.

Program:
import matplotlib.pyplot as pit
# Our data
labels = [“TAMIL”, “ENGLISH”, “MATHS”, “PHYSICS”, “CHEMISTRY”, “CS”]
usage = [79.8,67.3,77.8,68.4,70.2,88.5]
# Generating the y positions. Later, we’ll use them to replace them with labels. y_positions = range (len(labels))
# Creating our bar plot
plt.bar (y_positions, usage)
plt.xticks (y_positions, labels)
plt.ylabel (“RANGE”)
pit.title (“MARKS”)
plt.show()
Output:

Pie Chart:

• Pie Chart is probably one of the most common type of chart.
• It is a circular graphic which is divided into slices to illustrate numerical proportion.
• The point of a pie chart is to show the relationship of parts out of a whole.
• To make a Pie Chart with Matplotlib, we can use the plt.pie () function.
• The autopct parameter allows us to display the percentage value using the Python string formatting.

Program:
import matplotlib.pyplot as pit
sizes = [89, 80, 90,100, 75]
labels = [“Tamil”, “English”, “Maths”,
“Science”, “Social”]
plt.pie (sizes, labels = labels,
autopct = “%.2f”)
plt.axesfj.set aspect (“equal”)
plt.showt()
Output:

Question 2.
Explain the various buttons in a matplotlib window.
Answer:
Various buttons in a matplotlib window:

Home Button → The Home Button will help once you have begun navigating your chart. If you ever want to return back to the original view, you can click on this.
Forward/Back buttons → These buttons can be used like the Forward and Back buttons in your browser. You can click these to move back to the previous point you were at, or forward again.
Pan Axis → This cross-looking button allows you to click it, and then click and drag your graph around.
Zoom → The Zoom button lets you click on it, then click and drag a square that you would like to zoom into specifically. Zooming in will require a left click and drag. You can alternatively zoom out with a right click and drag.
Configure Subplots → This button allows you to configure various spacing options with your figure and plot.
Save Figure → This button will allow you to save your figure in various forms.

Question 3.
Explain the purpose of the following functions:
Answer:
a) plt.xlabel:
plt.xlabel Specifies label for X -axis
b) plt.ylabel:
plt.ylabel is used to specify label for y-axis
c) plt.title :
plt.title is used to specify title to the graph or assigns the plot title.
d) plt.legend():
plt.legend() is used to invoke the default legend with plt
e) plt.show():
plhshowQ is used to display the plot.

12th Computer Science Guide Data Visualization Using Pyplot: Line Chart, Pie Chart and Bar Chart Additional Questions and Answers

I. Choose the best answer (1 Mark)

Question 1.
………………. button is used to click and drag a graph around.
a) pan axis
b) home
c) zoom
d) drag
Answer:
a) pan axis

Question 2.
………………. charts display information as series of data points.
a) Bar
b) Pie
c) Line
d) Histogram
Answer:
c) Line

Question 3.
The representation of information in a graphic format is called …………………………
(a) chart
(b) graphics
(c) Infographics
(d) graphs
Answer:
c) Infographics

Question 4.
……………….refers to a graphical representation that displays data by way of bars to show the frequency of numerical data.
a) Bar chart
b) Line graph
c) Pie chart
d) Histogram
Answer:
d) Histogram

Question 5.
……………….represents the frequency distribution of continuous variables.
a) Bar chart
b) Line graph
c) Pie chart
d) Histogram
Answer:
d) Histogram

Question 6.
Find the Incorrect match from the following.
(a) Scatter plot – collection of points
(b) line charts – markers
(c) Box plot – Boxes
Answer:
(c) Box plot – Boxes

Question 7.
Which of the following plot we cannot rearrange the blocks from highest to lowest?
a) Line
b) Bar chart
c) Pie chart
d) Histogram
Answer:
d) Histogram

Question 8.
In ………………. graph, the width of the bars is always the same.
a) Line
b) Bar
c) Pie chart
d) Histogram
Answer:
b) Bar

Question 9.
The ………………. parameter allows us to display the percentage value using the Python string formatting in pie chart.
a) percent
b) autopct
c) pet
d) percentage
Answer:
b) autopct

Question 10.
Find the wrong statement.
If a single list is given to the plot( ) command, matplotlib assumes
(a) it is as a sequence of x values
(b) the sequence of y values
Answer:
(a) it is as a sequence of x values

Question 11.
………………. is the graphical representation of information and data.
a) Data visualization
b) Data Graphics
c) Data Dimension
d) Data Images
Answer:
a) Data visualization

Question 12.
………………. in data visualization helps to show the relationship in the data for more variables.
a) Tables
b) Graphics
c) Charts
d) Dashboards
Answer:
c) Charts

Question 13.
In a Scatter plot, the position of a point depends on its …………………………. value where each value is a position on either the horizontal or vertical dimension.
a) 2-Dimensional
b) 3-Dimensional
c) Single Dimensional
d) 4-Dimensional
Answer:
a) 2-Dimensional

Question 14.
……………………. plot shows the relationship between a numerical variable and a categorical variable.
(a) line
(b) Bar
(c) Scatter
(d) Box
Answer:
(b) Bar

Question 15.
…………………. is the representation of information in a graphic format.
a) Infographics
b) Graph
c) Symbol
d) Charts
Answer:
a) Infographics

Question 16.
…………………. is a collection of resources assembled to create a single unified visual display.
a) Infographics
b) Dashboard
c) Graph
d) Charts
Answer:
b) Dashboard

Question 17.
Matplotlib is a data visualization …………………. in Python.
a) control structure
b) dictionary
c) library
d) list
Answer:
c) library

Question 18.
Matplotlib allows us to create different kinds of …………………. ranging from histograms
a) Table
b) Charts
c) Maps
d) plots
Answer:
d) plots

Question 19.
Which function shows the percentage value in the pie chart?
(a) percent
(b) percentage
(c) slice
(d) auto pet
Answer:
(d) auto pet

Question 20.
…………………. command will take an arbitrary number of arguments.
a) show ()
b) plot ()
c) legend ()
d) title ()
Answer:
b) plot ()

Question 21.
The most popular data visualization library allows creating charts in few lines of code in python.
a) Molplotlib
b) Infographics
c) Data visualization
d) pip
Answer:
a) Molplotlib

II. Answer the following questions (2 and 3 Marks)

Question 1.
What is meant by Infographics?
Answer:
Infographics → An infographic (information graphic) is the representation of information in a graphic format.

Question 2.
Define Dashboard.
Answer:

• A dashboard is a collection of resources assembled to create a single unified visual display.
• Data visualizations and dashboards translate complex ideas and concepts into a simple visual format.
• Patterns and relationships that are undetectable in the text are detectable at a glance using the dashboard.

Question 3.
Write a note on matplotlib
Answer:

• Matplotlib is the most popular data visualization library in Python.
• It allows creating charts in few lines of code.

Question 4.
Write a note on the scatter plot.
Answer:

• A scatter plot is a type of plot that shows the data as a collection of points.
• The position of a point depends on its two dimensional value, where each value is a position on either the horizontal or vertical dimension.

