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Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus Samacheer Kalvi 11th Accountancy Guide Pdf Chapter 4 Ledger Text Book Back Questions and Answers, Notes.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 11th Accountancy Solutions Chapter 4 Ledger

11th Accountancy Guide Ledger Text Book Back Questions and Answers

I. Choose the correct answer.

Question 1.
Main objective of preparing ledger account is to ………………..
(a) Ascertain the financial position
(b) Ascertain the profit or loss
(c) Ascertain the profit or loss and the financial position
(d) Know the balance of each ledger account
Answer:
(d) Know the balance of each ledger account

Question 2.
The process of transferring the debit and credit items from journal to ledger accounts is called ………….
(a) Casting
(b) Posting
(c) Journalising
(d) Balancing
Answer:
(b) Posting

Question 3.
J.F means
(a) Ledger page number
(b) Journal page number
(c) Voucher number
(d) Order number
Answer:
(b) Journal page number

Question 4.
The process of finding the net amount from the totals of debit and credit columns in a ledger is known as ……………
(a) Casting
(b) Posting
(c) Journalising
(d) Balancing
Answer:
(d) Balancing

Question 5.
If the total of the debit side of an account exceeds the total of its credit side, it means
(a) Credit balance
(b) Debit balance
(c) Nil balance
(d) Debit and credit balance
Answer:
(b) Debit balance

Question 6.
The amount brought into the business by the proprietor should be credited to
(a) Cash account
(b) Drawings account
(c) Capital account
(d) Suspense account
Answer:
(c) Capital account

II. Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is a ledger?
Answer:
Ledger account is a summary statement of all the transactions relating to a person, asset, liability, expense or income which has taken place during a given period of time and it shows their net effect From the transactions recorded in the journal, the ledger account is prepared. Ledger is known as principal book of accounts. It is a book which contains all sets of accounts, namely, personal, real and nominal accounts. Account wise balance can be determined from the ledger. The ledger accounts are prepared based on journal entries passed.

Question 2.
What is meant by posting?
Answer:
The process of transferring the debit and credit items from the journal to the ledger accounts is called posting.

Question 3.
What is debit balance?
Answer:
If the total on the debit side of an account is higher, the balancing figure is debit balance.

Question 4.
What is credit balance?
Answer:
If the credit side of an account has higher total, the balancing figure is credit balance.

Question 5.
What is balancing of an account?
Answer:
Balancing means that the debit side and credit side amounts are totalled and the difference between the total of the two sides is placed in the amount column as ‘Balance c/d’ on the side having lesser total, so that the total of both debit and credit columns are equal.

When the total of the debit side is more than the total of credit side the difference is debit balance and is placed on the credit side as ‘By Balance c/d’. If the credit side total is more than the total of debit side, the difference is credit balance and is placed on the debit side as ‘To Balance c/d’.

III. Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Distinguish between journal and ledger.
Answer:

Question 2.
What is ledger? Explain its utilities.
Answer:
1. Ledger account is a summary statement of all the transactions relating to a person, asset, liability, expense or income which has taken place during a given period of time and it shows their net effect.
2. It is a book which contains all sets of accounts, namely, personal, real and nominal accounts.
3. Account wise balance can be determined from the ledger.
4. The ledger accounts are prepared based on journal entries passed.

Quick information about a particular account:
Ledger account helps to get all information about a particular account like sales, purchases, machinery, etc., at a glance.

For example, where there are several transactions with a debtor, the net amount due from a debtor can be known from the ledger account.

Control over business transactions:
From the ledger balances extracted, a thorough analysis of account balances can be made which helps to have control over the business transactions.

Trial balance can be prepared:
With the balances of ledger accounts, trial balance can be prepared to check the arithmetical accuracy of entries made in the journal and ledger.

Helps to prepare financial statements:
From the ledger balances extracted, financial statements can be prepared for ascertaining net profit or loss and the financial position.

Question 3.
How is posting made from, the journal to the ledger?
Answer:
The process of transferring the debit and credit items from the journal to the ledger accounts is called posting. The procedure of posting from journal to ledger is as follows:
1. Locate the ledger account that is debited in the journal entry. Open the respective account in the ledger, if already not opened. Write the name of the account in the top middle. If already opened, locate the account from the ledger index. Now entries are to be made on the debit side of the account.

2. Record the date of the transaction in the date column on the debit side of that account.

3. Record the name of the account credited in the journal with the prefix ‘To’ in particulars column.

4. Record the amount of the debit in the ‘amount column’.

5. Locate the ledger account that is credited in the journal entry. Open the respective account in the ledger, if already not opened. Write the name of the account in the top middle. If already opened, locate the account from the ledger index. Now entries are to be made on the credit side of the account. Record the date of the transaction in the date column. Record the name of the account debited in the journal entry in the particulars column with the prefix ‘By’ and write the amount in the amount column.

Question 4.
Explain the procedure for balancing a ledger account.
Answer:
1. The debit and credit columns of an account are to be totalled separately.

2. The difference between the two totals is to be ascertained.

3. The difference is to be placed in the amount column of the side having lesser total. ‘Balance c/d’ is to be entered in the particulars column against the difference and in the date column the last day of the accounting period is entered.

4. Now both the debit and credit columns are to be totalled and the totals will be equal. The totals of both sides are to be recorded in the same line horizontally. The total is to be distinguished from other figures by drawing lines above and below the amount.

5. The difference has to be brought down to the opposite side below the total. ‘Balance b/d’ is to be entered in the particulars column against the difference brought down and in the date column, the first day of the next accounting period is entered.

6. If the total on the debit side of an account is higher, the balancing figure is debit balance and if the credit side of an account has higher total, the balancing figure is credit balance. If the two sides are equal, that account will show nil balance.

IV. Exercises

Question 1.
Journalise the following transactions and post them to ledger.
2016 Jan.1 Started business with cash – 10,000
5 Paid into bank – 5,000
7 Purchased goods from Ram for cash – 1,000
Answer:
Journal of Mr. X

Ledger Account
Cash Account

Bank Account

Question 2.
Give journal entries for the following transactions and post them to ledger.
2015, March 1 Goods sold to Somu on credit – 5,000
7 Furniture purchased for cash – 300
15 Interest received – 1,800
Answer:
Journal of Mr.Y

Ledger Account
Samu Account

Furniture Account

Question 3.
Pass journal entries for the following transactions and post them to ledger.
2017 Aug 1 Dharma started business with cash – 70,000
6 Cash received from Ganesan – 10,000
10 Rent paid – 3000
20 Received commission from Anand – 5000
Answer:
Journal of Mr. Dharma

Dharma Capital Account

Rent Account

Question 4.
Record the following transactions in the journal of Banu and post them to the ledger.
2018, Sep 1 Commenced business with cash – 90,000
5 Rent received – 4,000
12 Purchased 6 tables from Gobu & Co. for cash – 6,000
Answer:
Journal of Mr. Banu

Question 5.
The following balances appeared in the books of Vinoth on Jan 1, 2018.
Assets: Cash Rs 40,000; Stock Rs 50,000; Amount due from Ram Rs 20,000
Machinery Rs 40,000 Liabilities: Amount due to Vijay Rs 10,000
Pass the opening journal entry and post them to Vinoth’s Capital account,
Answer:
Opening Entry

Question 6.
Prepare Furniture A/c from the following transactions
2016, Jan 1 Furniture in hand – 2,000
1 Purchased furniture for cash – 4,000
30 Sold furniture – 400
Answer:
Furniture Account

Question 7.
The following balances appeared in the books of Kumaran on April 1, 2017.
Assets: Cash Rs 1,00,000; Stock Rs 40,000; Amount due from Rohit Rs 10,000;
Furniture Rs 10,000;
Liabilities: Amount due to Anusha Rs 40,000;
Kumaran’s capital Rs 1,20,000
Find the capital and show the ledger posting for the above opening balances.
Answer:
Opening Entry

Stock Account

Furniture Account

Kumaran Account

Question 8.
Give journal entries and post them to cash account.
2016, June 1 Commenced business with cash – 1,10,000
10 Introduced additional capital – 50,000
28 Withdrawn for personal use – 20,000
Answer:
Journal Entry

Question 9.
Give journal entries from the following transactions of Mohit, dealing in Textiles and post them to ledger.
2014 Aug 1 Commenced business with cash – 1,10,000
7 Opened bank account with SBI – 50,000
3 Purchased furniture for cash – 20,000
Answer:
Journal of Mohit

Question 10.
Give journal entries for the following transactions and post them to ledger.
2016, sep 1 Commenced business with cash – 80,000
7 Bought goods for cash from Roopan – 10,000
10 Purchased goods from Hema on credit – 42,000
22 Goods returned to Hema – 2,000
23 Cash paid to Hema – 10,000
Answer:
Journal of Entry Mr. Y

Ledger Account
Cash Account

Purchases Account

Question 11.
Give Journal entries for the following transactions and post them to Cash A/c and
Sales A/c.
2017, Aug 10 Sold goods and cheque received but not deposited – 30,000
14 Sold goods on credit to Gopi – 12,000
20 Received cash from Gopi – 12,000
Answer:
Journal of Entry Mr. Y

Cash Account

Question 12.
Journalise the transactions given below and post them to ledger.
2017 Oct. 18 Paid trade expenses – 1,000
25 Bought postage stamps – 100
30 Commission received – 6,000
30 Rent paid – 4,000
Answer:
Journal of Entries

Cash Account

Commission Received Account

Question 13.
Journalise the following transactions and prepare ledger accounts.
2015, Feb 1 Sold goods for cash – 5,000
2 Purchased goods from Kumar on credit – 4,000
5 Sold goods to Prabu on credit – 8,000
12 Received cash from Prabu – 1,200
20 Paid to Kumar – 2,000
25 Paid salary – 3,000
Answer:
Journal Entry

Sales Account

Prabhu Account

Question 14.
Enter the following transactions in the books of Ganesan and post them into ledger.
2017, Oct 1 Started business with cash – 25,000
5 Deposited into bank – 12,500
10 Purchased furniture and payment by cheque – 2,000
15 Goods purchased for cash – 5,000
19 Sold goods to Vasu on credit – 4,000
22 Goods worth Rs 500 taken for personal use
Answer:
Journal of Ganesan

Ledger Account

Bank Account

Vasu Account

Question 15.
Journalise the following transactions in the books of Arun and post them to ledger accounts
accounts.
2017, Dec 1 Arun started his business with cash – 10,000
3 Bought goods for cash – 1,500
8 Sold goods to Krishna on credit – 4,000
14 Purchased goods from Govind on credit – 2,000
25 Received cash from Krishna – 3,000
28 Cash paid to Govind – 1,000
Answer:

Ledger Account
Cash Account

Purchases Account

Sales Account

Question 16.
Journalise the following transactions and post them to ledger in the books of Raja.
2018, Mar 1 Sold goods to Senthil for cash – 9,000
5 Sold goods to Murali on credit – ,500
9 Cash sales – 6,000
18 Bought goods from Mani on credit – 3,200
23 Received Rs 4,000 from Murali in full settlement of his account
Answer:
Journal of Raja

Sales Account

Purchases Account

Question 17.
Journalise the following transactions and post them to the ledger.
2017, July 1 Cash in hand – 50,000
5 Goods purchased by cash – 30,000
7 Insurance paid – 2,500
10 Machinery purchased for cash – 9,000
15 Interest received – 2,000
18 Goods sold for cash – 7,000
Answer:
Journal of Entry of Mr. Y

Purchases Account

Machinary Account

Question 18.
Journalise the following transactions in the books of Vasu and post them to ledger accounts.
2017, Nov 1 Cash in hand Rs 1,00,000; Cash at bank: Rs 30,000
2 Vasu sold goods to Jothi for Rs 25,000 against a cheque and deposited the same in the bank
4 Received as commission Rs 5,000
8 Bank paid Rs 15,000 directly for insurance premium of Vasu.
15 Cash deposited into bank Rs 30,000
20 Cash withdrawn from bank for personal use Rs 45,000.
Answer:
Journal of Mr. Vasu

Ledger Account
Cash Account

Bank Account

Commission Received Account

Question 19.
Prepare Anand’s account from the following details.
2017, July 1 Credit balance of Anand’s A/c – 4,000
15 Amount paid to Anand – 2,000
18 Goods purchased from Anand on credit – 8,000
20 Paid to Anand – 3,960
Discount allowed by him – 40
25 Goods purchased from Anand – 5,000
Answer:
Ledger Account
Dr. Anand’s Account

Question 20.
Prepare a Sales account from the following transactions.
2018, Jan 1 Sold goods to Sam – 4,000
4 Sold goods to Suresh – 2,500
11 Sold goods to Joy – 8,000
17 Sold goods to Rajan – 3,000
Answer:
Ledger Account
Sales Account

Question 21.
Show the direct ledger postings for the following transactions:
2017, June 1 Raja commenced business with cash Rs 50,000,
6 Sold goods for cash Rs 8,000
8 Sold goods to Devi on credit Rs 9,000
15 Goods purchased for cash Rs 4,000
20 Goods purchased from Shanthi on credit Rs 5,000
Answer:
Ledger Account
Cash Account

Sales Account

Purchases Account

Question 22.
Show the direct ledger postings for the following transactions:
2017, July 1 Shankar commenced business with a cash of Rs 1,00,000
5 Sold goods for cash Rs 10,000
9 Wages paid Rs 6,000
19 Salaries paid Rs 8,000
20 Advertisement expenses paid Rs 4,000
Answer:
Ledger Account
Cash Account

Shankar Capital Account

wages Account

11th Accountancy Guide Ledger Additional Important Questions and Answers

I. Choose the correct answer.

Question 1.
Ledger is a book of:
(a) original entry
(b) final entry
(c) ail cash transactions
(d) contra entry
Answer:
(b) final entry

Question 2.
Personal and real accounts are:
(a) closed
(b) Balanced
(c) closed and transferred
(d) opening
Answer:
(b) Balanced

Question 3.
The column of ledger which links the entry with journal is
(a) L.F column
(b) J.F column
(c) Date column
(d) Particulars column
Answer:
(b) J.F column

Question 4.
Posting on the credit side of an account is written as
(a) To
(b) By
(c) Being
(d) Both (a) and (b)
Answer:
(b) By

Question 5.
Posting on the Debit side of an account is written as
(a) To
(b) By
(c) Being
(d) Both (a) and (b)
Answer:
(a) To

Question 6.
Nominal account having credit balance represents
(a) income / gain
(b) expenses / losses
(c) assets
(d) liabilities
Answer:
(a) income / gain

Question 7.
Nominal account having debit balance represents
(a) income / gain
(b) expenses / losses
(c) liability
(d) assets
Answer:
(b) expenses / losses

Question 8.
Real accounts always show
(a) debit balances
(b) credit balances
(c) nill balance
(d) Both (a) and (b)
Answer:
(a) debit balances