Question 3.
What is Box Plot?
Answer:
Box plot: The box plot is a standardized way of displaying the distribution of data based on the five-number summary: minimum, first quartile, median, third quartile, and maximum.

III. Answer the following questions (5 Marks)

Question 1.
Write the key differences between Histogram and bar graph.
Answer:

Histogram		Bar graph
1	Histogram refers to a graphical representation; that displays data by way of bars to show the frequency of numerical data.	A bar graph is a pictorial representation of data that uses bars to compare different categories of data.
2	A histogram represents the frequency distribution of continuous variables.	A bar graph is a diagrammatic comparison of discrete variables.
3	The histogram presents numerical data	The bar graph shows categorical data
4	The histogram is drawn in such a way that there is no gap between the bars.	There is proper spacing between bars in a bar graph that indicates discontinuity.
5	Items of the histogram are numbers, which are categorised together, to represent ranges of data.	Items are considered as individual entities.
6	A histogram, rearranging the blocks, from highest to lowest cannot be done, as they are shown in the sequence of classes.	In the case of a bar graph, it is quite common to rearrange the blocks, from highest to lowest.
7	The width of rectangular blocks in a histogram may or may not be the same.	The width of the bars in a bar graph is always the same.

Question 2.
Explain the purpose of
i) plt.plot()
ii) pt.bar()
iii) plt.sticks()
iv) plt.pie
Answer:
i) plt.plot():
plt.plot() is used to make a line chart or graph with matplotlib.

ii) plt.bar():
plt.bar() is used to make a bar chart with matplotlib.

iii) plt.xticks():

• plt.xticks() display the tick marks along the x-axis at the values represented.
• Then specify the label for each tick mark.
• It is used bar chart.

iv) plt.pie ():
plt.pie () is used to make a pie chart with matplotlib.

Question 3.
Draw the output for the following python code:
import matplotlib.pyplot as pit
a = [1,2,3]
b = [5,7,4]
x = [1,2,3]
y = [10,14,12]
plt.plot(a,b, label=/Lable 1′)
plt.plot(x,y, label=’Lable 2′)
plt.xlabel(‘X-Axis’)
plt.ylabel(‘Y-Axis’)
plt. legend ()
plt. show ()
Output:

Question 4.
Draw the chart for the given Python snippet.
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
plt.plot([l,2,3,4], [1,4,9,16])
plt.show()
Output:

Hands-on Practice

Question 1.
Create a plot. Set the title, the x and y labels for both axes,
import matplotlib.pyplot as pit
x=[1,2,3]
Y=[5,7,4]
plt.plot(x,y)
plt.xlable(‘X-AXIS’)
plt.ylabel(‘Y -AXIS’)
plt.title(‘LINE GRAPH)
plt.show()

Question 2.
Plot a pie chart for your marks in the recent examination.
import matplotlib.pyplot as pit
s=[60,85,90,83,95] l=[‘LANG’,’ENG’,’MAT ‘,’SCI’,’SS’]
plt.pie(s,labels=l)
plt.title(‘MARKS’)
plt.show()

Question 3.
Plot a line chart on the academic performance of Class 12 students in Computer Science for the past 10 years.
import matplotlib.pyplot as pit
x=[2009,2010,2011,2012,2013,2014,2015,20 16,2017,2018]
y=[56,68,97,88,92,96,98,99,100,100]
plt.plot(x,y) plt.xlable(‘YEAR’)
plt.ylabel(‘PASS % IN C.S’)
plt. show ()

Question 4.
Plot a bar chart for the number of computer science periods in a week, import matplotlib.pyplot as pit x=[“MON”,”TUE”,”WED”, “THUR”,”FRI”]
y=[6,5,2,1,7] plt.bar(x,y) pit. xlable (‘ DAY S’) plt.ylabel(‘PERIOD’) plt.showQ

Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus Samacheer Kalvi 12th Business Maths Guide Pdf Chapter 4 Differential Equations Ex 4.6 Text Book Back Questions and Answers, Notes.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 12th Business Maths Solutions Chapter 4 Differential Equations Ex 4.6

Choose the most suitable answer from the given four alternatives:

Question 1.
The degree of the differential equation
\(\frac { d^2y }{dx^4}\) – (\(\frac { d^2y }{dx^2}\)) + \(\frac { dy }{dx}\) = 3
(a) 1
(b) 2
(c) 3
(d) 4
Solution:
(a) 1
Hint:
Since the power of \(\frac{d^{4} y}{d x^{4}}\) is 1

Question 2.
The order and degree of the differential equation \(\sqrt{\frac { d^2y }{dx^2}}\) = \(\sqrt{\frac { dy }{dx}+5}\) are respectively.
(a) 2 and 2
(b) 3 and 2
(c) 2 and 1
(d) 2 and 3
Solution:
(a) 1
Hint:
Squaring on both sides
\(\frac { d^2y }{dx^2}\) = \(\frac { dy }{dx}\) + 5
Highest order derivative is \(\frac { d^2y }{dx^2}\)
∴ order = 2
Power of the highest order derivative \(\frac { d^2y }{dx^2}\) = 1
∴ degree = 1

Question 3.
The order and degree of the differential equation
(\(\frac { d^2y }{dx^2}\))^3/2 – \(\sqrt{(\frac { dy }{dx})}\) – 4 = 0
(a) 2 and 6
(b) 3 and 6
(c) 1 and 4
(d) 2 and 4
Solution:
(a) 2 and 6
Hint:

Highest order derivative is \(\frac { d^2y }{dx^2}\)
∴ Order = 2
Power of the highest order derivative \(\frac { d^2y }{dx^2}\) is
∴ degree = 6

Question 4.
The differential equation (\(\frac { dx }{dy}\))³ + 2y^1/2 = x
(a) of order 2 and degree 1
(b) of order 1 and degree 3
(c) of order 1 and degree 6
(d) of order 1 and degree 2
Solution:
(b) of order 1 and degree 3
Hint:

Highest order derivative is \(\frac { dy }{dx}\)
∴ order = 1
Power of the highest order derivative \(\frac { dy }{dx}\) is 3
∴ degree = 3

Question 5.
The differential equation formed by eliminating a and b from y = ae^x + be^-x
(a) \(\frac { d^2y }{dx^2}\) – y = 0
(b) \(\frac { d^2y }{dx^2}\) – \(\frac { dy }{dx}\)y = 0
(c) \(\frac { d^2y }{dx^2}\) = 0
(d) \(\frac { d^2y }{dx^2}\) – x = 0
Solution:
(a) \(\frac { d^2y }{dx^2}\) – y = 0
Hint:

Question 6.
If y = ex + c – c³ then its differential equation is
(a) y = x\(\frac { dy }{dx}\) + \(\frac { dy }{dx}\) – (\(\frac { dy }{dx}\))³
(b) y + (\(\frac { dy }{dx}\))³ = x \(\frac { dy }{dx}\) – \(\frac { dy }{dx}\)
(c) \(\frac { dy }{dx}\) + (\(\frac { dy }{dx}\))³ – x\(\frac { dy }{dx}\)
(d) \(\frac { d^3y }{dx^3}\) = 0
Solution:
(a) y = x\(\frac { dy }{dx}\) + \(\frac { dy }{dx}\) – (\(\frac { dy }{dx}\))³
Hint:
y = cx + c – c³ ……… (1)
\(\frac { dy }{dx}\) = c
(1) ⇒ y = x\(\frac { dy }{dx}\) + \(\frac { dy }{dx}\) – (\(\frac { dy }{dx}\))³

Question 7.
The integrating factor of the differential equation \(\frac { dy }{dx}\) + Px = Q is
(a) e^∫pdx
(b) e^∫Pdx
(c) e^∫Pdy
(d) e^∫pdy
Solution:
(d) e^∫pdy

Question 8.
The complementary function of (D² + 4) y = e^2x is
(a) (Ax+B)e^2x
(b) (Ax+B)e^-2x
(c) A cos2x + B sin2x
(d) Ae^-2x + Be^2x
Solution:
(c) A cos2x + B sin2x
Hint:
A.E = m² + 4 = 0 ⇒ m = ±2i
C.F = e^0x (A cos 2x + B sin 2x)

Question 9.
The differential equation of y = mx + c is (m and c are arbitrary constants)
(a) \(\frac { d^2y }{dx^2}\) = 0
(b) y = x\(\frac { dy }{dx}\) + o
(c) xdy + ydx = 0
(c) ydx – xdy = 0
Solution:
(a) \(\frac { d^2y }{dx^2}\) = 0
Hint:
y = mx + c
\(\frac { dy }{dx}\) = m ⇒ \(\frac { d^2y }{dx^2}\) = 0

Question 10.
The particular intergral of the differential equation \(\frac { d^2y }{dx^2}\) – 8\(\frac { dy }{dx}\) + 16y = 2e^4x
(a) \(\frac { x^2e^{4x} }{2!}\)
(b) y = x\(\frac { e^{4x} }{2!}\)
(c) x²e^4x
(d) xe^4x
Solution:
(c) x²e^4x
Hint:

Question 11.
Solution of \(\frac { dx }{dy}\) + Px = 0
(a) x = ce^py
(b) x = ce^-py
(c) x = py + c
(d) x = cy
Solution:
(b) x = ce^-py

Question 12.
If sec^2x x isa na intergranting factor of the differential equation \(\frac { dx }{dy}\) + Px = Q then P =
(a) 2 tan x
(b) sec x
(c) cos 2 x
(d) tan 2 x
Solution:
(a) 2 tan x
Hint:
I.F = sec² x
e^∫pdx = sec²x
∫pdx = log sec² x
∫pdx = 2 log sec x
∫pdx = 2∫tan x dx ⇒ p = 2 tan x

Question 13.
The integrating factor of the differential equation is x \(\frac { dy }{dx}\) – y = x²
(a) \(\frac { -1 }{x}\)
(b) \(\frac { 1 }{x}\)
(c) log x
(c) x
Solution:
(b) \(\frac { 1 }{x}\)
Hint:

Question 14.
The solution of the differential equation where P and Q are the function of x is
(a) y = ∫Q e^∫pdx dx + c
(b) y = ∫Q e^-∫pdx dx + c
(c) ye^∫pdx = ∫Q e^∫pdx dx + c
(c) ye^∫pdx = ∫Q e^-∫pdx dx + c
Solution:
(c) ye^∫pdx = ∫Q e^∫pdx dx + c

Question 15.
The differential equation formed by eliminating A and B from y = e^-2x (A cos x + B sin x) is
(a) y₂ – 4y₁ + 5 = 0
(b) y₂ + 4y – 5 = 0
(c) y₂ – 4y₁ + 5 = 0
(d) y₂ + 4y₁ – 5 = 0
Solution:
(d) y₂ + 4y₁ – 5 = 0
Hint:
y = e^-2x (A cosx + B sinx)
y e^2x = A cosx + B sinx ………. (1)
y(e^2x) (2) + e^2x \(\frac { dy }{dx}\) = A(-sin x) + B cos x ………. (2)
Differentiating w.r.to x

Question 16.
The particular integral of the differential equation f (D) y = e^ax where f(D) = (D – a)²
(a) \(\frac { x^2 }{2}\) e^ax
(b) xe^ax
(c) \(\frac { x }{2}\) e^ax
(d) x² e^ax
Solution:
(a) \(\frac { x^2 }{2}\) e^ax

Question 17.
The differential equation of x² + y² = a²
(a) xdy + ydx = 0
(b) ydx – xdy = 0
(c) xdx – ydx = 0
(d) xdx + ydy = 0
Solution:
(d) xdx + ydy = 0
Hint:
x² + y² = a²
⇒ 2x + 2y \(\frac{d y}{d x}\) = 0
⇒ x dx + y dy = 0

Question 18.
The complementary function of \(\frac { d^y }{dx^2}\) – \(\frac { dy }{dx}\) = 0 is
(a) A + Be^x
(b) (A + B)e^x
(c) (Ax + B)e^x
(d) Ae^x + B
Solution:
(a) A + Be^x
Hint:
A.E is m² – m = 0
⇒ m(m – 1) = 0
⇒ m = 0, 1
CF is Ae^0x + Be^x = A + Be^x

Question 19.
The P.I of (3D² + D – 14) y = 13e^2x is
(a) \(\frac { 1 }{2}\) e^x
(b) xe^2x
(c) \(\frac { x^2 }{2}\) e^2x
(d) Ae^x + B
Solution:
(b) xe^2x
Hint:
(3D² + D – 14) y = 13e^2x

Question 20.
The general solution of the differential equation \(\frac { dy }{dx}\) = cos x is
(a) y = sinx + 1
(b) y = sinx – 2
(c) y = cosx + C, C is an arbitary constant
(d) y = sinx + C, C is an arbitary constant
Solution:
(d) y = sinx + C, C is an arbitary constant
Hint:
\(\frac { dy }{dx}\) = cos x
dy = cos x dx
∫dy = ∫cos x dx ⇒ y = sin x + c

Question 21.
A homogeneous differential equation of the form \(\frac { dy }{dx}\) = f(\(\frac { y }{x}\)) can be solved by making substitution.
(a) y = v x
(b) y = y x
(c) x = v y
(d) x = v
Solution:
(a) y = v x

Question 22.
A homogeneous differential equation of the form \(\frac { dy }{dx}\) = f(\(\frac { x }{y}\)) can be solved by making substitution.
(a) x = v y
(b) y = v x
(c) y = v
(d) x = v
Solution:
(a) y = v x

Question 23.
The variable separable form of \(\frac { dy }{dx}\) = \(\frac { y(x-y) }{x(x+y)}\) by taking y = v x and \(\frac { dy }{dx}\) = v + x \(\frac { dy }{dx}\)
(a) \(\frac { 2v^2 }{1+v}\) dv = \(\frac { dx }{x}\)
(b) \(\frac { 2v^2 }{1+v}\) dv = –\(\frac { dx }{x}\)
(c) \(\frac { 2v^2 }{1-v}\) dv = \(\frac { dx }{x}\)
(d) \(\frac { 1+v }{2v^2}\) dv = –\(\frac { dx }{x}\)
Solution:
(d) \(\frac { 1+v }{2v^2}\) dv = –\(\frac { dx }{x}\)
Hint:

Question 24.
Which of the following is the homogeneous differential equation?
(a) (3x – 5) dx = (4y – 1) dy
(b) xy dx – (x³ + y³) dy = 0
(c) y²dx + (x² – xy – y²) dy = 0
(d) (x² + y) dx (y² + x) dy
Solution:
(c) y²dx + (x² – xy – y²) dy = 0

Question 25.
The solution of the differential equation \(\frac { dy }{dx}\) = \(\frac { y }{x}\) + \(\frac { f(\frac { y }{x}) }{ f(\frac { y }{x}) }\) is
(a) f\(\frac { y }{x}\) = k x
(b) x f\(\frac { y }{x}\) = k
(c) f\(\frac { y }{x}\) = k y
(d) x f\(\frac { y }{x}\) = k
Solution:
(a) f\(\frac { y }{x}\) = k x

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• Chapter 1 Multimedia and Desktop Publishing
• Chapter 2 An Introduction to Adobe Pagemaker
• Chapter 3 Introduction to Database Management System
• Chapter 4 Introduction to Hypertext Pre-Processor
• Chapter 5 PHP Function and Array
• Chapter 6 PHP Conditional Statements
• Chapter 7 Looping Structure
• Chapter 8 Forms and Files
• Chapter 9 Connecting PHP and MYSQL
• Chapter 10 Introduction to Computer Networks
• Chapter 11 Network Examples and Protocols
• Chapter 12 DNS (Domain Name System)
• Chapter 13 Network Cabling
• Chapter 14 Open Source Concepts
• Chapter 15 E-Commerce
• Chapter 16 Electronic Payment Systems
• Chapter 17 E-Commerce Security Systems
• Chapter 18 Electronic Data Interchange – EDI

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Subject Matter Experts at SamacheerKalvi.Guide have created Tamilnadu State Board Samacheer Kalvi 12th Computer Science Book Answers Solutions Guide Pdf Free Download in English Medium and Tamil Medium are part of Samacheer Kalvi 12th Books Solutions.

Let us look at these TN State Board New Syllabus Samacheer Kalvi 12th Std Computer Science Guide Pdf of Text Book Back Questions and Answers, Notes, Chapter Wise Important Questions, Model Question Papers with Answers, Study Material, Question Bank and revise our understanding of the subject.

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Samacheer Kalvi 12th Computer Science Book Back Answers

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Unit 1 Problem Solving Techniques

• Chapter 1 Function
• Chapter 2 Data Abstraction
• Chapter 3 Scoping
• Chapter 4 Algorithmic Strategies

Unit 2 Core Python

• Chapter 5 Python -Variables and Operators
• Chapter 6 Control Structures
• Chapter 7 Python Functions
• Chapter 8 Strings and String Manipulations

Unit 3 Modularity and OOPS

• Chapter 9 Lists, Tuples, Sets and Dictionary
• Chapter 10 Python Classes and Objects

Unit 4 Database Concepts and MySql

• Chapter 11 Database Concepts
• Chapter 12 Structured Query Language (SQL)
• Chapter 13 Python and CSV Files

Unit 5 Integrating Python with MySql and C++

• Chapter 14 Importing C++ Programs in Python
• Chapter 15 Data Manipulation Through SQL
• Chapter 16 Data Visualization Using Pyplot: Line Chart, Pie Chart and Bar Chart

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Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus Samacheer Kalvi 12th Economics Guide Pdf Chapter 5 Monetary Economics
Text Book Back Questions and Answers, Notes.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 12th Economics Solutions Chapter 5 Monetary Economics

12th Economics Guide Monetary EconomicsText Book Back Questions and Answers

Part – I

Multiple Choice questions

Question 1.
The RBI Headquarters is located at
a) Delhi
b) Chennai
c) Mumbai
d) Bengaluru
Answer:
c) Mumbai

Question 2.
Money is
a) acceptable only when it has intrinsic value
b) constant in purchasing power
c) the most liquid of all as sets
d) needed for allocation of resources
Answer:
c) the most liquid of all as sets

Question 3.
Paper currency system i s managed by the
a) Central Monetary authority
b) State Government
c) Central government
d) Banks
Answer:
a) Central Monetary authority

Question 4.
The basic distinction M₁ between and M₂ is with regard to.
a) post office deposits
b) time deposits of banks
c) saving deposits of banks
d) currency
Answer:
b) time deposits of banks

Question 5.
Irving Fisher’s Quantity Theory of Money was popularized in
a) 1908
b) 1910
c) 1911
d)1914
Answer:
c) 1911

Question 6.
MV stands for
a) demand for money
b) supply of legal tender money
c) supply of bank money
d) Total supply of money
Answer:
b) supply of legal tender money

Question 7.
Inflation means
a) Prices are rising
b) Prices are falling
c) Value of money is increasing
d) Prices are remaining the same
Answer:
a) Prices are rising

Question 8.
………………… inflation results in a serious depreciation of the value of money.
a) Creeping
b) Walking
c) running
d) Hyper
Answer:
d) Hyper

Question 9.
…………………… inflation occurs when general prices of commodities increase due to an increase in production costs such as wages and raw materials.
a) Cost – push
b) demand-pull
c) running
d) galloping
Answer:
a) Cost-push

Question 10.
During inflation, who are the gainers?.
a) Debtors
b) Creditors
c) wage and salary earners
d) Government
Answer:
a) Debtors

Question 11.
…………………. is a decrease in the rate of inflation.
a) Disinflation
b) Deflation
c) Stagflation
d) Depression
Answer:
a) Disinflation

Question 12.
Stagflation combines the rate of inflation with
a) Stagnation
b) employment
c) output
d) price
Answer:
a) Stagnation

Question 13.
The study of alternating fluctuations in business activity is referred to in Economics as
a) Boom
b) Recession
c) Recovery
d) Trade cycle
Answer:
d) Trade cycle

Question 14.
During depression, the level of economic activity becomes extremely
a) high
b) bad
c) low
d) good
Answer:
c) low

Question 15.
“Money can be anything that is generally accepted as a means of exchange and that the same time acts as a measure and a store of value”, This definition was given by
a) Crowther
b) A. C. Pigou
c) F.A. Walker
d) Francis Bacon
Answer:
a) Crowther

Question 16.
A debit card is an example of
a) Currency
b) Paper currency
c) Plastic money
d) Money
Answer:
c) Plastic money

Question 17.
Fisher’s quantity theory of money is based on the essential function of money as
a) measure of value
b) store of value
c) medium of exchange
d) standard of deferred payment
Answer:
c) medium of exchange

Question 18.
V in M V = PT equation stands for
a) Volume of trade
b) Velocity of circulation of money
c) Volume of transaction
d) Volume of bank and credit money
Answer:
b) Velocity of circulation of money

Question 19.
When prices rise slowly, we call it
a) galloping inflation
b) mild inflation
c) hyperinflation
d) deflation
answer:
b) mild inflation

Question 20.
……………… inflation is in no way dangerous to the economy.
a) walking
b) running
c) creeping
d) galloping
Answer:
c) creeping

PART-B

Answer the following questions in one or two sentences.