Question 9.
Account having credit balance is closed by writing
(a) To Balance b/d
(b) By Balance c/d
(c) To Balance c/d
(d) By Balance b/d
Answer:
(c) To Balance c/d

Question 10.
When the total of debits and credits are equal, it represents
(a) debit balance
(b) credit balance
(c) nil balance
(d) opening balance
Answer:
(c) nil balance

Question 11.
The balances of personal and real accounts are shown in the
(a) profit and loss account
(b) balance sheet
(c) trading account
(d) both (a) and (b)
Answer:
(b) balance sheet

Question 12.
If the total of the credit side of an account exceeds the total of its debit side, it means
(a) Credit balance
(b) Debit balance
(c) Nil balance
(d) Debit and credit balance
Answer:
(a) Credit balance

Question 13.
The closing balance is the next year’s
(a) debit balance
(b) credit balance
(c) nil balance
(d) opening balance
Answer:
(d) opening balance

Question 14.
The ledger account is prepared in format.
(a) T
(b) D
(c) C
(d) U
Answer:
(a) T

Question 15.
The process of recording business transactions in a chronological order is called ……………
(a) Recording
(b) Posting
(c) Journalizing
(d) Classifying
Answer:
(c) Journalizing

Question 16.
Which one of the following is known as the king of all books of accounts?
(a) Recording
(b) Posting
(c) Journalizing
(d) Classifying
Answer:
(c) Journalizing

Question 17.
A decrease in the provision for doubtful debts would result in
(a) Increase in liability
(b) Decrease in liability
(c) Decrease in the net profit
(d) Increase in the net profit
Answer:
(d) Increase in the net profit

Question 18.
The discount which is calculated on the list price of the goods is called .
(a) Cash discount
(b) Rebate
(c) Trade discount
(d) Discount
Answer:
(c) Trade discount

Question 19.
Merchandise stolen by someone should be debited to …………..
(a) Sales account
(b) Purchases account
(c) Loss by theft account
(d) None of the above
Answer:
(c) Loss by theft account

Question 20.
The owner of the business takes Rs.100 cash and goods costing Rs.200 for his family. The proper journal entry for this transaction is called ……………..
(a) drawing > debit; Cash > Credit; Purchases > Credit
(b) Drawing > debit; Cash > Credit; merchandise > credit
(c) Drawing > debit; Cash > credit; Sales > credit
(d) cash > debit; Purchases > debit; drawings > credit
Answer:
(a) drawing > debit; Cash > Credit; Purchases > Credit

II. Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is Nil balance?
Answer:
If the two sides are equal, that account will show nil balance.

Question 2.
What are the steps involved in posting the opening entry?
Answer:
Step 1:
The items debited in the opening entry are entered on the debit side of respective accounts. The words ‘To Balance b/d’ are written in the particulars column with respective amounts in the amount column, date being the first day of the accounting period.

Step 2:
The items credited in the opening entry are entered on the credit side of respective accounts. The words ‘By Balance b/d’ are written in the particulars column with respective amounts in the amount column, date being the first day of the accounting period.

Question 3.
Indicate the nature of normal balance in the following accounts.
Answer:
a. Cash – Debit balance
b. Creditors – Credit balance
c. Sales – Credit balance
d. Furniture – Debit balance
e. Commission received – Credit balance
f. Debtors – Debit balance
g. Purchases – Debit balance
h. Capital – Credit balance
i. Discount earned – Credit balance
j. Computer – Debit balance

Question 4.
Define ledger.
Answer:
According to L.C. Cropper, ‘the book which contains a classified and permanent record of all the transactions of a business is called the Ledger’.

Question 5.
What is compound journal entry?
Answer:
When a journal entry has more than one debit or more than one credit or both, it is called a compound entry.

III. Additional Sums

Question 1.
Prepare cash account A/c from the following transactions.
2018 Jan. 1 Commenced business with cash Rs 62,000
2 Good purchased for cash Rs 12,000
10 Cash sales Rs 10,000
12 Wages paid Rs 4,000
25 Furniture purchased for cash Rs 6,000
Answer:
Ledger Account
Cash Account

Question 2.
Prepare a sales A/c from the following transaction.
2018 Feb. 1 Cash sales – 5,000
4 Sold goods to Suresh – 4,000
8 Sold goods to Mohan – 8,000
12 Sold goods for cash – 3,000
Answer:
Ledger Account
Sales Account

Question 3.
Prepare Rangasamy A/c for the following transaction.
2017 Aug. 17 Goods purchased from Rangasamy Rs. 20,000
19 Goods returned to Rangasamy Rs. 5,000
31 Settles Rangasamy’s account
Answer:
Ledger Account
Rangasamy Account

Question 4.
Prepare Chitra account from the following transaction.
2018 March. 18 Sold goods to Chitra Rs. 1,26,000
24 Chitra returned goods Rs. 6,000
28 Chitra settled her account
Answer:
Chitra Account

Question 5.
Journalise the following transaction and post them to ledger in the book of Mr. Raja.
2018, Jan. 1 Started business with cash Rs 3,00,00
2 Opening bank account by deposition Rs 2,00,000
5 Purchased goods for cash Rs 10,000
15 Cash sales Rs 5,000
22 Purchased goods from X and Co. for Rs 15,000 and the payment is made through net banking
25 Sold goods for Y and Co. for Rs 30,000 and the payment is received thought NEET
Answer:
Journal of Mr. Raja

Ledger Account
Cash Account

Raja Capital Account

Purchases Account

Question 6.
Post the following Journal into Ledger of Thiru. Gowri Shankar.

Answer:
Ledger Account
Cash Account

Sayeed Account

David Account

Question 7.
Show the sivect ledger positions for the following transaction.
2018, May. 1 Commenced business with cash Rs 1,50,000
2 Sold goods for cash Rs 50,000
5 Purchases goods for cash Rs 25,000
25 Salaries paid Rs 15,000
30 Wages paid Rs 10,000
Answer:
Ledger Account
Cash Account

Capital Account

Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus Samacheer Kalvi 11th Computer Science Guide Pdf Chapter 14 Classes and Objects Text Book Back Questions and Answers, Notes.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 11th Computer Science Solutions Chapter 14 Classes and Objects

11th Computer Science Guide Classes and Objects Text Book Questions and Answers

Book Evaluation

Part I

Choose The Correct Answer
Question 1.
The variables declared inside the class are known as data members and the functions are known as
a) data functions
b) inline functions
c) member functions
d) attributes
Answer:
c) member functions

Question 2.
Which of the following statements about member functions are True or False?
i) A member function can call another member function directly with using the dot operator.
ii) Member function can access the private data of the class.
a) i-True, ii-True
b) i-False, ii-True
c) i-True, ii-False
d) i-False, ii-False
Answer:
b) i-False, ii-True

Question 3.
A member function can call another member function directly, without using the dot operator called as
a) sub function
b) sub member
c) nesting of member function
d) sibling of member function
Answer:
c) nesting of member function

Question 4.
The member function defined within the class behave like
a) inline functions
b) Non inline function
c) Outline function
d) Data function
Answer:
a) inline functions

Question 5.
Which of the following access specifier protects data from inadvertent modifications?
a) Private
b) Protected
c) Public
d) Global
Answer:
a) Private

Question 6.
class x
{
inty;
public:
x(int z)
{
y=z;
}
} x1[4];
intmain( )
{
x x2(10);
return 0;
}
How many objects are created for the above program?
a) 10
b) 14
c) 5
d) 2
Answer:
c) 5

Question 7.
State whether the following statements about the constructor are True or False.
i) constructors should be declared in the private section.
ii) constructors are invoked automatically when the objects are created.
a) True, True
b) True, False
c) False, True
d) False, False
Answer:
c) False, True

Question 8.
Which of the following constructor is executed for the following prototype ?
add display (add &); // add is a class name
a) Default constructor
b) Parameterized constructor
c) Copy constructor
d) Non Parameterized constructor
Answer:
c) Copy constructor

Question 9.
What happens when a class with parameterized constructors and having no default constructor is used in a program and we create an object that needs a zero- argument constructor?
a) Compile-time error
b) Domain error
c) Runtime error
d) Runtime exception
Answer:
a) Compile-time error

Question 10.
Which of the following create a temporary instance?
a) Implicit call to the constructor
b) Explicit call to the constructor
c) Implicit call to the destructor
d) Explicit call to the destructor
Answer:
b) Explicit call to the constructor

Part – II

Very Short Answers

Question 1.
What are called members?
Answer:
The class comprises members. Members are classified as Data Members and Member functions. Data members are the data variables that represent the features or properties of a class. Member functions are the functions that perform specific tasks in a class.

Question 2.
Differentiate structure and class though both are user-defined data types.
Answer:
The only difference between structure and class is the members of the structure are by default public whereas it is private in class.

Question 3.
What is the difference between the class and object in terms of oop?
Answer:
Object:

• Object is an instance of a class.
• Object is a real-world entity such as pen, laptop, mobile, chair, etc.
• Object allocates memory when it is created.

Class:

• Class is a blueprint or template from which objects are created.
• Class is a group of similar objects.
• Class doesn’t allocate memory when it is created.

Question 4.
Why it is considered a good practice to define a constructor though a compiler can automatically generate a constructor?
Answer:
A user-defined constructor is the best method of initialise array of objects and normal objects.

Question 5.
Write down the importance of the destructor.
Answer:
The purpose of the destructor is to free the resources that the object may have acquired during its lifetime. A destructor function removes the memory of an object which was allocated by the constructor at the time of creating an object.

Part – III

Short Answers

Question 1.
Rewrite the following program after removing the syntax errors if any and underline the errors:
#include<iostream>
#include<stdio.h>
classmystud
{ intstudid =1001;
char name[20];
public
mystud( )
{ }
void register ( ) {cin>>stdid;gets(name);
}
void display ( )
{ cout<<studid<<“: “<<name<<endl;}
}
int main( )
{ mystud MS;
register.MS( );
MS.display( );
}
Answer:
MODIFIED PROGRAM:
#include<iostream>
#include<stdio.h>
class mystud
{
int studid;
char name[20];
public:
mystud( )
{
studid=1001;
}
void register ( )
{
cin>>stdid;
gets(name);
}
void display ( )
{
cout<<studid<<“: “<<name<<endl;
}
};
int main( )
{
mystud MS;
MS.reqister( );
MS.display( );
}

Question 2.
Write with an example of how will you dynamically initialize objects?
Answer:
Dynamic initialization of Objects:
When the initial values are provided during runtime then it is called dynamic initialization.
Program to illustrate dynamic initialization
#include
using namespace std;
class X
{
int n;
float avg;
public:
X(int p,float q)
{
n=p;
avg=q;
}
void disp( )
{
cout<<“\n Roll numbe:-” <<n;
cout<<“\nAverage :-“<<avg;
}
};
int main( )
{
int a ; float b;
cout<<“\nEnter the Roll Number”;
cin>>a; .
cout<<“\nEnter the Average”;
cin>>b;
X x(a,b); // dynamic initialization
x.disp( );
return 0;
}
Output
Enter the Roll Number 1201
Enter the Average 98.6
Roll number:- 1201
Average :- 98.6

Question 3.
What are advantages of declaring constructors and destructor under public access ability?
Answer:

When constructor and destructor are declared under public:

1. we can initialize the object while declaring it.
2. we can explicitly call the constructor.
3. we can overload constructors and therefore use multiple constructors to initialize objects automatically.
4. we can destroy the objects at the end of class scope automatically (free unused memory).

However, some C++ compiler and Dev C++ do not allow to declare constructor and destructor under private section. So it is better to declare constructor and destructor under public section only.

Question 4.
Given the following C++ code, answer the questions (i) & (ii).
Answer:
class TestMeOut
{
public:
~TestMeOut( ) //Function 1
{
cout<<“Leaving the examination hall”<<endl;
}
TestMeOut( ) //Function 2
{
cout<<“Appearing for examination'<<endl;
}
void MyWork( ) //Function 3
{
cout<<“Attempting Questions//<<endl;
}
};
i) In Object-Oriented Programming, what is Function 1 referred to as and when does it get invoked/called?
Function 1 is called a destructor. It will be automatically invoked when the object goes out of scope (ie. at the end of a program).

ii) In Object-Oriented Programming, what is Function 2 referred to as, and when does it get invoked/called?
Function2 is called a constructor. It will be automatically invoked when an object comes into scope.(ie. at the time of object creation).

Question 5.
Write the output of the following C++ program code:
Answer:
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
class Calci
{
char Grade; .
int Bonus;
public:
Calci( )
{
Grade=’E’;
Bonus=0;
}//ascii value of A=65
void Down(int G)
{
Grade-=G;
}
void Up(int G)
{
Grade+=G;
Bonus++;
}
void Show( )
{
cout<<Grade<<“#”<<Bonus<<endl;
}
};
int main( )
{
Calci c;
c.Down(3);
c.Show( );
c.Up(7);
c.Show( );
c.Down(2);
c.Show( );
return 0;
}
Output

Part – IV

Explain In Detail

Question 1.
Explain nested class with example.
Answer:
When one class becomes a member of another class then it is called Nested class and the relationship is called containership. When a class is declared within another class, the inner class is called a Nested class (i.e. the inner class) and the outer class is known as the Enclosing class. The nested class can be defined in private as well as in the public section of the Enclosing class.

Classes can be nested in two ways:

1. By defining a class within another class
2. By declaring an object of a class as a member to another class
3. By defining a class within another class

C++ program to illustrate the nested class
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
class enclose
{
private:
int x;
class nest
{
private :
int y;
public:
int z;
void prn( )
{
y=3;z=2;
cout<<“\n The product of”
< <y< <‘*'< <z<<“= “< <y*z< <“\n”;
}
}; //inner class definition over
nest m1;
public:
nest n2;
void square( )
{
n2.prn( ); //inner class member function is called by its object
x=2;
n2.z=4;
cout<<“\n The product of” <<n2.z<<‘*'<<n2.z<<“=”n2.z*n2.z<<“/n”;
cout<<“\n The product of” <<x<<‘*'<<x<<“= “<<x*x;
}
}; //outer class definition over
int main( )
{
enclose e;
e.square( ); //outer class member function is called
}
Output
The product of 3*2=6
The product of 4*4=16
The product of 2*2=4

In the above program the inner class nest is defined inside the outer class enclose, nest is accessed by enclose by creating an object of nest

Question 2.
Mention the differences between constructor and destructor.
Answer:

CONSTRUCTOR	DESTRUCTOR
The name of the constructor must be same as that of the class.	The destructor has the same name as that of the class prefixed by the tilde character
A constructor can have parameter list.	The destructor cannot have arguments.
The constructor function can be overloaded.	Destructors cannot be overloaded i.e., there can be only one destructor in a class.
Constructor cannot be inherited but a derived class can call the base class constructor.	Destructor cannot be inherited.
The constructor is executed automatically when the object is created.	The destructor is executed automatically when the control reaches the end of class.
Allocated memory space for the object.	Destroy the object.

Question 3.
Define a class RESORT with the following description in C++ :
Answer:
Private members:
Rno // Data member to storeroom number
Name //Data member to store user name
Charges //Data member to store per day charge
Days //Data member to store the number of days
Compute ( ) // A function to calculate total amount as Days * Charges and if the
//total amount exceeds 11000 then total amount is 1.02 * Days *Charges

Public member:
getinfo( ) // Function to Read the information like name , room no, charges and days
dispinfo ( ) // Function to display all entered details and total amount calculated
//using COMPUTE function
PROGRAM
using namespace std;
#include<iostream>
class RESORT
{
private:
int Rno,Days,Charges;
char Rname[20];
int compute( )
{
if (Days * Charges >11000)
return (Days * Charges * 1.02);
else
return(Days * Charges);
}
public:
getinfo( )
{
cout<<“\nEnter customer name : “;
cin>>Rname;
cout<<‘nEnter charges per day : “;
cin>>Charges;
cout< <‘nEnter Number of days : “;
cin>>Days;
cout<<‘n Enter Room Number : “;
cin>>Rno;
}
dispinfo( )
{
cout<<‘nRoom Number :
“<<Rno;
cout<<‘nCustomer name :
“<<Rname;
cout<<‘nCharges per day :
“<<Charges;
cout<<‘nNumber of days :
“<<Days;
cout<<‘nTotal Amount :
“<<compute( );
}
int main( )
{
RESORT Obj;
Obj,getinfo( );
Obj.dispinfo( );
Output

Question 4.
WrIte the output of the following:
Answer:
#include<iostream>
#indude<stdio.h>
using namespace std;
class sub
{
int day, subno;
public :
sub(int,int); // prototype
void printsub( )
{
cout<<” subject number: “<<subno;
cout<<” Days : ” <<day;
}
};
sub::sub(int d=150,int sn=12)
{
cout<<endl<<“Constructing the object
“<<endl;
day=d;
sub no=sn;
}
class stud ‘
{
int rno;
float marks; public:
stud( )
{
cout<< “Constructing the object of
students “<<endl;
rno=0;
marks=0.0;
}
void getval( )
{
cout<<“Enter the roll number and the marks secured”; cin>>rno>>marks;
}
void printdet( )
{
cout<<“Roll no : “<<rno<<“Marks : “<<marks<<endl; .
}
};
class admission
{
sub obj;
stud objone;
float fees; ,
public :
admission ( )
{
cout<< “Constructing the object of admission “<<endl;
fees=0.0;
}
void printdet( )
{
objone.printdet( );
obj.printsub();
cout<<“fees : “<<fees<<endl;
}
};
int main( )
{
system (“cls”);
admission adm;
cout<<endl<< ?’Back in main ()”;
return 0;
}
Output

Question 5.
Write the output of the following.
Answer:
#indude<iostream>
#include<stdio,h>
using namespace std;
class P
{
public:
P( )
{
cout<< “\nConstructor of class P }
~P( )
{
cout< < “\nDestructor of class P
}
};
class Q
{
public:
Q( )
{
cout< <“\nConstructor of class Q “;}
~ Q( )
{
cout<< “\nDestructor of class Q
}
};
class R
{
P obj1, obj2;
Q obj3;
public:
R( )
{
cout<< “\nConstructor of class R “;}
~R( )
{
cout<< “\nDestructor of class R
}
};
int main ( )
{
R oR; :
Q oq;
Pop;
return 0;
Output

11th Computer Science Guide Classes and Objects Additional Questions and Answers

Choose The Correct Answer (1 Mark)

Question 1.
The most important feature of C++ is ………………..
(a) object
(b) class
(c) public
(d) All the above
Answer:
(b) class

Question 2.
How many features are commonly present in OOP languages?
a) 3
b) 2
c) 4
d) 5
Answer:
c) 4

Question 3.
Calling a member function of an object is also known as ……………….. to object.
(a) call function
(b) call by value
(c) call by reference
(d) sending message
Answer:
(d) sending message

Question 4.
……………… is a way to bind the data and its associated functions together,
a) Class
b) Array
c) Structure
d) All the above
Answer:
a) Class

Question 5.
When one class become a member of another class, the relationship is called ………………..
(a) containership
(b) partnership
(c) friendship
(d) all the above
Answer:
(a) containership

Question 6.
The body of the class is defined inside the ………………. brackets.
a) Angle < >
b) Square [ ]
c) Curly { }
d) None of these
Answer:
c) Curly { }

Question 7.
……………….. can be defined either in private or in the public section of a class.
(a) Object
(b) Data type
(c) Memory
(d) constructor
Answer:
(d) constructor

Question 8.
The members of the structure are by default ………………..
a) Private
b) Public
c) Protected
d) None of these
Answer:
b) Public

Question 9.
There are ……………….. ways to create an object using the parameterized constructor.
(a) 3
(b) 2
(c) 1
(d) 4
Answer:
(c) 1

Question 10.
The class body contains ………………….
a) Data members
b) Member functions
c) Both A and B
d) None of these
Answer:
c) Both A and B

Question 11.
The class body has………………… access specifiers.
a) Three
b) Four
c) Two
d) Five
Answer:
a) Three

Question 12.
The class body has…………….. access specifiers.
a) Private
b) Public
c) Protected
d) All the above
Answer:
d) All the above

Question 13.
…………………. is a visibility label.
a) Private
b) Public
c) Protected
d) All the above
Answer:
d) All the above

Question 14.
……………….. allows preventing the functions of a program to access directly the internal representation of a class type.
a) Data Hiding
b) Data Capturing
c) Data Processing
d) None of these
Answer:
a) Data Hiding

Question 15.
The access restriction to the class members is specified by ……………. section within the class
body.
a) Private
b) Public
c) Protected
d) All the above
Answer:
d) All the above

Question 16.
A …………………. member is accessible from where outside the class but within a program.
a) Private
b) Public
c) Protected
d) All the above
Answer:
b) Public

Question 17.
We can set and get the value of public data members using ………………… function.
a) Member
b) Nonmember
c) Either A or B
d) None of these
Answer:
c) Either A or B

Question 18.
A …………….. member cannot be accessed from outside the class.
a) Private
b) Public
c) Protected
d) All the above
Answer:
a) Private

Question 19.
Only the class member functions can access ……………… members.
a) Private
b) Public
c) Protected
d) All the above
Answer:
a) Private

Question 20.
……………….. members can be accessed in child classes.
a) Private
b) Public
c) Protected
d) All the above
Answer:
c) Protected

Question 21.
If all members of the class are defined as …………….. then the class become frozen.
a) Private
b) Public
c) Protected
d) All the above
Answer:
a) Private

Question 22.
If all members of the class are defined as ………………….. then the object of the class can not access anything from the class,
a) Private
b) Public
c) Protected
d) All the above
Answer:
a) Private

Question 23.
………………. are the data variables that represent the features or properties of a class.
a) Data members
b) Member functions
c) Both A and B
d) None of these
Answer:
a) Data members

Question 24.
………………… are the functions that perform specific tasks in a class.
a) Data members
b) Member functions
c) Both A and B
d) None of these
Answer:
b) Member functions

Question 25.
Member functions are called as …………………..
a) Methods
b) Attributes
c) Properties
d) None of these
Answer:
a) Methods

Question 26.
Data members are also called as ……………….
a) Methods
b) Attributes
c) Properties
d) None of these
Answer:
b) Attributes

Question 27.
Classes contain a special member function called as ……………………
a) Constructors
b) Destructors
c) Both A and B
d) None of these
Answer:
c) Both A and B

Question 28.
The member functions of a class can be defined in ……………….. ways.
a) Two
b) Three
c) Four
d) Five
Answer:
a) Two

Question 29.
The member functions of a class can be defined in ………………. way.
a) Inside the class definition
b) Outside the class definition
c) Either A or B
d) None of these
Answer:
c) Either A or B

Question 30.
When a member function is defined Inside a class, it behaves like ………………. functions.
a) Inline
b) General
c) Local
d) None of these
Answer:
a) Inline

Question 31.
If a function is inline, the compiler places a copy of the code of that function at each point where the function is called at ………………….
a) Run Time
b) Compile time
c) Both A and B
d) None of these
Answer:
b) Compile time

Question 32.
When Member function defined outside the class, and then it is be called as ………………….
member function.
a) Outline
b) Non-inline
c) Either A or B
d) None of these
Answer:
c) Either A or B

Question 33.
When Member function defined outside the class using …………….. operator.
a) Scope resolution
b) Membership
c) Reference
d) Conditional
Answer:
a) Scope resolution

Question 34.
The class variables are called ………………….
a) Object
b) Attributes
c) Procedures
d) None of these
Answer:
a) Object

Question 35.
Objects are also called as …………………. of class.
a) Instant
b) Instance
c) Attributes
d) None of these
Answer:
b) Instance

Question 36.
Objects can be created in ………………… methods.
a) Three
b) Four
c) Two
d) Five
Answer:
c) Two

Question 37.
Objects can be created as ……………….
a) Global object
b) Local object
c) Either A or B
d) None of these
Answer:
c) Either A or B

Question 38.
…………….. objects can be used by any function in the program.
a) Global object
b) Local object
c) Either A or B
d) None of these
Answer:
a) Global object

Question 39.
If an object is declared outside all the function bodies or by placing their names immediately after the closing brace of the class declaration then it is called as ……………….
a) Global object
b) Local object
c) Either A or B
d) None of these
Answer:
a) Global object

Question 40.
If an object is declared within a function then it is called ……………….
a) Global object
b) Local object
c) Either A or B
d) None of these
Answer:
b) Local object

Question 41.
……………….. object can not be accessed from outside the function.
a) Global
b) Local
c) Either A or B
d) None of these
Answer:
b) Local

Question 42.
No separate space is allocated for …………………. when the objects are created.
a) Member functions
b) Data members
c) Both A and B
d) None of these
Answer:
a) Member functions

Question 43.
Memory space required for the ……………….
a) Member functions
b) Data members
c) Both A and B
d) None of these
Answer:
b) Data members

Question 44.
The members of a class are referenced (accessed) by using the object of the class followed by the ………………. operator.
a) Scope resolution
b) Conditional
c) Dot (membership)
d) None of these
Answer:
c) Dot (membership)

Question 45.
Calling a member function of an object is also known as ……………….
a) Sending a message to object
b) Communication with the object
c) Either A or B
d) None of these
Answer:
c) Either A or B

Question 46.
An array which contains the class type of element is called …………………
a) Array of objects
b) Structure Objects
c) Block of objects
d) None of these
Answer:
a) Array of objects

Question 47.
The ………………… of the outline member function given in a class specification, instructs the compiler about its visibility mode.
a) Name
b) Prototype
C) Data type
d) None of these
Answer:
b) Prototype

Question 48.
A member function can call another member function of the same class directly without using the dot operator is called ………………………
a) Nesting of the member function
b) Invariant Members
c) Variant Members
d) None of these
Answer:
a) Nesting of the member function

Question 49.
A member function can call another member function of the same class for that you do not
need a(n) …………………..
a) Member function
b) Data Member
c) Object
d) None of these
Answer:
c) Object

Question 50.
A member function can access ………………. functions.
a) Public
b) Private
c) Both A and B
d) None of these
Answer:
c) Both A and B

Question 51.
…………………. operator will reveal the hidden file scope(global) variable.
a) Membership
b) Conditional
c) Scope resolution
d) All the above
Answer:
c) Scope resolution

Question 52.
When an object is passed by ……………… the function creates its own copy of the object and works on it.
a) Value
b) Reference
c) Either A or B
d) None of these
Answer:
a) Value

Question 53.
When an object is passed by …………….. changes made to the object inside the function do not affect the original object.
a) Value
b) Reference
c) Either A or B
d) None of these
Answer:
a) Value

Question 54.
When an object is passed by ……………….. its memory address is passed to the function so the called function works directly on the original object used in the function call.
a) Value
b) Reference
c) Either A or B
d) None of these
Answer:
b) Reference

Question 55.
When an object is passed by ………………………. any changes made to the object inside the function definition are reflected in the original object.
a) Value
b) Reference
c) Either A or B
d) None of these
Answer:
b) Reference

Question 56.
Member Functions can ………………….
a) Receive object as an argument
b) Return an object
c) Both A and B
d) None of these
Answer:
c) Both A and B

Question 57.
When one class become a member of another class then it is called ……………. class.
a) Nested
b) Inline
c) External
d) Global
Answer:
a) Nested

Question 58.
When one class becomes a member of another class then the relationship is called ………………….
a) Containership
b) Nesting
c) Parent-Child
d) None of these
Answer:
a) Containership

Question 59.
Classes can be nested in ……………….. ways.
a) Three
b) Two
c) Four
d) Five
Answer:
b) Two
Question 60.
Classes can be nested in ………………..way.
a) By defining a class within another class
b) By declaring an object of a class as a member to another class
c) Either A or B
d) None of these
Answer:
c) Either A or B

Question 61.
When a class is declared within another class, the inner class is called a Nested class (ie the inner class) and the outer class is known as …………………… class.
a) Enclosing
b) Abstract
c) Transit
d) None of these
Answer:
a) Enclosing

Question 62.
The nested class can be defined in ………………….. section of the Enclosing class.
a) Private
b) Public
c) Either Private or Public
d) None of these
Answer:
c) Either Private or Public

Question 63.
Whenever an object of a class is declared as a member of another class it is known as a _____ class.
a) Abstract
b) Container
c) Literal
d) None of these
Answer:
b) Container

Question 64.
Instantiating object is done using ……………….
a) Constructor
b) Destructor
c) Data abstraction
d) Data hiding
Answer:
a) Constructor

Question 65.
A(n) ………………..in C++ can be initialized during the time of their declaration.
a) Array
b) Structure
c) Array or Structure
d) None of these
Answer:
c) Array or Structure

Question 66.
Member function of a class can access all the members irrespective of their associated …………………..
a) Access specifier
b) Data type
c) Return type
d) Argument
Answer:
a) Access specifier

Question 67.
When an instance of a class comes into scope, a special function called the ……………. gets executed.
a) Constructor
b) Destructor
c) Data abstraction
d) Data hiding
Answer:
a) Constructor

Question 68.
The constructor function name has the same name as the …………….. name.
a) Object
b) Class
c) Data member
d) None of these
Answer:
b) Class

Question 69.
The constructors return ………………
a) int
b) char
c) float
d) nothing
Answer:
d) nothing

Question 70.
…………………. are not associated with any data type
a) Constructor
b) Data member
c) Data abstraction
d) Member functions
Answer:
a) Constructor

Question 71.
……………… can be defined either inside class definition or outside the Class definition.
a) Constructor
b) Destructor
c) Data abstraction
d) Member functions
Answer:
a) Constructor