Question 21.
Define Money.
Answer:

1. Many economists developed definitions for money. Among these, definitions of Walker and Crowther are given below:
   “Money is, what money does ” – Walker.
2. “Money can be anything that is generally accepted as a means of exchange and at the same time acts as a measure and a store of value”. – Crowther
3. Money is anything that is generally accepted as payment for goods and services and repayment of debts and that serves as a medium of exchange.
4. A medium of exchange is anything that is widely accepted as a means of payment.

Question 22.
What is barter?
Answer:
Exchange of goods for goods was known as the ” Barter System”

Question 23.
What is commodity money?
Answer:

1. After the barter system and commodity money system, modem money systems evolved.
2. Among these, metallic standard is the premier one. ,
3. Under metallic standard, some kind of metal either gold or silver is used to determine the standard value of the money and currency.
4. Standard coins made out of the metal are the principal coins used under the metallic standard.
5. These standard coins are full bodied or full weighted legal tender.
6. Their face value is equal to their intrinsic metal value.

Question 24.
What is gold standard?
Answer:
Gold standard is a system in which the value of the monetary unit or the stan¬dard currency is directly linked with gold.

Question 25.
What is Plastic money? Give example.
Answer:

1. The latest type of money is plastic money.
2. Plastic money is one of the most evolved forms of financial products.
3. Plastic money is an alternative to cash or the standard “money”.
4. Plastic money is a term that is used predominantly in reference to the hard plastic cards used every day in place of actual banknotes.
5. Plastic money can come in many different forms such as Cash cards, Credit cards, Debit cards, Pre-paid Cash cards, Store cards, Forex cards, and Smart cards.
6. They aim at removing the need for carrying cash to make transactions.

Question 26.
Define inflation.
Answer:
” Too much of money chasing too few goods”- Coulbourn.

Question 27.
What is Stagflation?
Answer:
Stagflation is a combination of stagnant economic growth, high unemployment, and high inflation.

PART-C

Answer the following questions in a paragraph.

Question 28.
Write a note on metallic money.
Answer:

• Among the modern money systems evolved, the metallic standard is the premier one.
• Under the metallic standards, some kind of metal either gold or silver is used to determine the standard value of the money and currency.
• Standard coins made out of the metal are the principal coins used under the metallic standard.
• Their face value is equal to their intrinsic metal value.
• These standard coins are full-bodied full weighted legal tender.

Question 29.
What is money supply?
Answer:

1. Money supply means the total amount of money in an economy.
2. It refers to the amount of money which is in circulation in an economy at any given time.
3. Money supply plays a crucial role in the determination of price level and interest rates.
4. Money supply viewed at a given point of time is stock and over a period of time it is a flow.

Question 30.
What are the determinants of the money supply?
Answer:

• Currency deposits Ratio (CDR): It is the ratio of money held by the public in currency to that they held in bank deposits.
• Reserve Deposit Ratio (RDR) : It consists of two things (a) vault cash in banks and (b) deposits of commercial banks with RBI.
• Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR): It is the fraction of the deposits the banks must keep with RBI. .
  Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR): It is the fraction of the total demand and time deposits of the commercial banks in the form of specified liquid assets.

Question 31.
Write the types of inflation.
Answer:
The four types of inflation are –
1. Creeping Inflation:
Creeping inflation is slow-moving and very mild. The rise in prices will not be perceptible but spread over a long period. This type of inflation is in no way dangerous to the economy. This is also known as mild inflation or moderate inflation.

2. Walking Inflation:
When prices rise moderately and the annual inflation rate is a single digit. (3% – 9%), it is called walking or trolling inflation.

3. Running Inflation:
When prices rise rapidly like the running of a horse at a rate of speed of 10% – 20% per annum, it is called running inflation.

4. Galloping inflation:
Galloping inflation or hyperinflation points out to unmanageably high inflation rates that run into two or three digits. By high inflation, the percentage of the same is almost 20% to 100% from an overall perspective.

Other types of inflation (on the basis of inducement):

1. Currency inflation:
The excess supply of money in circulation causes rise in price level.

2. Credit inflation:
When banks are liberal in lending credit, the money supply increases and thereby rising prices. .

3. Deficit induced inflation:
The deficit budget is generally financed through the printing of currency by the Central Bank. As a result, prices rise.

4. Profit induced inflation:
When the firms aim at higher profit, they fix the price with higher margin. So prices go up.

5. Scarcity induced inflation:
Scarcity of goods happens either due to fall in production (e.g. farm goods) or due to hoarding and black marketing. This also pushes up the price. (This has happened is Venezula in the year 2018).

6. Tax induced inflation:
Increase in indirect taxes like excise duty, custom duty and sales tax may lead to rise in price (e.g. petrol and diesel). This is also called taxflation.

Question 32.
Explain Demand-pull and Cost-push inflation.
Answer:

• Demand-pull Inflation: If the demand is high for a product and supply is low, the price of the products increases.
• Cost-push Inflation: when the cost of raw materials and other inputs rises inflation results. An increase in wages paid to labour also leads to inflation.

Question 33.
State Cambridge equations of the value of money.
Answer:
Cambridge Approach (Cash Balances Approach):

1. Marshall’s Equation:
The Marshall equation is expressed as:
M = KPY
Where
M is the quantity of money Y is the aggregate real income of the community. P is Purchasing Power of money
K represents the fraction of the real income which the public desires to hold in the form of money.
Thus, the price level P = M/KY or the value of money (The reciprocal of the price level) is 1/P = KY/M
The value of money in terms of this equation can be found out by dividing the total quantity of goods that the public desires to holdout of the total income by the total supply of money. According to Marshall’s equation, the value of money is influenced not only by changes in M, but also by changes in K.

2. Keynes’Equation
Keynes equation is expressed as:
n = pk (or) p = n / k
Where
n is the total supply of money p is the general price level of consumption goods
k is the total quantity of consumption units the people decide to keep in the form of cash, Keynes indicates that K is a real balance, because it is measured in terms of consumer goods. According to Keynes, peoples’ desire to hold money is unaltered by the monetary authority. So, price level and value of money can be stabilized through regulating quantity of money (n) by the monetary authority.
Later, Keynes extended his equation in the following form:
n = p (k + rk’) or p = n / (k + rk’)
Where,
n = total money supply p = price level of consumer goods
k = peoples’ desire to hold money in hand (in terms of consumer goods) in the total income of them
r = cash reserve ratio
k’ = community’s total money deposit in banks, in terms of consumers goods.
In this extended equation also, Keynes assumes that k, k’, and r are constant. In this situation, price level (P) is changed directly and proportionately changing in money volume (n).

Question 34.
Explain disinflation.
Answer:

• Disinflation is slowing down the rate of inflation by controlling the amount of credit available to consumers without causing more unemployment.
• Disinflation may be defined as the process of reversing inflation without creating unemployment or reducing output in the economy.

PART – D

Answer the following questions in about a page.

Question 35.
Illustrate Fisher’s Quantity theory of money.
Answer:

• The general form of “Equation of Exchange” given by Fisher is
• M V = PT
• This equation is referred to as ‘Cash Transaction Equation.’ Where M = money supply/quantity of money
• v = velocity of money
• p = Price level
• T = volume of Transaction
• It is expressed as
• \(P=\frac{M V}{T}\)
• Later, Fisher extended his original equation of exchange to include bank deposits M₁ and its velocity V ₁
  The revised equation was :
  FT = MV+ M¹ V ¹
  \(P=\frac{M V+M^{\prime} V^{\mid}}{T}\)
  P = f(M)
     
• Figure (A) shows the effect of changes in the quantity of money on the price level.
• When the quantity of money is 0M, the price level is OP. When the quantity of money is doubled to OM₂, the price level is also double to OP₂. Further, when the quantity of money is increased four-fold to OM₄, the price level also increases by four times to OP₄. This relationship is expressed by the curve OP = f (M) from the origin at 45°.
• Figure (B) shows the inverse relationship between the quantity of money and the value of money where the value of money is taken on the vertical axis. When the quantity of money is 0M, the value of money, O₁/P₁ – But with the doubling of the quantity of money to OM₂, the value of money becomes one- half of what it was before, (0I/P2).
• But, with the quantity of money increasing by fourfold to OM₄. the value of money is reduced by 01/P₄.
• This inverse relationship between the quantity of money and the value of money is shown by downward sloping curve 1/ OP = f(M)

Question 36.
Explain the functions of money.
Answer:
The main functions of money can be classified into four. They are

1. Primary Functions
2. Secondary Functions
3. Contingent Functions
4. Other Functions

I.Primary Functions:

• Money as a Medium of Exchange:
  This is considered as the basic function of money. Money has the quality of general acceptability, and all exchanges take place in terms of money.
• Money as a measure of value :
  The prices of all goods and services are expressed in terms of money. Money is thus looked upon as a collective measure of value.

II. Secondary Functions:

• Money as a store of value :
  The difficulty of savings done by commodities is overcome by the invention of money. Money also serves as an excellent store of wealth, as it can be easily converted into other marketable assets, such as land, machinery, plant etc.,
• Money as a standard of Deferred payments: The modern money- economy has greatly facilitated the borrowing and lending processes. In other words, money now acts as the standard of deferred payments.
• Money as a means of Transferring purchasing power: The exchange of goods is now extended to distant lands. It is therefore, felt necessary to transfer purchasing power from one place to another.

III. Contingent Functions :

• Basis of the credit system: Money is the basis of the credit system. Business transactions are either in cash or on credit.
• Money facilitates the distribution of National Income: The invention of money facilitated the distribution of income as rent, wage, interest, and profit.
• Money helps to Equalize Marginal utilities and Marginal productivities: As the prices of all commodities are expressed in money it is easy to equalize marginal utilities derived from the commodities. Money also helps to equalize marginal productivities of various factors of production.
• Money Increases productivity of capital: Money is the most liquid form of capi¬tal. It is on account of this liquidity of money that capital can be transferred from the less productive to the more productive uses.

IV. Other functions:

• Money helps to maintain Repayment capacity
• Money represents Generalized purchasing power
• Money gives liquidity to capital

Question 37.
What are the causes and effects of inflation on the economy?
Answer:
Causes of Inflation:
The main causes of inflation in India are as follows:

1. Increase in Money Supply:
Inflation is caused by an increase in the supply of money which leads to an increase in aggregate demand. The higher the growth rate of the nominal money supply, the higher is the rate of inflation.

2. Increase in Disposable Income:
When the disposable income of the people increases, it raises their demand for goods and services. Disposable income may increase with the rise in national income or reduction in taxes or reduction in the saving of the people.

3. Increase in Pubiic Expenditure:
Government activities have been expanding due to developmental activities and social welfare programmes. This is also a cause for price rise.

4. Increase in Consumer Spending:
The demand for goods and services increases when they are given credit to buy goods on a hire-purchase and installment basis.

5. Cheap Monetary Policy:
Cheap monetary policy or the policy of credit expansion also leads to an increase in the money supply which raises the demand for goods and services in the economy.

6. Deficit Financing:
In order to meet its mounting expenses, the government resorts to deficit financing by borrowing from the public and even by printing more notes.

7. Black Assests, Activities and Money:
The existence of black money and black assets due to corruption, tax evasion, etc., increase the aggregate demand. People spend such money, lavishly. Black marketing and hoarding reduce the supply of goods.

8. Repayment of Public Debt:
Whenever the government repays its past internal debt to the public, it leads to increase in the money supply with the public.

9. Increase in Exports:
When exports are encouraged, domestic supply of goods decline. So prices rise.

Effects of Inflation:
The effects of inflation can be classified into two heads:

1. Effects on Production and
2. Effects on Distribution.

1. Effects on Production:
When inflation is very moderate, it acts as an incentive to traders and producers. This is particularly prior to full employment when resources are not fully utilized. The profit due to rising prices encourages and induces business class to increase their investments in production, leading to the generation of employment and income.

(I) However, hyperinflation results in a serious depreciation of the value of money.

(II) When the value of money undergoes considerable depreciation, this may even drain out the foreign capital already invested in the country.

(III) With reduced capital accumulation, the investment will suffer a serious setback which may have an adverse effect on the volume of production in the country.

(IV) Inflation also leads to hoarding of essential goods both by the traders as well as the consumers and thus leading to still hiher inflation rate.

(V) Inflation encourages investment in speculative activities rather than productive purposes.

2. Effects on Distribution:

1. Debtors and Creditors:
During inflation, debtors are the gainers while the creditors are losers.

2. Fixed – income Groups:
The fixed income groups are the worst hit during inflation because their incomes being fixed do not bear any relationship with the rising cost of living.

3. Entrepreneurs:
Inflation is a boon to the entrepreneurs whether they are manufacturers, traders, merchants or businessmen because it serves as a tonic for business enterprise.

4. Investors:
The investors, who generally invest in fixed interest yielding bonds and securities have much to lose during inflation.

Question 38.
Describe the phases of the trade cycle.
Answer:
The four different phases of the trade cycle are

1. Boom
2. Recession
3. Depression and
4. Recovery.

i) Boom or prosperity phase: The full employment and the movement of the economy beyond full employment is characterized as the boom period. During this period money wages rise, profits increase and interest rates go up The demand for bank credit increases and there is all-around optimism.

ii) Recession: The turning point from a boom is called recession. Generally, the failure of a company or bank bursts the boom and brings a phase of recession. Investments are drastically reduced, production comes down and income and profit decline. There is panic in the stock market and business activities show signs of dullness. As the liquidity preference rises money market becomes tight.

iii) Depression: During depression on the level of economic activity becomes extremely low. Depression is the worst – phase of the ‘business cycle Extreme point of depression is called ” trough ” An economy that fell down in trough could not come out from this without external help.

iv) Recovery – This is the turning point from depression to revival towards an upswing. It begins with the revival of demand for capital goods. Autonomous investments boost the activity. Recovery may be initiated by innovation or investment or by government expenditure.