Question 72.
A constructor can be defined in ……………… section of a class.
a) Private
b) Public
c) Either Private or Public
d) None of these
Answer:
c) Either Private or Public

Question 73.
If a constructor is defined in ………………… section of a class, then only its object Can be created in any function.
a) Private
b) Public
c) Either Private or Public
d) None of these
Answer:
b) Public

Question 74.
The main function of the constructor is ……………………….
a) To allocate memory space to the object
b) To initialize the data member of the class object
c) Either A or B
d) None of these
Answer:
c) Either A or B

Question 75.
A constructor that accepts no parameter is called …………………… constructor.
a) Null
b) Default
c) Empty
d) None of these
Answer:
b) Default

Question 76.
Identify the correct statement from following with respect to constructor.
a) If a class does not contain an explicit constructor (user defined constructor) the compiler automatically generate a default constructor implicitly as an inline public member.
b) In the absence of user defined constructor the compiler automatically provides the default constructor. It simply allocates memory for the object.
c) Parameterized constructor is achieved by passing parameters to the function.
d) All the above
Answer:
d) All the above

Question 77.
A constructor which can take arguments is called ……………….. constructor.
a) Parmeterized
b) Default
c) Empty
d) None of these
Answer:
a) Parmeterized

Question 78.
……………….. type of constructor helps to create objects with different initial values.
a) Parmeterized
b) Default
c) Empty
d) None of these
Answer:
a) Parmeterized

Question 79.
Declaring a constructor with arguments hides the ……………………
a) Data members
b) Compiler generated constructor
c) Member functions
d) None of these
Answer:
b) Compiler generated constructor

Question 80.
………………… Constructor is used to creating an array of objects.
a) Default
b) Parameterized
b) Overloaded
d) None of these
Answer:
a) Default

Question 81.
There are ………………. ways to create an object using the parameterized constructor.
a) Three
b) Two
c) Four
d) Five
Answer:
b) Two

Question 82.
……………… is a way to create an object using the parameterized constructor,
a) Implicit call
b) Explicit call
c) Either A or B
d) None of these
Answer:
c) Either A or B

Question 83.
In …………….. method, the parameterized constructor is invoked automatically
whenever an object is created.
a) Implicit call
b) Explicit call
c) Either A or B
d) None of these
Answer:
a) Implicit call

Question 84.
In the………………….. method, the name of the constructor is explicitly given to invoking the parameterized constructor.
a) Implicit call
b) Explicit call
c) Either A or B
d) None of these
Answer:
b) Explicit call

Question 85.
………………… method is the most suitable method as it creates a temporary object
a) Implicit call
b) Explicit call
c) Either A or B
d) None of these
Answer:
b) Explicit call

Question 86.
The chance of data loss will not arise in ………………….. method.
a) Implicit call
b) Explicit call
c) Either A or B
d) None of these
Answer:
b) Explicit call

Question 87.
A ……………….. object lives in memory as long as it is being used in an expression.
a) Temporary
b) Nested
c) Inline
d) None of these
Answer:
a) Temporary

Question 88.
A constructor having a reference to an already existing object of its own class is called ………………….. constructor.
a) Reference
b) Value
c) Copy
d) Move
Answer:
c) Copy

Question 89.
A copy constructor is called ……………..
a) When an object is passed as a parameter to any of the member functions
b) When a member function returns an object
c) When an object is passed by reference to an instance of its own class
d) All the above
Answer:
d) All the above

Question 90.
The constructors are executed in the …………………. of the object declared.
a) Order
b) Reverse order
c) Either A or B
d) None of these
Answer:
a) Order

Question 91.
When the initial values are provided during runtime then it is called ………………….. initialization.
a) Static
b) Dynamic
c) Run time
d) None of these
Answer:
b) Dynamic

Question 92.
…………………. constructor can have parameter list.
a) Constructor
b) Destructor
c) Both A and B
d) None of these
Answer:
a) Constructor

Question 93.
No return type can be specified for ………………….
a) Constructor
b) Destructor
c) Both A and B
d) None of these
Answer:
c) Both A and B

Question 94.
The ……………….. function can be overloaded.
a) Constructor
b) Destructor
c) Both A and B
d) None of these
Answer:
a) Constructor

Question 95.
The compiler generates a ………………… in the absence of a user-defined.
a) Constructor
b) Destructor
c) Both A and B
d) None of these
Answer:
a) Constructor

Question 96.
Compiler generated constructor is ………………….. member function.
a) private
b) protected
c) public
d) None of these
Answer:
c) public

Question 97.
The ………………. is executed automatically,
a) Constructor
b) Destructor
c) Both A and B
d) None of these
Answer:
c) Both A and B

Question 98.
The ……………. is executed automatically when the object is created.
a) Constructor
b) Destructor
c) Both A and B
d) None of these
Answer:
a) Constructor

Question 99.
When a class object goes out of scope, a special function called the ………………. gets executed.
a) Constructor
b) Destructor
c) Both A and B
d) None of these
Answer:
b) Destructor

Question 100.
The destructor has the same name as the class tag but prefixed with a …………………
a) ~ (tilde)
b) #
c) @
d) None of these
Answer:
a) ~ (tilde)

Question 101.
A …………………… is a special member function that is called when the lifetime of an object ends.
a) Constructor
b) Destructor
c) Both A and B
d) None of these
Answer:
b) Destructor

Question 102.
The ………………… cannot have arguments,
a) Constructor
b) Destructor
c) Both A and B
d) None of these
Answer:
b) Destructor

Question 103.
There can be ……………… destructor in a class.
a) Two
b) Three
c) Only one
d) Four
Answer:
c) Only one

Question 104.
_____ cannot be inherited.
a) Constructor
b) Destructor
c) Both A and B
d) None of these
Answer:
c) Both A and B

Very Short Answer (2 Marks)

Question 1.
Define methods of a class and write its types.
Answer:
The class comprises members. Member functions are called methods. The member functions of a class can be defined in two ways.

1. Inside the class definition
2. Outside the class definition

Question 2.
Why classes are needed?
Answer:
Classes are needed to represent real-world entities that not only have data type properties but also have associated operations. It is used to create user-defined data types.

Question 3.
What is called as nesting of member functions?
Answer:
Only the public members of a class can be accessed by the object of that class, using the dot operator. However, a member function can call another member function of the same class directly without using the dot operator. This is called as nesting of member functions.

Question 4.
What are the visibility labels of a class body?
Answer:
The class body has three visibility labels viz., private, public, and protected. The Visibility labels are also called as access specifiers.

Question 5.
What is a parameterized constructor?
Answer:
A constructor which can take arguments is called a parameterized constructor. This type of constructor helps to create objects with different initial values. This is achieved by passing parameters to the function.

Question 6.
What happened if all the members of a class are defined as private?
Answer:
If all members of the class are defined as private, then the class becomes frozen.
The object of the class can not access anything from the class.

Question 7.
Write about objects.
Answer:
A class specification just defines the properties of a class. To make use of a class specified, the variables of that class type have to be declared. The class variables are called objects. Objects are also called an instance of the class.

For example:
student s;
In the above statement ‘s’ is an instance of the class student.

Question 8.
How many ways objects can be created for a class? Give its types.
Answer:
Objects can be created in two methods:

1. Global object
2. Local object

Question 9.
What do you mean by an array of objects?
Answer:
An array which contains the class type of element is called an array of objects. It is declared and defined in the same way as any other type of array.

Example:
class stock
{
int itemno;
float price; public:
}s[5];
Here s[5] is an array of objects.

Question 10.
What is a nested member function?
Answer:
A member function can cal! another member function of the same class directly without using the dot operator. This is called as nesting of member functions.

Question 11.
How many ways objects can be passed to function argument?
Answer:
Objects can also be passed in both ways

• Pass By Value
• Pass By Reference

Question 12.
What is a container class?
Answer:
Whenever an object of a class is declared as a member of another class it is known as a container class. In the container-ship, the object of one class is declared in another class.

Question 13.
What is the need for a constructor in a class?
Answer:
Instantiating object is done using constructor. An array or a structure in C++ can be initialized during the time of their declaration using constructor. The constructor function initializes the class object.

Question 14.
What are the functions of a constructor?
Answer:
The main functions of the constructor are:

• To allocate memory space to the object and
• To initialize the data member of the class object.

Question 15.
What is a default constructor?
Answer:
Default constructor:
A constructor that accepts no parameter is called the default constructor.
For example in the class Data program Data::Data( ) is the default constructor.
Using this constructor objects are created similar to the way the variables of other data types are created.

Example:
int num; //ordinary variable declaration
Data d1; // object declaration
If a class does not contain an explicit constructor the compiler automatically generates a default constructor implicitly as an inline public member.

Question 16.
What is the significance of default constructor?
Answer:
Default constructors are very useful to crate objects without having specific initial value. It is also used to create array of objects.

Question 17.
How many ways a constructor can be invoked?
Answer:
There are two ways to create an object using parameterized constructor:

1. Implicit call
2. Explicit call

Question 18.
What is copy constructor?
Answer:
A constructor having a reference to an already existing object of its own class is called copy constructor.
In other words Copy Constructor is a type of constructor which is used to create a copy of an already existing object of a class type.

Question 19.
What is the order of constructor invocation?
Answer:
The constructors are executed in the order of the object declared. (If it is in same statement left to right)

For example:
Test t1;
Test t2; // the order of constructor execution is first for t1 and then for t2.
Consider the following example
Sample s1,s2,s3 ; //The order of construction is s1 then s2 and finally s3

Question 20.
What do you mean by dynamic initialization of Object?
Answer:
When the initial values are provided during runtime then it is called dynamic initialization.

Question 21.
Write a note on the destructor.
Answer:

• When a class object goes out of scope, a special function called the destructor gets executed.
• The destructor has the same name as the class tag but prefixed with a ~(tilde).
• The destructor function also returns nothing and it does not associate with any data type

Question 22.
What is the need for a destructor in a class?
Answer:
The purpose of the destructor is to free the resources that the object may have acquired during its lifetime. A destructor function removes the memory of an object which was allocated by the constructor at the time of creating an object

Question 23.
Define destructor.
Answer:
A destructor is a special member function that is called when the lifetime of an object ends and destroys the object constructed by the constructor. Normally it is declared under the public visibility of a class.

Short Answers (3 Marks)

Question 1.
Explain the local object with an example.
Answer:
If an object is declared within a function then it is called a local object.
It cannot be accessed from outside the function.
# include
# include
using namespace std
class add  //Global class
{
int a,b; public:
int sum; void
getdata()
{
a = 5; b = 10; sum
= a + b;
}
} a1;
add a2;
int main()
{
add a3;
a1.getdata();  //global object
a2.getdata();  //global object
a3.getdata();
cout << a1 .sum;  //Local object for a global class
cout << a2.sum;
cout << a3.sum;
return 0;   //public data member accessed from outside the class
}
Output:
151515

Question 2.
Write about private, protected, and public members of a class.
Answer:
The Public Members:
A public member is accessible from anywhere outside the class but within a program.

The Private Members:
A private member cannot be accessed from outside the class. Only the class member functions can access private members. By default, all the members of a class would be private.

The Protected Members:
A protected member is very similar to a private member but they can be accessed in child classes which are called derived classes (inherited classes).

Question 3.
What is a constructor?
Answer:
The definition of a class only creates a new user-defined data type. The instances of the class type should be instantiated (created and initialized). Instantiating objects is done using the constructor. An array or a structure in C++ can be initialized during the time of their declaration.

The initialization of a class type object at the time of declaration similar to a structure or an array is not possible because the class members have their associated access specifiers (private or protected or public). Therefore Classes include special member functions called constructors. The constructor function initializes the class object.

Question 4.
Explain memory allocation of objects.
Answer:
Memory allocation of objects:
All the objects belonging to that class use the same member function, no separate space is allocated for member functions when the objects are created.
Memory space required for the member variables are only allocated separately for each object because the member variables will hold different data values for different objects.
Memory for Objects for p1 and p2 is illustrated:

Question 5.
Explain the default constructor with an example.
Answer:
A constructor that accepts no parameter is called the default constructor. For example in the class data program Data::Data() is the default constructor. Using this constructor objects are created similar to the way the variables of other data types are created.

Example:
int num; //ordinary variable declaration
Data d1; // object declaration

Question 6.
How will you refer members of the class? Give its syntax and an example.
Answer:
The members of a class are referenced (accessed) by using the object of the class followed by the dot (membership) operator and the name of the member.

The general syntax for calling the member function is:
Object_name.function_name (actual parameter); For example consider the following illustration:

Question 7.
Explain the different methods of passing an object to the function argument.
Answer:
Pass By Value:
When an object is passed by value the function creates its own copy of the object and works on it. Therefore any changes made to the object inside the function do not affect the original object.

Pass By Reference:
When an object is passed by reference, its memory address is passed to the function so the called function works directly on the original object used in the function call. So any changes made to the object inside the function definition are reflected in the original object.

Question 8.
Write about constructor.
Answer:
When an instance of a class comes into scope, a special function called the constructor gets executed. The constructor function name has the same name as the class name. The constructors return nothing. They are not associated with any data type. It can be defined either inside class definition or outside the class definition.

Question 9.
What is a parameterized constructor?
Answer:
Parameterized Constructors:
A constructor which can take arguments is called a parameterized constructor. This type of constructor helps to create objects with different initial values. This is achieved by passing parameters to the function.

Example:
class simple
{
private:
int a,b;
public:
simple(int m, int n)
{
a= m ;
b= n;
cout< < “\n Parameterized Constructor of class-simple
}
};

Question 10.
What do you mean by the implicit and explicit call of a constructor?
Answer:
Implicit call:
In this method, the parameterized constructor is invoked automatically whenever an object is created.
For example, simple s1(10,20); in this for creating the object si parameterized constructor is automatically invoked

Explicit call:
In this method, the name of the constructor is explicitly given to invoking the parameterized constructor so that the object can be created and initialized.

For example:
simple s1=simple(10,20); //explicit call

Question 11.
When copy constructor Is executed? Give examples.
Answer:
A copy constructor is called

• When an object is passed as a parameter to any of the member functions
  Example: void simple: :putdata(simple x);
• When a member function returns an object
  Example: simple get data( ) { }
• When an object is passed by reference to an instance of its own class
  For example: simple1, s2(s1); // s2(s1) calls copy constructor

Explain in Detail (5 Marks)

Question 1.
Explain how to define class members?
Answer:
Definition of class members:
Class comprises of members. Members are classified as Data Members and Member functions.

• Data members are the data variables that represent the features or properties of a class.
• Member functions are the functions that perform specific tasks in a class.
• Member functions are called methods, and data members are also called attributes.

Example:

Defining methods of a class:
Without defining the methods (functions), class definition will become incomplete. The member functions of a class can be defined in two ways.