12th Economics Guide Monetary Economics Additional Important Questions and Answers

II. Choose the best Answer

Question 1.
During Inflation?
(a) Businessmen gain
(b) Wage earners gain
(c) Salary gain
(d) Renters gain
Answer:
(a) Businessmen gain

Question 2.
The history of the Barter system starts in
a) 6000 B.C
b) 5000 B.C
c) 7000 B.C
d) 2500B.C
Answer:
a) 6000 B.C

Question 3.
The modem economy is described as –
(a) Demand Economy
(b) Supply Economy
(c) Money Economy
(d) Wage Economy
Answer:
(c) Money Economy

Question 4.
Indian currency symbol f was designed by ……..
a) Manmohan singh
b) Raguram Raj an
c) Arvind panakariya
d) Udayakumar
Answer:
d) Udayakumar

Question 5.
Currency notes in circulation are referred to as –
(b) Fiat money
(c) Value of money
(d) Cheap money
Answer:
(b) Fiat money

Question 6.
……………………………….. money consists of vault cash in banks and deposits of commercial banks with RBI
a) Reserve deposit Ratio
b) Currency Deposit Ratio
c) Cash Reserve Ratio
d) Statutory Liquidity Ratio
Answer :
a) Reserve deposit Ratio

Question 7.
“The Purchasing Power of Money” is a book written by ……………………
a) Marshall
b) Keynes
c) Adam smith
d) Irving Fisher
Answer:
d) Irving Fisher

Question 8.
Which is the most important function of money?
(a) Measure of value
(b) Store of value
(c) Medium of exchange
(d) Standard of deferred payments
Answer:
(c) Medium of exchange

Question 9.
Inflation is “A state of abnormal increase in the quantity of purchasing power” is said by
a) Coulbourn
b) Walker
c) Gregory
d) Fisher
Answer:
c) Gregory

Question 10.
What is the cheap money policy?
(a) High rates of Interest
(b) Low rates of Interest
(c) Medium rates of Interest
(d) Very high rates of Interest
Answer:
(b) Low rates of Interest

Question 11.
………………………….. inflation occurs when banks are liberal in lending credit.
a) Currency inflation
b) Profit induced inflation
b) Credit inflation
d) Scarcity induced inflation.
Answer:
c) Credit inflation

Question 12.
The extreme point of depression is called as ……………..
a) Recession
b) Trough
c) Depression
d) None of the above
Answer:
b) Trough

Question 13.
Monetary policy is usually effective in controlling –
(a) Bank
(b) Inflation
(c) Deflation
(d) Stagflation
Answer:
(b) Inflation

II. Match the following

Question 1.
A) Barter system – 1) Managed currency standard
B) Metallic standard – 2) Commodities
C) Paper currency standard – 3) Smart cards
D) Plastic money – 4) Coins

Answer:
a) 2 4 1 3

Question 2.
A) Primary function – 1) Basis of credit system
B) Secondary function – 2) Liquidity
C) Contingent function – 3) Medium of exchange
D) Other function – 4) Store of value

Answer:
c) 3 4 1 2

Question 3.
A) Creeping Inflation – 1) 20-100%
B) Walking Inflation – 2) Moderate inflation
C) Running Inflation – 3) 3-9 %
D) Galloping Inflation – 4) 10-20%

Answer :
d ) 2 3 4 1

III. Choose the correct pair

Question 1.
a) Cash Deposit Ratio – CRR
b) Reserve Deposit Ratio – RDR
c) Cash Reserve Ratio – SLR
d) Statutory Liquidity Ratio – CDR
Answer:
b) Reserve Deposit Ratio – RDR

Question 2.
a) Money is what money does – Crowther
b) Money – Medium of Exchange
c) Plastic currency – Managed currency standard
d) Cryptocurrency – Credit card
Answer:
b) Money – Medium of Exchange

Question 3.
a) M₁ – Broad money
b) M₄ – Narrow money
c) MV = PT
d) n – P (K + rk₁)
Answer:
c) MV = PT

IV. Choose the incorrect pair

Question 1.
In the equation MV = PT
a) M – Quantity of money
b) V – Velocity of money
c) P – Price level
d) T – Volume of Trade
Answer:
d) T – Volume of Trade

Question 2.
a) Quantity theory of money – J.M. Keynes
b) Keynes Equation – n = pk
c) Marshall’s Equation – M = KPY
d) Purchasing power of money – Irving Fisher
Answer:
a) Quantity theory of money – J.M. Keynes

Question 3.
a) Paper currency – Reserve Bank
b) Coins – Ministry of finance
c) Currency symbol -?
d) M₄ – Narrow money
Answer:
d) M₄ – Narrow money

V. Choose the correct Statement

Question 1.
a) The total amount of money is an economy denotes the demand for money.
b) Money supply refers to the amount of money which is in circulation in an economy at any given time.
c) Inflation is “A state of abnormal increase in the quantity of purchasing power.” Coulbourn.
d) The rate of Inflation is almost 20 to 100% per annum, it is called walking Inflation.
Answer:
b) Money supply refers to the amount of money which is in circulation in an economy at any given time.

Question 2.
a) When banks are liberal in lending credit, the money supply increases which is called credit inflation.
b) During inflation, debtors are the losers.
c) The fiscal measures to control inflation are adopted by the Central Bank.
d) During deflation prices rise.
Answer:
a) When banks are liberal in lending credit, the money supply increases which is called credit inflation.

Question 3.
a) During Boom the demand for bank credit decreases.
b) The turning point from the boom condition is called Depression.
c) Money is an asset that is generally accepted as a medium of Exchange.
d) An increase in business activities after the lowest point is called a Recession.
Answer:
c) Money is an asset that is generally accepted as a medium of Exchange.

VI. Choose the Incorrect Statement.

Question 1.
a) “Money is what money does” – Walker.
b) Phoenicians adopted bartering of goods with various other cities across oceans.
c) In the Gold standard the monetary unit is defined in terms of a certain weight of gold.
d) In India currency in circulation is being controlled by the central Government.
Answer:
d) In India currency in circulation is being controlled by the central Government.

Question 2.
a) The operation of cryptocurrency is controlled by the Central Bank.
b) Money is the basis of the credit system.
c) Money is the most liquid form of capital.
d) Fisher’s equation (MV=PT) is also called as “Equation of Exchange”.
Answer:
a) The operation of cryptocurrency is controlled by the Central Bank.

Question 3.
a) M₁ – Currency, coins, and demand deposits
b) M₂ – M₁ + Savings deposits with post office savings banks.
c) M₃ – M₁ + Time deposits of all commercial and cooperative banks.
d) M₄ – M₃ + Total deposits with post offices.
Answer:
c) M₃ – M₁ + Time deposits of all commercial and co-operative banks.

Pick the odd one out:

Question 1.
a) M₁
b) M₅
c) M₃
d) M₄
Answer:
b) M₅

Question 2.
a) CDR
b) RDR
c) SDR
d) CRR
Answer:
c) SDR

Question 3.
a) Cost-Push inflation
b) Creeping inflation
c) Walking inflation
d) Running inflation
Answer:
a) Cost-Push inflation

VIII. Analyse the Reason

Question 1.
Assertion (A) : Plastic money is an alternative to cash or standard money.
Reason (R) : Plastic money refers to the hard plastic cards used every day in place of actual banknotes.
Answer:
b) Assertion (A) and Reason (R) both are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).

Question 2.
Assertion (A) : Money acts as a collective measure of value,
Reason (R) : The prices of all goods and services are expressed in terms of money.
Answer:
a) Assertion (A) and Reason (R) both are true, and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).

Option:
a) Assertion (A) and Reason (R) both are true, and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
b) Assertion (A) and Reason (R) both are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
c) (A) is true but (R) is false.
d) (A) is false and (R) is true.

IX. 2 Mark Questions:

Question 1.
Define “Silver Standard”?
Answer:
Silver Standard: The silver standard is a monetary system in which the standard economic unit of account is a fixed weight of silver. The silver standard is a monetary arrangement in which a country’s Government allows the conversion of its currency into a fixed amount of silver.

Question 2.
When and by whom Barter system introduced?
Answer:

1. The Barter system was evolved in 6000 BC.
2. The barter system was introduced by Mesopotamia tribes.

Question 3.
What is the silver standard?
Answer:
The silver standard is a monetary system in which the standard economic unit of account is a fixed weight of silver.

Question 4.
Write RBI publishes information alternative measures of the money supply?
Answer:
RBI publishes information for four alternative measures of Money supply, namely M1, M₂ and M_3, and M₄
M₁ = Currency, coins, and demand deposits.
M₂ = M₁ + Savings deposits with post office savings banks.
M₃ = M₂ + Time deposits of all commercial and cooperative banks.
M₄ = M₃ + Total deposits with Post offices.

Question 5.
What is CryptoCurrency?
Answer:
Cryptocurrency is a digital currency in which encryption techniques are used to regulate the generation of units of currency and verify the transfer of funds, operating independently of a central bank.

Question 6.
State the meaning of Inflation.
Answer:
Inflation is a consistent and appreciable rise in the general price level.

Question 7.
Write Fisher’s Quantity Theory of money equation?
Answer:

1. The general form of the equation given by Fisher is MV = PT.
2. Fisher points out that in a country during any given period of time, the total quantity of money (MV) will be equal to the total value of all goods and services bought and sold (PT).
3. MV = PT

Question 8.
State Marshall’s equation in Cambridge Approach.
Answer:

• M = KPY
• M – Quantity of Money
• Y – aggregate real income of the community
• P – The purchasing power of money
• K – Fraction of the real income which the public desires to hold in the form of money.

Question 9.
What is creeping Inflation?
Answer:
Creeping Inflation is slow-moving and very mild. The rise in price will not be perceptible but spread over a long period.

Question 10.
What is Galloping inflation?
Answer:
Galloping inflation or hyperinflation points out to unmanageably high inflation rates that run ipto two or three digits.

Question 11.
What is Demand-pull Inflation?
Answer:
If the demand is high for a product and supply is low, the price of the products increase. This is called Demand-pull inflation.

Question 12.
What is cost-push inflation?
Answer:
When the cost of raw materials and other inputs rises inflation results. An increase in wages paid to labour also leads to inflation.

Question 13.
What is Deflation?
Answer:
Deflation is a situation of falling prices, reduced money supply, and unemployment.

Question 14.
What is Stagflation?
Answer:
The co-existence of a high rate of unemployment and inflation.

X. 3 Mark Question

Question 1.
Write the meaning of Money supply?
Answer:
Meaning of Money Supply:

1. In India, currency notes are issued by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI), and coins are issued by the Ministry of Finance, Government of India (GOI).
2. Besides these, the balance is savings, or current account deposits, held by the public in commercial banks is also considered money.
3. The currency notes are also called fiat money and legal tenders.

Question 2.
Explain the measures of the money supply.

• M₁ – Currency, coins, and demand deposits
• M₂ – M₁ + Savings deposits with post office savings banks.
• M₃ – M₂ + Time deposits of all commercial and cooperative banks.
• M₃ – M₄ + Total deposits with post offices.
• M₁ and M₂ are known as narrow money
• M₃ and M₄ are known as broad money

Question 3.
What is the meaning of the trade cycle?
Answer:
Meaning of Trade Cycle:

1. A Trade cycle refers to oscillations in aggregate economic activity particularly in employment, output, income, etc.
2. It is due to the inherent contraction and expansion of the elements which energize the economic activities of the nation.
3. The fluctuations are periodical, differing in intensity and changing in its coverage.

Question 4.
Write a note on Irving Fisher.
Answer:

• The quantity theory of money is a very old theory. It was first propounded in 1588 by an Italian economist, Davanzatti.
• The credit for popularizing this theory belongs to the well-known American economist, Irving Fisher who published the book, “The purchasing power of Money” in 1911.
• He gave it a quantitative form in terms of his famous ” Equation of Exchange”.

Question 5.
Explain wage Price spiral in inflation.
Answer:

• Wage – Price spiral is used to explaining the cause and effect relationship between rising wages and rising prices or inflation.
• If wages increases, demand for the products increases which results in a price increase and causes inflation.
• Wages increase because of the increase in general price level and the cost of production increase which further increases the price level and creates a spiral.

XI. 5 Mark Question

Question 1.
Explain the Measures of control inflation?
Answer:
Measures to Control Inflation:
Keynes and Milton Friedman together suggested three measures to prevent and control inflation.

• Monetary measures
• Fiscal measures (J.M. Keynes) and
• Other measures.

1. Monetary Measures: These measures are adopted by the Central Bank of the country. They are

• • Increase in Bankrate
  • Sale of Government Securities in the Open Market
  • Higher Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR) and Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR)
  • Consumer Credit Control and
  • Higher margin requirements
  • Higher Repo Rate and Reverse Repo Rate.

2. Fiscal Measures:

• Fiscal policy is now recognized as an important instrument to tackle an inflationary situation.
• The major anti-inflationary fiscal measures are the following:
• Reduction of Government Expenditure and Public Borrowing and Enhancing taxation.

3. Other Measures: These measures can be divided broadly into short-term and long-term measures.

(a) Short-term measures can be in regard to public distribution of scarce essential commodities through fair price shops (Rationing). In India whenever a shortage of basic goods has been felt, the government has resorted to importing so that inflation may not get triggered.

(b) Long-term measures will require accelerating economic growth especially of the wage goods which have a direct bearing on the general price and the cost of living. Some restrictions on present consumption may help in improving saving and investment which may be necessary for accelerating the rate of economic growth in the long run.