• Inside the class definition
• Outside the class definition

Inside the class definition:
When a member function is defined inside a class, it behaves like inline functions. These are called Inline member functions.

Outside the class definition:
When Member function defined outside the class just like normal function definition (Function definitions you are familiar with) then it is being called as an outline member function or non-inline member function. Scope resolution operator (::) is used for this purpose.

The syntax for defining the outline member function is:
return_type class_name :: function name (parameter list)
{
function definition

Class using Inline and Outline member function:
# include<iostream>
using namespace std;
class Box
{
// no access specifier mentioned
double width;
public:
double length;
//inline member function definition
void printWidth( )
{
cout<<“\n The width of the box is…”<<width;
}
//prototype of the function
void setWidth(double w);
};
// outline member function definition
void Box :: setWidth(double w)
{
width=w;
}
int main( )
{
// object for class Box
Box b;
// Use member function to set the width.
b.setWidth(10.0);
//Use member function to print the width.
b.printWidth( );
return 0;
Output
The width of the box is… 10

Question 2.
What are the ways to create an object using the parameterized constructor with an example?
Answer:
There are two ways to create an object using the parameterized constructor:
1. Implicit call: In this method, the parameterized constructor is invoked automatically whenever an object is created. For example, simple s1( 10,20); in this, for creating the object s1 parameterized constructor is automatically invoked.

2. Explicit call: In this method, the name of the constructor is explicitly given to invoking the parameterized constructor so that the object can be created and initialized.

#include
using namespace std;
class simple
{
private:
int a, b;
public:
simple(int m,int n)
{
a = m;
b = n;
cout << “\n Constructor of class – simple invoked for implicit and explicit call” << endl;
}
void putdata()
{
cout << “\n The two integers are…” << a << ‘\t’ << b << endl;
cout << “\n The sum of the variables” << a << “+” << b << “=” << a + b;
}
};
int main()
{
simple s1(10,20); //implicit call
simple s2 = simple(30,45); //explicit call
cout << “\n\t\tObject 1\n”;
s1.putdata();
s2.putdata();
return 0;
}
Output:
Constructor of class – simple invoked for the implicit and explicit call
Constructor of class-simple invoked for the implicit and explicit call

Object 1
The two integers are… 10 20
The sum of the variables 10 + 20 = 30

Object 2
The two integers are… 30 45.
The sum of the variables 30 + 45 = 75

Question 3.
What are the characteristics of a destructor?
Answer:
Characteristics of destructors:

• The destructor has the same name as that of the class prefixed by the tilde character
• The destructor cannot have arguments.
• It has no return type.
• Destructors cannot be overloaded i.e., there can be only one destructor in a class.
• In the absence of a user-defined destructor, it is generated by the compiler.
• The destructor is executed automatically when the control reaches the end of the class scope to destroy the object.
• They cannot be inherited.

Evaluate Yourself

Question 1.
Define a class in general and in C++’s context.
Answer:
Classes represent real-world entities that not only have data type properties but also have associated operations.
In C++ class is a way to bind the data and its associated functions together. It is a user-defined data type.

Question 2.
What is the purpose of a class specifier?
Answer:
Data hiding is one of the important features of Object Oriented Programming which allows preventing the functions of a program to access directly the internal representation of a class type.
The access restriction to the class members is specified by class specifies like public, private, and protected sections within the class body.

Question 3.
Compare a structure and a class in C++ context.
Answer:
The only difference between structure and class is the members of structure are by default public where as it is private in class.

Question 4.
Compare private and public access specifier.
Answer:
Public members:
A public member is accessible from anywhere outside the class but within a program. We can set and get the value of public data members even without using any member function.

Private members:
A private member cannot be accessed from outside the class. Only the class member functions can access private members. By default all the members of a class would be private.

Question 5.
What is a non-inline member function? Write its syntax.
Answer:
When Member function defined outside the class just like normal function definition (Function definitions you are familiar with) then it is being called as an outline member function or non-inline member function. Scope resolution operator (::) is used for this purpose.
The syntax for defining the outline member function is:
Syntax:
return_type class_name :: function_name (parameter list)
{
function definition
}

Activity – 1
State the reason for the invalidity of the following code fragment.

(i)	(ii)
class count { int first int second; public: int first };	class item { int prd; }; int prdno;

Answer:

• Data member first is duplicated and it is defined with two scopes( both private and public). It is invalid.
• Object name prefix with the only class name. No data type allowed in between class name and object name.

Activity – 2
class area
{
int s;
public:
void calc( );
};
Write an outline function definition for calc( ); which finds the area of a square
Answer:
int area :: calc( ) .
{
return(s * s);
}

Activity – 3
Identify the error in the following code fragment
class A
{
float x;
void init( )
{
Aa1;
X1.5=1; .
}
};
void main( )
{
A1.init( );
}
Answer:
Error:
Local object can not be accessed from outside the function. Al is the local object, so it can not be accessed in main( );

Activity – 4
What is the size of the objects s1, s2?
class sum
{
int n1,n2;
public:
void add( )
{
int n3=10;n1=n2=10;
}
} s1,s2;
Answer:
The size of the object SI and S2 is 8 bytes each in Dev C++, In Turbo C++ 4 bytes each.
Program to test the memory requirement:
class sum
{
int n1,n2;
public:
void add( )
{
int n3-10;
n1=n2=10;
}
} s1,s2;
using namespace std;
#include<iostream>
int main( )
{
cout<<sizeof(s1)<< “”<<sizeof(s2);
}
Output

Activity – 5
i) Write member function called display with no return.
class objects.
ii) Try the output of the above coding with the necessary modifications.
PROGRAM
#indude<iostream>
using namespace std;
class compute
{
int n1, n2;
public :
void init (int a, int b)
{
n1 = a;
n2 = b;
}
int n;
int add ( )
return (n1+n2);;
{
int prd ( )
{
return (n1*n2);
}
};
compute c1, c2;
void display(compute &objl,compute &obj2)
{
c1.init(12,15);
c2.init(8,4);
objlm = obj1.add( );
obj2.n = obj2.add( );
cout<<“\n Sum of object-1 “<<obj1.n;
cout<<“\n Sum of object-2 “<<obj2.n;
cout<<“\n Sum of the two objects are”<<obj1.
n+obj2.n;
c1.init(5,4);
c2.init(2,5);
obj1.n = obj1.prd( );
obj2.n = obj2.prd( );
cout<<“\n Product of object-1 “<<objl.n;
cout<<“\n Product of object-2 “<<obj2.n;
cout<<“\n Product of the two objects are “<<objl.n*obj2.n;
}
int main( )
{
display(c1,c2);
return 0;
}
output

Activity – 6
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
class Sample
{
int i,j;
public :
int k;
Sample( )
{
i=j=k=0;//constructor defined inside the class
}
};
int main( )
{
Sample s1;
return 0;
}
Output
In the above program justify your reason for no output.
Answer:
Constructor alone is defined without output statement. When the above program is executed, the constructor executed. But no output on the screen because of missing cout

Hands-On Practice

Question 1.
Define a class employee with the following specification.
Answer:
private members of class Employee
empno- integer
ename – 20 characters
basic-float
netpay, hra, da, – float
calculate ( ) – A function to find the basic+hra+da with float return type

public member functions of class employee
havedata( ) – A function to accept values for empno, ename, basic, hra,
da and call calculate( ) to compute netpay
dispdata( ) – A function to display all the data members on the screen
PROGRAM
using namespace std;
#include<iostream>
#include<iomanip>
class Employee
{
private :
int empno;
char ename[20];
float basic,hra,da,netpay;
float calculate( )
{
return (basic+hra+da);
}
public:
void have data( )
{
cout<<setw(35)<<“Enter Employee number :”;
cin>>empno;
cout<<setw(35)<<“Enter Employee name :”;
cin>>ename;
cout<<setw(35)<<“Enter Basic pay :”;
cin>>basic; ,
cout<<setw(35)<<“Enter House Rent Allowance (HRA):”;
cin>>hra; .
cout<<setw(35)<<“Enter Dearness Allowance (DA):”;
cin>>da;
netpay = calculate( );
}
void dispdata( )
{
cout<<“\nEMPLOYEE DETAILS\n\n”;
cout<<setw(35)<<“Employee number :”<<empno<<endl;
cout<<setw(35)<<“Employee name :”<<ename<<endl;
cout<<setw(35)<<“Basic pay :”<<basic<<endl;
cout<<setw(35)<<“House Rent Allowance (HRA) :”<<hra<<endl; cout<<setw(35)<<“Dearness Allowance (DA) :”<<da<<endl;
cout<<setw(35)< <“Netpay :”<<netpay<<endl;
}
};
int main( )
{
Employee e;
e.havedata( );
e.dispdata( );
}
Output

Question 2.
Define a class MATH with the following specifications.
Answer:
private members:
num1, num2, result – float
init( ) function to initialize num1, num2 and result to zero .

protected members:
add( ) function to add num1 and num2 and store the sum in result
diff( ) function to subtract num1 from num2 and store the difference in the result

public members:
getdata( ) function to accept values for num1 and num2
menu( ) function to display menu
1. Add…
2. Subtract…
invoke add() when the choice is 1 and invoke prod when the choice is 2 and also display the result.
PROGRAM
using namespace std;
#include<iostream>
#include<iomanip>
class MATH
{
private:
float num1,num2,result;
init( )
{
num1=0;
num2=0;
result=0;
}
protected: void add( )
{
result = num1+num2;
}
void diff( )
{
result = num1 – num2;
}
public:
getdata( )
{
cout<<“\nEntertwo numbers “;
cin>>num1>>num2;
} ‘ menu( )
{
int choice;
cout<<“\n1.Add …”;
cout<<“\n2.Subtract …….”;
cout<<“\nEnter your choice :”; cin>>choice;
switch(choice)
{
case 1: getdata( );
add( );
cout<<“\nAdded value is”<<result;
break;
case 2: getdata( );
diff( );
cout<<“\nSubtracted value is “<<result;
break;
default: cout<<“\End”;
}
}
};
int main( )
{
MATH m;
m. menu( );
}
Output

Question 3.
Create a class called Item with the following specifications.
Answer:
private members:
code, quantity- Integer data type
price – Float data type
getdata( )-function to accept values for all , data members with no return

public members:
taxt – float
dispdata( ) member function to display code,quantity,price and tax .The tax is calculated as if the quantity is more than 100 tax is 2500 otherwise 1000.
PROGRAM
using namespace std;
#include<iostream>
#include<iomanip>
class Item
{
private:
int code,quantity;
float price;
void getdata( )
{
cout<<“\nEnter product code “; cin>>code;
cout<<“\nEnter quantity “; cin>>quantity;
cout<<“\nEnter price “; cin>> price;
}
public:
float tax;
void display( )
{
getdata( );
if(quantity>100)
tax = 2500;
else
tax = 1000;
cout<<endl<<setw(25)<< “Product code : “<<code<<endl<<endl;
cout<<setw(25)<<“Quantity : ” <<quantity<<endl<<endl;
cout<<setw(25)<<“Unit price :” <<price<<endl<<endl;
cout<<setw(25)<<“Total Amount: ” < cout<<setw(25)<<“Net Bill amount : ”
<<quantity* price+tax<<endl<<endl;
}
};
int main( )
{
Item i; i.display( );
}
Output

Question 4.
Write the definition of a class FRAME in C++ with the following description.
Answer:
Private members:
FramelD – Integer data type
Height, Width, Amount – Float data type
SetAmount( ) -Member function to calculate and assign amount as 10*Height*Width

Public members:
GetDetail( ) Afunction to allow user to entervalues of FramelD, Height, Width. This function should also call SetAmount() to calculate the amount.
ShowDetail( ) A function to display the values of all data members.
PROGRAM
using namespace std;
#include<iostream>
#include<iomanip>
class FRAME
{
private:
int FrameId;
float Height, Width, Amount;
void SetAmount()
{
Amount = 10 * Height * Width;
}
public:
void Getdetails( )
{
cout<<“\nEnter Frame Id : “; cin>> FrameId;
cout<<“\nEnter Frame Height: cin>> Height;
cout<<“\nEnter Frame Width : “; cin>>Width;
SetAmount( );
}
void ShowDetaiis( )
{
cout<<endl<setw(25)<<“Frame Id :” <<FrameId<<endl<<endl; cout<<setw(25)<<“Frame Height:” <<Height<<endl<endl;
cout<<setw(25)<<“Frame Width :”<<Width<<endk<endl;
cout<<setw(25)<<“Total Amount:”
<<Amount< <endl< <endl;
}
int main( )
{
FRAME F;
F.Getdetails( );
F.ShowDetails( );
}
Output

Question 5.
Define a class RESORT in C++ with the following description:
Answer:
Private Members:
Rno //Data member to store Room No
RName //Data member to store customer name
Charges //Data member to store per day charges Days //Data member to store a number of days of stay
COMPUTE( ) //A function to calculate and return Amount as
//Days*Chagres and if the value of Days*Charges is more than 5000 then as 1.02*Days*Charges

Public Members:
Getinfo( ) //A function to enter the content Rno, Name, Charges //and Days Displayinfo( ) //A function to display Rno, RName, Charges, Days and
// Amount (Amount to displayed by calling function COMPUTE())
PROGRAM
using namespace std;
#include<iostream>
class RESORT
{
private:
int Rno,Days,Charges;
char Rname[20];
int compute( )
{
if (Days * Charges >5000)
return (Days * Charges * 1.02);
else
return(Days * Charges);
}
public:
getinfo( )
{
cout<<“\nEnter customer name :”;
cin>>Rname;
cout<<“\nEnter charges per day :”;
cin>>Charges;
cout<<“\nEnter Number of days :”;
cin>>Days;
cout<<“\nEnter Room Number :”;
cin>>Rno;
}
dispinfo( )
{
cout<<“\nRoom Number : “<<Rno;
cout<<“\nCustomer name :
“<<Rname;
cout«”\nCharges per day :
“<<Charges;
cout<<“\nNumber of days :
“<<Days;
cout<<“\nTotal Amount :
“<<compute( );
}
};
int main( )
{
RESORT Obj;
Obj.getinfo( );
Obj.dispinfo( );
}
Output

Question 7.
Answer:
struct pno
{
int pin;
float balance;
}
Create a BankAccount class with the following specifications

protected members
pno_obj //array of 10 elements
init(pin) // to accept the pin number and initialize it and initialize
// the balance amount is 0

public members
deposit(pin, amount):
Increment the account balance by accepting the amount and pin. Check the pin number for matching. If it matches increment the balance and display the balance else display an appropriate message withdraw(self, pin, amount):
Decrement the account balance by accepting the amount and pin. Check the pin number for matching and balance is greater than 1000 and amount is less than the balance. If it matches withdraw the amount and display the balance else display an appropriate message
PROGRAM
using namespace std;
#include<iostream>
#include<iomanip>
struct pno
{
int pin;
float balance;
};
class BankAccount
{
public:
pno pno_obj[10];
void deposit(int pn,float amt)
{
for(int i=0;i<10;i++)
if(pno_obj[i].pin == pn)
{
pno_obj[i].balance = pno_obj[i].balance + amt;
cout<<“\nTransaction successful!
cout<<“\nBalance amount in your account is”<< pno_obj[i].balance; break;
}
void withdraw(int self,int pn,float amt)
{
for(int i=0;i<10;i++)
{
if(pno_obj[i].pin== pn)
{
if (pno_obj[i].balance>1000 && amt < pno_obj[i].balance)
{
pno_obj[i].balance=pno_obj[i]. balance- amt;
cout<<“\nTransaction successful”;
cout<<“\nBalance amount in your account is “<< pno_obj[i].balance; break;
}
} }
}
};
int main( )
{
int pin_no, tamt;
BankAccount b;
// initialization of objects with pin and balance amount as 0
for(int i=0;i<10;i++)
{
b.pno_obj[i].pin=i+l;
}
int choice;
while(choice !=3)
{
cout <<“\n1. Deposit”;
cout <<“\n2.Withdrawal”;
cout<<“\n3.Exit”;
cout<<“\nEnter your choice “; cin >>choice;
switch(choice)
{
case 1:
cout<<“\nEnter PIN
cin>>pin_no;
cout<<“\nEnter Deposit amount”;
cin>>tamt;
b.deposit(pin_no,tamt); break;

case 2:
cout<<“\nEnter PIN cin>>pin_no;
cout<<“\nEnter Withdrawal amount”;
cin>>tamt;
cout<<“\nEnter 1 for Self 2 for Others :”;
int type;
cin>>type;
b.withdraw(type,pin_no,tamt); break;
default: cout<<“\nTransaction completed”;
}
}
}
Output

Question 8.
Define a class Hotel in C++ with the following description:
Answer:
Private Members:
Rno //Data member to store Room No
Name //Data member t store customer name
Charges //Data member to store per day charges
Days //Data member to store number of days of stay
Calculate() //A function to calculate and return Amount as
//Days*Chagres and if the value of Days*Charges is more than 12000 then as 1.2*Days*Charges

Public Members:
Hotel( ) //to initialize the class members
Getinfo( ) //A function to enter the content Rno, Name, Charges //and Days
Showinfo( ) //A function to display Rno, RName, Charges, Days and
//Amount (Amount to displayed by calling function CALCULATE( ))
PROGRAM
using namespace std;
#include<iostream>
#include<string.h>
class Hotel
private:
int Rno,Days,Charges;
char Name[20];
1 int Calculate( )
{
if (Days * Charges >12000)
return (Days * Charges * 1.02);
else
return(Days * Charges);
}
public:
Hotel( )
{
Rno=0;
Days=0;
Charges=0;
strcpy(Name,””);
}
void Getinfo( )
{
cout<<“nEnter customer name :”;
cin>>Name;
cout<<“nEnter charges per day : “;
cin>>Charges;
cout<<“\nEnter Number of days :”;
cin>>Days;
cout<<“\nEnter Room Number :”;
cin>>Rno;
}
void Showinfo( )
{
cout<<“\nRoom Number: “<<Rno;
cout<<“\nCustomer name : “<<Name;
cout<<“\nCharges per day : “<<Charges;
cout<<“\nNumber of days : “<<Days;
cout<<“\nTota! Amount: “<<Calculate( );
}
};
int main( )
{
Hotel obj;
obj.Getinfo( );
obj.Showinfo( )
}
Output

Question 9.
Define a class Exam in C++ with the following description:
Answer:
Private Members:
Rollno – Integer data type
Cname – 25 characters
Mark – Integer data type

public:
Exam(int,char[],int) //to initialize the object ~Exam() // display message “Result will be intimated shortly”
void Display( ) // to display all the details if the mark is above 60 other wise display “Result Withheld”
PROGRAM
using namespace std;
#include<iostream>
#include<string.h>
class Exam
{
private:
int Rollno,Mark;
char Cname[25];
public:
Exam(int r,char n[25],int m)
{
Rollno = r;
Mark = m;
strcpy(Cname,n);
}
~Exam( )
{
cout<<“\n\nResult will be intimated shortly”;
}
void Display( )
{
if (Mark>60)
{
cout<<“\n\nRoll Number : “<<Rollno;
cout<<“\nCandidate name : “<<Cname;
cout<<“\nMark :”<<Mark;
}
else
{
cout<<“\n\nRoll Number : “<<Rollno;
cout<<“\nCandidate name : “<<Cname;
cout<<“\nResult Withheld”;
}
}
};
int main( )
{
Exam obj 1(1011,”SURYA”,78),obj2( 1012,”JOHN”,44);
objl.Display( );
obj2. Display( );
}
Output

Question 10.
Define a class Student in C++ with the following specification:
Answer:
Private Members:
A data member Rno(Registration Number) type long
A data member Cname of type string A data member Agg_marks (Aggregate Marks) of type float
A data member Grade of type char
A member function setGrade () to find the grade as per the aggregate marks obtained by the student. Equivalent aggregate marks range and the respective grade as shown below.
Aggregate Marks -Grade
>=90 – A
Less than 90 and >=75 – B
Less than 75 and >=50 – C
Less than 50 – D
Public members:
A constructor to assign default values to data members:
A copy constructor to store the value in another object
Rno=0, Cname=”N.A” Agg_marks=0,0
A function Getdata ( ) to allow users to enter values for Rno.Cname, Aggjnarks and call functionsetGrade ( ) to find the grade.
A function dispResult( ) to allow user to view the content of all the data members.
A destructor to display the message “END”
PROGRAM .
using namespace std;
#include<iostream>
#include<string.h>
#include<iomanip>
class Student
{
private:
long Rno;
char Cname[25],Grade;
float Agg_marks;
void Setgrade()
{
if (Ag g_ma rks >=90)
Grade = ‘A’;
else if(Agg_marks>=75)
Grade = ‘B’;
else if(Agg_marks>=50)
Grade = ‘C’;.
else
Grade = ‘D’;
}
public:
Student( )
{
Rno = 0;
Agg_marks = 0;
strcpy(Cname,””);
Grade=”;
}
Student(Student &s) .
{
Rno = s.Rno;
Agg_marks = s.Agg_marks;
strcpy(Cname,s.Cname);
Grade=s.Grade;

~Student( )
{
cout<<“\nEND”; >
void Getdata( )
{
cout<<“\nEnter Register Number”;
cin>>Rno;
cout<<“\nEnter Candidate Name
cin>>Cname;
cout<<“\nEnter Aggrigate Mark”;
cin>>Agg_marks;
Setgrade( );
}
void dispResult( )
{
cout<<setw(30)<<“Candidate Register Number
“<<Rno<<endl<<endl;
cout< <setw(30)<< “Candidate Name : “<<Cname<<endk<endI;
cout<<setw(30)<<“Aggrigate Mark : “<<Agg_marks«endk<endl;
cout<<setw(30)<<“Grade :
“<<Grade<<endk<endl;
}
};
int main( )
{
Student s1;
s1.Getdata( );
Student s2(s1);
COut<<“\nFIRST CANDIDATE DETAIL \n\n”; s1.dispResult( );
cout<<“\nSECOND CANDIDATE DETAIL \n\n”;
s2.dispResult( );
}
Output

Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus Samacheer Kalvi 11th Computer Science Guide Pdf Chapter 13 Introduction to Object-Oriented Programming Techniques Text Book Back Questions and Answers, Notes.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 11th Computer Science Solutions Chapter 13 Introduction to Object-Oriented Programming Techniques

11th Computer Science Guide Introduction to Object-Oriented Programming Techniques Text Book Questions and Answers

Book Evaluation

Part I

Choose The Correct Answer

Question 1.
The term is used to describe a programming approach based on classes and objects is
a) OOP
b) POP
c) ADT
d) SOP
Answer:
a) OOP

Question 2.
The paradigm which aims more at procedures.
a) Object Oriented Programming
b) Procedural programming
c) Modular programming
d) Structural programming
Answer:
b) Procedural programming

Question 3.
Which of the following is a user defined data type?
a) class
b) float
c) int
d) object
Answer:
a) class

Question 4.
The identifiable entity with some characteristics and behaviour is.
a) class
b) object
c) structure
d) member
Answer:
b) object

Question 5.
The mechanism by which the data and functions are bound together into a single unit is known as
a) Inheritance
b) Encapsulation
c) Polymorphism
d) Abstraction
Answer:
b) Encapsulation

Question 6.
Insulation of the data from direct access by the program is called as
a) Data hiding
b) Encapsulation
c) Polymorphism
d) Abstraction
Answer:
a) Data hiding

Question 7.
Which of the following concept encapsulate all the essential properties of the object that are to be created?
a) class
b) Encapsulation
c) Polymorphism
d) Abstraction
Answer:
d) Abstraction

Question 8.
Which of the following is the most important advantage of inheritance?
a) data hiding
b) code reusability
c) code modification
d) accessibility
Answer:
b) code reusability

Question 9.
“Write once and use it multiple time” can be achieved by
a) redundancy
b) reusability
c) modification
d) composition
Answer:
b) reusability

Question 10.
Which of the following supports the transitive nature of data?
a) Inheritance
b) Encapsulation
c) Polymorphism
d) Abstraction
Answer:
a) Inheritance

Part – II

Very Short Answer

Question 1.
How is modular programming different from the procedural programming paradigm?
Answer:
Modular programming:

• Emphasis on the algorithm rather than data.
• Programs are divided into individual modules.
• Each modules are independent of each other and have their own local data.
• Modules can work with their own data as well as with the data passed to it.

Procedural programming:

• Programs are organized in the form of subroutines or subprograms.
• All data items are global.
• Suitable for a small-sized software applications.
• Difficult to maintain and enhance the program code as any change in data type needs to be propagated to all subroutines that use the same data type.

Question 2.
Differentiate classes and objects.
Answer:
Class: A Class is a construct in C++ which is used to bind data and its associated function together into a single unit using the encapsulation concept. Class is a user-defined data type.

Object: An identifiable entity with some characteristics and behaviour is called an object.

Question 3.
What is polymorphism?
Answer:
Polymorphism is the ability of a message or function to be displayed in more than one form.

Question 4.
How are encapsulation and abstraction are interrelated?
Answer:
The mechanism by which the data and functions are bound together into a single unit is known as Encapsulation. It implements abstraction.
Abstraction refers to showing only the essential features without revealing background details.

Question 5.
Write the disadvantages of OOP.
Answer:

1. Size: Object-Oriented Programs are much larger than other programs.
2. Effort: Object-Oriented Programs require a lot of work to create.
3. Speed: Object-Oriented Programs are slower than other programs, because of their size.

Part – III

Short Answers

Question 1.
What is a paradigm? Mention the different types of paradigm.
Answer:
The paradigm means organizing principle of a program. It is an approach to programming.
There are different approaches available for problem-solving using computers. They are:

• Procedural programming,
• Modular Programming and
• Object-Oriented Programming.

Question 2.
Write a note on the features of procedural programming.
Answer:
Important features of procedural programming

1. Programs are organized in the form of subroutines or subprograms
2. All data items are global
3. Suitable for small-sized software application
4. Difficult to maintain and enhance the program code as any change in data type needs to be propagated to all subroutines that use the same data type. This is time-consuming.
5. Example: FORTRAN and COBOL.

Question 3.
List some of the features of modular programming
Answer:
Important features of modular programming:

• Emphasis on the algorithm rather than data.
• Programs are divided into individual modules.
• Each modules are independent of each other and have their own local data.
• Modules can work with its own data as well as with the data passed to it.
• Example: Pascal and C.

Question 4.
What do you mean by modularization and software reuse?
Answer:

1. Modularization: where the program can be decomposed into modules.
2. Software reuse: where a program can be composed of existing and new modules.

Question 5.
Define information hiding.
Answer:
The data is not accessible to the outside world, and only those functions which are wrapped in the class can access it.These functions provide the interface between the object’s data and the program.
This encapsulation of data from direct access by the program is called data hiding or information hiding.

Part-IV

Explain in Detail

Question 1.
Write the differences between object-oriented programming and procedural programming.
Answer:
Object-Oriented Programming:

• Emphasizes data rather than algorithms.
• Data abstraction is introduced in addition to procedural abstraction.
• Data and its associated operations are grouped into a single unit.
• Programs are designed around the data being operated.
• Example: C++, Java, VB.Net, Python

Procedural Programming:

• Programs are organized in the form of subroutines or subprograms.
• All data items are global.
• Suitable for a small-sized software application.
• Difficult to maintain and enhance the program code as any change in data type needs to be propagated to all subroutines that use the same data type.
• Example: FORTRAN and COBOL

Question 2.
What are the advantages of OOPs?
Answer:
Advantages of OOP Re-usability:
“Write once and use it multiple times” you can achieve this by using class.

Redundancy:
Inheritance is a good feature for data redundancy. If you need the same functionality in multiple classes you can write a common class for the same functionality and inherit that class to sub-class.

Easy Maintenance:
It is easy to maintain and modify existing code as new objects can be created with small differences to existing ones.

Security:
Using data hiding and abstraction only necessary data will be provided thus maintains the security of data.

Question 3.
Write a note on the basic concepts that support OOPs?
Answer:
Object-Oriented Programming has been developed to overcome the drawbacks of procedural and modular programming. It is widely accepted that object-oriented programming is the most important and powerful way of creating software.

The Object-Oriented Programming approach mainly encourages:

1. Modularization: where the program can be decomposed into modules.
2. Software reuse: where a program can be composed of existing and new modules.

Main Features of Object-Oriented Programming:

1. Data Abstraction
2. Encapsulation
3. Modularity
4. Inheritance
5. Polymorphism

Encapsulation:
The mechanism by which the data and functions are bound together into a single unit is known as Encapsulation. It implements abstraction. Encapsulation is about binding the data variables and functions together in class. It can also be called data binding. Encapsulation is the most striking feature of a class.

The data is not accessible to the outside world, and only those functions which are wrapped in the class can access it. These functions provide the interface between the object’s data and the program. This encapsulation of data from direct access by the program is called data hiding or information hiding.

Data Abstraction:
Abstraction refers to showing only the essential features without revealing background details. Classes use the concept of abstraction to define a list of abstract attributes and function which operate on these attributes. They encapsulate all the essential properties of the object that are to be created. The attributes are called data members because they hold information. The functions that operate on these data are called methods or member functions.

Modularity:
Modularity is designing a system that is divided into a set of functional units (named modules) that can be composed into a larger application.

Inheritance:
Inheritance is the technique of building new classes (derived class) from an existing class (base class). The most important advantage of inheritance is code reusability.

Polymorphism:
Polymorphism is the ability of a message or function to be displayed in more than one form.

11th Computer Science Guide Introduction to Object-Oriented Programming Techniques Additional Questions and Answers

Choose The Correct Answer (1 Mark)

Question 1.
In procedural programming all data items are ……………….
(a) Cobol
(b) global
(c) fortran
(d) class
Answer:
(b) global

Question 2.
The object-oriented paradigm allows us to organize software as a collection of objects that consist of …………………..
a) Data
b) Behaviour
c) Both data and behaviour
d) None of these
Answer:
c) Both data and behaviour

Question 3.
………………. is an example of object-oriented programming.
(a) Python
(b) Java
(c) VB.Net
(d) All the above
Answer:
(d) All the above

Question 4.
Paradigm means ………………..
a) Organizing principle of a program
b) An approach to programming
c) Either A or B
d) None of these
Answer:
c) Either A or B

Question 5.
………………. is about binding the data variables and functions together in class.
(a) Data abstraction
(b) Modularization
(c) Redundancy
(d) Encapsulation
Answer:
(d) Encapsulation

Question 6.
In ………………. approach programs are organized in the form of subroutines or subprograms.
a) Modular Programming
b) Procedural Programming
c) Object-Oriented Programming
d) All the above
Answer:
b) Procedural Programming

Question 7.
…………………. approach of the program is time-consuming.
a) Modular Programming
b) Procedural Programming
c) Object-Oriented Programming
d) All the above
Answer:
b) Procedural Programming

Question 8.
……………… language is based on procedural programming.
a) FORTRAN
b) COBOL
c) Both A and B
d) C++
Answer:
c) Both A and B

Question 9.
…………….. paradigm consists of multiple modules; each module has a set of functions of related types.
a) Modular Programming
b) Procedural Programming
c) Object-Oriented Programming
d) All the above
Answer:
a) Modular Programming

Question 10.
In ……………… approach data is hidden under the modules
a) Modular Programming
b) Procedural Programming
c) Object-Oriented Programming
d) All the above
Answer:
a) Modular Programming

Question 11.
______ language is based on modular programming.
a) Pascal
b) C
c) Both A and B
d) C++
Answer:
c) Both A and B

Question 12.
………………. paradigm emphasizes the data rather than the algorithm.
a) Modular Programming
b) Procedural Programming
c) Object-Oriented Programming
d) All the above
Answer:
c) Object-Oriented Programming

Question 13.
………………… implements programs using classes and objects.
a) Modular Programming
b) Procedural Programming
c) Object-Oriented Programming
d) All the above
Answer:
c) Object-Oriented Programming

Question 14.
A …………….. is a construct in C++ which is used to bind data and its associated function together into a single unit.
a) Class
b) Structure
c) Array
d) None of these
Answer:
a) Class

Question 15.
A Class is a construct in C++ which uses the ……………….. concept.
a) Polymorphism
b) Encapsulation
c) Abstraction
d) Inheritance
Answer:
b) Encapsulation

Question 16.
Class is a ……………… data type.
a) User-defined
b) Derived
c) Primitive
d) None of these
Answer:
a) User-defined

Question 17.
…………………. can be defined as a template or blueprint representing a group of objects that share common properties and relationship.
a) Class
b) Structure
c) Array
d) None of these
Answer:
a) Class

Question 18.
……………….. are the basic unit of OOP.
a) Attributes
b) Objects
c) Members
d) None of these
Answer:
b) Objects

Question 19.
The class variables are called……………………
a) Instances
b) Objects
c) Either A or B
d) None of these
Answer:
c) Either A or B

Question 20.
An identifiable entity with some characteristics and behaviour is called ………………
a) Instances
b) Objects
c) Either A or B
d) None of these
Answer:
c) Either A or B

Question 21.
In ……………… method, programs are designed around the data being operated.
a) Modular Programming
b) Procedural Programming
c) Object-Oriented Programming
d) All the above
Answer:
c) Object-Oriented Programming

Question 22.
………………… language is based on object-oriented programming.
a) C++, Java
b) VB.Net
c) Python
d) All the above
Answer:
d) All the above

Question 23.
……………… is widely accepted that object-oriented programming is the most important and powerful way of creating software.
a) Modular Programming
b) Procedural Programming
c) Object-Oriented Programming
d) All the above
Answer:
c) Object-Oriented Programming

Question 24.
The Object-Oriented Programming approach mainly encourage ______
a) Modularisation
b) Software re-use
c) Both A and B
d) None of these
Answer:
c) Both A and B

Question 25.
…………………….. means the program can be decomposed into modules.
a) Modularisation
b) Software re-use
c) Both A and B
d) None of these
Answer:
a) Modularisation

Question 26.
………………… means, a program can be composed of existing and new modules.
a) Modularisation
b) Software re-use
c) Both A and B
d) None of these
Answer:
b) Software re-use

Question 27.
The main feature of Object-Oriented Programming is ………………….
a) Data Abstraction and Encapsulation
b) Modularity
c) Inheritance and Polymorphism
d) All the above
Answer:
d) All the above

Question 28.
……………………. implements abstraction.
a) Polymorphism
b) Encapsulation
c) Abstraction
d) Inheritance
Answer:
b) Encapsulation

Question 29.
……………….. can be called data binding.
a) Polymorphism
b) Encapsulation
c) Abstraction
d) Inheritance
Answer:
b) Encapsulation

Question 30.
……………………… is the most striking feature of a class,
a) Polymorphism
b) Encapsulation
c) Abstraction
d) Inheritance
Answer:
b) Encapsulation

Question 31.
The encapsulation of data from direct access by the program is called …………………….
a) Data hiding
b) Information hiding
c) Either A or B
d) None of these
Answer:
c) Either A or B

Question 32.
…………………… refers to showing only the essential features without revealing background details,
a) Polymorphism
b) Encapsulation
c) Abstraction
d) Inheritance
Answer:
c) Abstraction

Question 33.
The attributes are called ……………………..
a) Data members
b) Methods
c) Member functions
d) Either B or C
Answer:
a) Data members

Question 34.
…………………….. hold information.
a) Data members
b) Methods
c) Member functions
d) Either B or C
Answer:
a) Data members

Question 35.
The functions that operate on data numbers are called …………………..
a) Data members
b) Methods
c) Member functions
d) Either B or C
Answer:
d) Either B or C

Question 36.
………………. is designing a system that is divided into a set of functional units.
a) Polymorphism
b) Modularity
c) Abstraction
d) Inheritance
Answer:
b) Modularity

Question 37.
……………………. is the technique of building new classes from an existing class,
a) Polymorphism
b) Modularity
c) Abstraction
d) Inheritance
Answer:
d) Inheritance

Question 38.
In inheritance, the existing class is called as …………………….. class.
a) Base
b) Derived
c) Abstract
d) None of these
Answer:
a) Base

Question 39.
In inheritance, the newly created class is called as ………………… class.
a) Base
b) Derived
c) Abstract
d) None of these
Answer:
b) Derived

Question 40.
……………… is the ability of a message or function to be displayed in more than one form.
a) Polymorphism
b) Modularity
c) Abstraction
d) Inheritance
Answer:
a) Polymorphism

Question 41.
……………. means, write once and use it multiple times.
a) Re-usability
b) Redundancy
c) Security
d) None of these
Answer:
a) Re-usability

Question 42.
If we need the same functionality in multiple class you will write a common class for the same functionality and inherit that class to subclass is called ……………………
a) Re-usability
b) Redundancy
c) Security
d) None of these
Answer:
b) Redundancy

Question 43.
………………. is a good feature for data redundancy.
a) Polymorphism
b) Modularity
c) Abstraction
d) Inheritance
Answer:
d) Inheritance

Question 44.
…………………… programs are much larger than other programs.
a) Modular
b) Procedural
c) Object-Oriented
d) All the above
Answer:
c) Object-Oriented

Question 45.
………………….. program requires a lot of work to create.
a) Modular
b) Procedural
c) Object-Oriented
d) All the above
Answer:
c) Object-Oriented

Question 46.
……………… programs .are slower than other programs, because of their size.
a) Modular
b) Procedural
c) Object-Oriented
d) All the above
Answer:
c) Object-Oriented

Very Short Answers 2 Marks

Question 1.
Write a note on an object-oriented program.
Answer:
Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) is the term used to describe a programming approach based on classes and objects. The object-oriented paradigm allows us to organize software as a collection of objects that consist of both data and behaviour.

Question 2.
What is modularity?
Answer:
Modularity is designing a system that is divided into a set of functional units (named modules) that can be composed into a larger application.

Question 3.
Define Data binding.
Answer:
Encapsulation is about binding the data variables and functions together in class. It can also be called data binding.

Short Answers (3 Marks)

Question 1.
Write about objects.
Answer:
Objects: Represents data and its associated function together into a single unit. Objects are the basic unit of OOP. Basically, an object is created from a class. They are instances of class also called class variables. An identifiable entity with some characteristics and behaviour is called an object.

Question 2.
What are Encapsulation and data binding?
Answer:
The mechanism by which the data and functions are bound together into a single unit is known as Encapsulation. Encapsulation is the most striking feature of a class. The data is not accessible to the outside world, and only those functions which are wrapped in the class can access it. These functions provide the interface between the object’s data and the program. This encapsulation of data from direct access by the program is called data hiding or information hiding.

Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus Samacheer Kalvi 11th Computer Science Guide Pdf Chapter 12 Arrays and Structures Text Book Back Questions and Answers, Notes.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 11th Computer Science Solutions Chapter 12 Arrays and Structures

11th Computer Science Guide Arrays and Structures Text Book Questions and Answers

Book Evaluation

Part I

Choose The Correct Answer

Question 1.
which of the following is the collection of variables of the same type that are referenced by a common name ?
a) int
b) float
c) Array
d) class
Answer:
c) Array

Question 2.
Array subscripts is always starts with which number ?
a) -1
b) 0
c) 2
d) 3
Answer:
b) 0

Question 3.
int age[ ]={6,90,20,18,2}; How many elements are there in this array?
a) 2
b) 5
c) 6
d) 4
Answer:
b) 5

Question 4.
cin>>n[3]; To which element does this statement accepts the value?
a) 2
b) 3
c) 4
d) 5
Answer:
c) 4

Question 5.
By default, the string end with which character?
a) \0
b) \t
c) \n
d) \b
Answer:
a) \0

Part – II

Very Short Answers

Question 1.
What is Traversal in an Array?
Answer:
Accessing each element of an array at least once to perform any operation is known as “Traversal”. Displaying all the elements in an array is an example of “traversal”.

Question 2.
What is Strings?
Answer:
A string is defined as a sequence of characters where each character may be a letter,’ number or a symbol.
Every string is terminated by a null (\0) character which must be. appended at the end of the string.

Question 3.
What is the syntax to declare two – dimensional array? ‘
Answer:
The declaration of a 2-D array is
datatype array_name[row – size] [col – size];
In the above declaration, data-type refers to any valid C++ data – type, array _ name refers to the name of the 2 – D array, row – size refers to the number of rows and col-size refers to the number of columns in the 2 – D array.

Part – III

Short Answers

Question 1.
Define an Array. What are the types?
Answer:
An array is a collection of variables of the same type that are referenced by a common name.
There are different types of arrays used in C++. They are:

• One-dimensional arrays
• Two-dimensional arrays
• Multi-dimensional arrays

Question 2.
With note an Array of strings.
Answer:
An array of strings is a two – dimensional character array. The size of the first Index (rows) denotes the number of strings and the size of the second index (columns) denotes the maximum length of each string. Usually, an array of strings are declared in such a way to accommodate the null character at the end of each string. For example, the 2-D array has the declaration:
char name [7][10];
In the above declaration,
No. of rows = 7;
No. of columns = 10;
We can store 7 strings each with a maximum length of 10 characters.

Question 3.
Write a C++ program to accept and print your name?
Answer:
PROGRAM
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int main( )
{
char str[100];
cout<< “Enter your name :”;
cin.get(str,100);
cout<< “You name is : ” << str <<endl;
return 0;
}
Output

Part – IV

Explain In Detail

Question 1.
write a c++ program to find the difference between two matrix.
Answer:
PROGRAM
#include<iostream>
#include<conio.h>
using namespace std;
int main( )
{
int row, col, m1[10][10], m2[10][10], sum[10][10];
cout<<“Enter the number of rows : “;
cin>>row;
cout<<“Enter the number of columns :”;
cin>>col;
cout<< “Enter the elements of first matrix: “<<endl;
for (int i = 0;i<row;i++ )
for (int j = 0;j <col;j++ )
cin>>m1[i][j];
cout< < “Enter the elements of second matrix: “<<endl;
for (int i = 0;i<row;i++ )
for (int j = 0;j<col;j++ )
< cin>>m2[i][j];
cout<<“Output: “<<endl;
for (int i = 0;i<row;i++ )
{
for (int j = 0;j<col;j++ )
{
sum[i][j]=m1[i][j] – m2[i][j]); cout<<sum[i][j]<<“”;
}
cout<<endl<<endl;
}
getch( );
return 0;
}
Output

Question 2.
How will you pass two dimensional array to a function explain with example.
Answer:
Passing 2″D array to a function:
C++ program to display values from two dimensional array.
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
void display (int n[3][2]);
int main( )
{
int num[3][2] = { {3, 4}, {9, 5>, {7, 1} } ;
display(num);
return 0;
}
void display(int n[3][2])
{
cout << “\n Displaying Values” << endl; for (int i=0; i<3; i++)
{
for (int j=0; j<2; j++)
{
cout << n[i][j] << “”;
}
cout << endl << endl;
}
}
Output
Displaying Values
3 4
9 5
7 1
In the above program, the two-dimensional array num is passed to the function display
( ) to produce the results.

11th Computer Science Guide Arrays and Structures Additional Questions and Answers

Choose The Correct Answer (1 Mark)

Question 1.
The size of the array is referred to as its ………………..
(a) dimension
(b) direction
(c) location
(d) space
Answer:
(a) dimension

Question 2.
…………… is an easy way of storing multiple values of the same type referenced by a common name.
a) Variables
b) Literals
c) Array
d) None of these
Answer:
c) Array

Question 3.
Displaying all the elements in an array is an example of ………………..
(a) memory allocation
(b) call by reference
(c) traversal
(d) none of these
Answer:
(c) traversal

Question 4.
A (n) ………………….. is a collection of variables of the same type that are referenced by a common name.
a) Structures
b) Array
c) Unions
d) None of these
Answer:
b) Array

Question 5.
During ……………….. the array of elements cannot be initialized more than its size.
(a) declaration
(b) initialization
(c) assigning
(d) execution
Answer:
(b) initialization

Question 6.
The …………….. of the array is referred to as its dimension.
a) Elements
b) Size
c) Format
d) None of these
Answer:
b) Size

Question 7.
Pass an array to a function in C++, the function needs the array name as ………………..
(a) a function
(b) an argument
(c) global object
(d) string
Answer:
(b) an argument

Question 8.
…………………. is a type of arrays used in C++.
a) One-dimensional array
b) Two-dimensional array
c) Multidimensional array
d) All the above
Answer:
d) All the above

Question 9.
A structure without a name tag is called ………………..
(a) homogenous structure
(b) anonymous structure
(c) array of structure
(d) dynamic memory
Answer:
(b) anonymous structure

Question 10.
A one-dimensional array represents values that are stored in a single …………….
a) Row
b) Column
c) Either A or B
d) None of these
Answer:
c) Either A or B

Question 11.
Array size should be specified with …………………
a) square brackets[ ]
b) Parenthesis ( )
c) Curly braces{ }
d) Angle brackets < >
Answer:
a) square brackets[ ]

Question 12.
In an array declaration, ……………… defines how many elements the array will hold.
a) array_name
b) array_size
c) data_type
d) None of these
Answer:
b) array_size

Question 13.
In an array declaration, …………………. declares the basic type of the array, which is the type of each element in the array.
a) array_name
b) array_size
c) data type
d) None of these
Answer:
c) data type

Question 14.
In an array declaration, ……………….. specifies the name with which the array will be referenced
a) array_name
b) array_size
c) data type
d) None of these
Answer:
a) array_name

Question 15.
The array subscript always starts with ………………
a) 0
b) 1
c) -1
d) None of these
Answer:
a) 0

Question 16.
The subscript always is a(n) ………………value.
a) Integer
b) Unsigned integer
c) Signed integer
d) float
Answer:
b) Unsigned integer

Question 17.
In Turbo C++, int data type requires …………….. bytes of memory.
a) 4
b) 8
c) 2
d) 1
Answer:
c) 2

Question 18.
In Dev C++, int data type requires ………………. bytes of memory,
a) 4
b) 8
c) 2
d) 1
Answer:
a) 4

Question 19.
The memory space allocated for an array can be calculated using the -formula.
a) Number of bytes allocated for the type of array + Number of elements
b) Number of bytes allocated for the type of array x Number of elements
c) Number of bytes allocated for the type of array – Number of elements
d) None of these
Answer:
b) Number of bytes allocated for the type of array x Number of elements

Question 20.
An array can be initialized at the time of its ………………
a) Declaration
b) Process
c) Either A or B
d) None of these
Answer:
a) Declaration

Question 21.
Unless an array is initialized, all the array elements contain ……………..values.
a) Null
b) Default
c) Garbage
d) None of these
Answer:
c) Garbage

Question 22.
While declaring and Initializing values In an array, the values should be given within the ……………..
a) square brackets[ ]
b) Parenthesis ()
c) Curly braces{ }
d) Angle brackets < >
Answer:
c) Curly braces{ }

Question 23.
The …………….. of an array may be optional when the array is initialized during declaration.
a) Data type
b) Size
c) Name
d) None of these
Answer:
b) Size

Question 24.
The subscript in the bracket can be a(n) ……………….
a) Variable
b) Constant
c) Expression that evaluates to an integer
d) Either A or B or C
Answer:
d) Either A or B or C

Question 25.
Accessing each element of an array at least once to perform any operation is known as ………………..
a) Traversal
b) Process
c) Reference
d) None of these
Answer:
a) Traversal

Question 26.
…………………. is a process of finding a particular value present in a given set of numbers.
a) Filtering
b) Searching
c) Seeking
d) None of these
Answer:
b) Searching

Question 27.
The ………………. compares each element of the list with the value that has to be searched until all the elements in the array have been traversed and compared.
a) Linear search
b) Sequential search
c) Either A or B
d) None of these
Answer:
c) Either A or B

Question 28.
A ……………. is defined as a sequence of characters where each character may be a letter, number, or a symbol.
a) String
b) Character
c) Literal
d) Identifier
Answer:
a) String

Question 29.
In C++, there is no basic data type to represent a …………….
a) String
b) Character
c) Literal
d) float
Answer:
a) String

Question 30.
How much memory required for the following array?
char country[6];
a) 12 bytes
b) 6 bytes
c) 60 Bytes
d) 24 bytes
Answer:
b) 6 bytes

Question 31.
…………….. is a way of initializing the character array:
a) char country[6]={T, ‘N’ ‘D’ ‘I’, ‘A’, ‘\0’};
b) char country[ ]=”INDIA”;
c) char country[ ]={T, ‘N’, ‘D’, T, ‘A’ ‘\0’};
d) Either A or B or C
Answer:
d) Either A or B or C

Question 32.
Which is a correct statement from the following?
a) At the end of the string, a null character is automatically added by the compiler.
b) If the size of the array is not explicitly mentioned, the compiler automatically calculates the size of the array based on the number of elements in the list and allocates space accordingly.
c) In the initialization of the string, if all the characters are not initialized, then the rest of the characters will be filled with NULL.
d) All the above
Answer:
d) All the above

Question 33.
In C++,………………. is used to read a line of text including blank spaces.
a) cin.get( )
b) cin
c) put( )
d) None of these
Answer:
a) cin.get( )

Question 34.
………………. function can read the characters till it encounters a newline character or a delimiter specified by the user.
a) getline( )
b) put
c) puts( )
d) None of these
Answer:
a) getline( )

Question 35.
…………………. arrays are a collection of similar elements where the elements are stored in a certain number of rows and columns.
a) One dimensional
b) Two dimensional
c) Multidimensional
d) All the above
Answer:
b) Two dimensional

Question 36.
In two dimensional arrays, …………………. size is compulsory.
a) Column
b) Row
c) Both A and B
d) None of these
Answer:
a) Column

Question 37.
In two dimensional arrays, …………….. size is optional.
a) Column
b) Row
c) Both A and B
d) None of these
Answer:
b) Row

Question 38.
int A[3][4 j; How many elements are there in the array “A”?
a) 3
b) 4
c) 7
d) 12
Answer:
d) 12

Question 39.
The two-dimensional array uses ………………. index values to access a particular element in it.
a) two
b) one
c) three
d) many
Answer:
a) two

Question 40.
In a two dimensional array, the first index specifies the …………….. value.
a) Column
b) Row
c) Both A and B
d) None of these
Answer:
b) Row

Question 41.
In a two dimensional array, the second index specifies the …………… value.
a) Column
b) Row
c) Both A and B
d) None of these
Answer:
a) Column

Question 42.
The two-dimensional array can be viewed as a …………………
a) List
b) Matrix
c) Linear block
d) None of these
Answer:
b) Matrix

Question 43.
There are …………… types of 2-D array memory representations.
a) two
b) one
c) three
d) many
Answer:
a) two

Question 44.
……………… is a type of 2-D array memory representation.
a) Row-Major order
b) Column-Major order
c) Either A or B
d) None of these
Answer:
c) Either A or B

Question 45.
In row-major order, all the elements are stored ……………… in contiguous memory locations.
a) Column by Column
b) Row by Row
c) Both A and B
d) None of these
Answer:
b) Row by Row

Question 46.
In column-major order, all the elements are stored ………………. in contiguous memory locations.
a) Column by Column
b) Row by Row
c) Both A and B
d) None of these
Answer:
a) Column by Column

Question 47.
An array of strings is a ………………. dimensional character array,
a) Two
b) One
c) Multi
d) None of these
Answer:
a) Two

Question 48.
In a two-dimensional character array, the size of the first index (rows) denotes the ……………….
a) Maximum length of each string
b) Number of strings
c) Maximum characters
d) None of these
Answer:
b) Number of strings

Question 49.
In a two-dimensional character array, the size of the second index (rows) denotes the ……………….
a) Maximum length of each string
b) Number of strings
c) Maximum characters
d) None of these
Answer:
a) Maximum length of each string

Question 50.
char Name[6][10]; How many strings can be stored in the above array?
a) 10
b) 60
c) 6
d) 16
Answer:
c) 6

Question 51.
To pass an array to a function in C++, the function needs the ………….. as an argument,
a) Array name
b) Array type
c) Dimension
d) None of these
Answer:
a) Array name

Very Short Answers (2 Marks)

Question 1.
What is the formula to calculate the memory space allocated for an array?
Answer:
A number of bytes allocated for the type of array x Number of elements.

Question 2.
What are the types of arrays?
Answer:
There are different types of arrays used in C++. They are:

1. One-dimensional arrays
2. Two-dimensional arrays
3. Multi-dimensional arrays

Question 3.
Write about returning structures from functions.
Answer:
A structure can be passed to a function through its object. Therefore, passing a structure to a function or passing a structure object to a function is the same because the structure object represents the structure. Like a normal variable, a structure variable(structure object) can be passed by value or by references/addresses. Similar to built-in data types, structures also can be returned from a function.

Question 4.
Write the syntax and example for one-dimensional declaration and initialization.
Answer:
Syntax:
[size] = {value-1,value-2,………….,value-n};
Example:

Question 5.
What is a global object?
Answer:
Objects declared along with structure definition are called global objects.

Question 6.
Write a note on strings.
Answer:
strings:
A string is defined as a sequence of characters where each character may be a letter, number or symbol. Each element occupies one byte of memory. Every string is terminated by a null C\0′ ASCII code 0) character which must be appended at the end of the string.

Question 7.
Differentiate array and structure.
Answer:
Array:

• An array is a collection of variables of the same data type.
• Array data are accessed using index.
• Array allocates static memory
• Array element access takes lesser time.

Structure:

• A structure is a collection of variables of different data type.
• Structure elements are accessed using operator.
• Structures allocate dynamic memory.
• Structure elements take more time.

Short Answers (3 Marks)

Question 1.
Write about the initialization of 2 – D array.
Answer:
The array can be initialized in more than one way at the time of 2-D array declaration.
For example
int matrix[4][3] = {
{10,20,30},// Initializes row 0
{40,50,60},// Initializes row 1
{70,80,90},// Initializes row 2
{100,110,120}// Initializes row 3
};
int matrix[4][3] = {10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120};
Array’s row size is optional but column size is compulsory.

Question 2.
What is subscript? Give its rules,
Answer:
subscript:
Each element has a unique index number starting from 0 which is known as a subscript.
Rules for subscript:

• The subscript always starts with 0.
• It should be an unsigned integer value.
• Each element of an array is referred to by its name with a subscript index within the square bracket.

For example:
num[3] refers to the 4th element in the array.

Question 3.
How memory locations are allocated to a one-dimensional array?
Answer:
Memory representation of a one-dimensional array:
The amount of storage required to hold an array is directly related to type and size.
The following figure shows the memory allocation of an array with five elements.

The above figure clearly shows that the array num is an integer array with 5 elements. Here, there is a total of 5 elements in the array, where for each element, 4 bytes in Dev C++ (or)2 bytes in Turbo C++ will be allocated. Totally 20 bytes will be allocated for this array (In Turbo C++ 10 Bytes).

Question 4.
Tabulate the memory requirement of data type in Turbo C++ and Dev C++.
Answer:

Data type	Turbo C++	Dev C++
char	1	1
int	2	4
float	4	4
long	4	4
double	8	8
long double	10	10

Question 5.
Explain character Array (String) creation with syntax and example.
Answer:
To create any kind of array, the size (length) of the array must be known in advance, so that the memory locations can be allocated according to the size of the array. Once an array is created, its length is fixed and cannot be changed during run time, This is shown in the following figure.

Syntax of array declaration is:
char array_name[size];
In the above declaration, the size of the array must be an unsigned integer value.

For example,
char country[6];
Here, the array reserves 6 bytes of memory, for storing’ a seqi characters. The length of the string cannot be more than 5 characters and one location is reserved for the null character at the end.

Question 6.
What is an array of strings?
Answer:
An array of strings is a two – dimensional character array. The size of the first index (rows) denotes the number of strings and the size of the second index (columns) denotes the maximum length of each string. Usually, an array of strings are declared in such a way to accommodate the null character at the end of each string. For example, the 2 – D array has the declaration: char Name[6][10];
In the above declaration, the 2 – D array has two indices which refer to the row size and column size, that is 6 refers to the number of rows, and 10 refers to the number of columns.

Question 7.
Write note on getline( ) function.
Answer:
In C++, getline( ) is also used to read a line . of text from the input stream. It can read the characters tilt it encounters a newline character or a delimiter specifier’ by the user. This function is available in the header.

Question 8.
How memory represented for a 2-D array?
Answer:
There are two types of 2-D array memory representations. They are:

• Row Major order
• Column Major order

For example:
int A[4][3]={ { 8,6,5}, { 2,1,9}, {3,6,4}, {4,3,2} };
Row Major order:
In row-major order, all the elements are stored row by row in continuous memory locations, that is, ail the elements in first row, then in the second row and soon. The memory representation of row-major order is as shown below.

Question 9.
How 2-D character array initialized and stored in memory? Explain.
Answer:
2D char array initialization:

For example:
char Name[6][10] = {“Mr. Bean’; “Mr.Bush”
“Nicole”, “Kidman” “Arnold”, “Jodie”};
In the above’ example, the 2-D array is initialized with 6 strings, where the string is a maximum of 9 characters long since the last character is null. The memory arrangement of a 2-D array is shown below and ail the strings are stored in continuous locations.

Question 10.
What is called nested structure? Give example.
Answer:
The structure declared within another structure is called a nested structure. Nested structures act as members of another structure and the members of the child structure can be accessed as parent structure name. Child structure name. Member name, struct dob
{
int date;
char month[3];
int year;
} ;
Values can be assigned to this structure as follows.
dob = {25, “DEC”, 2017}

Question 11.
Write a program to pass an array as an argument to a function.
Answer:
In C++, arrays can be passed to a function as an argument.
To pass an array to a function in C++, the function needs the array name as an argument.
C++ program-to display marks of 5 students (one-dimensional array)
#indude<iostream>
using namespace std;
void display (int m[5]);
int main( )
{
int marks[5]={88, 76, 90, 61, 69};
display(marks);
return 0;
}
void’ display (int m[5])
{
cout << “\n. Display Marks: ” << end!; for (int i=0; i<5; i++)
{
cout <-< “Student” << i+1 << ” << m[i]<<endl;
}
}
Output
Display Marks:
Student 1: 88
Student 2: 76
Student 3: 90
Student 4: 61
Student 5: 69

Question 12.
Write a C++ program to pass a 2-D array to a function.
Answer:
C++ program to display values from two dimensional array:
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
void display (int n[3][2]);
int main( )
{
int num[3][2] = { {3, 4}, (9, 5}, {7,1} };
display(num);
return 0; ‘
}
void display(int n[3][2])
{
cout << “\n Displaying Values” << endl;
for (int i=0; i<3; i++)
{
for (int j=0; j<2; j++)
{
cout << n[i][j] << ”
}
cout << endl << endl;
}
}
Output
Displaying Values
3 4
9 5
7 1

Question 13.
Write a user-defined function to return the structure after accepting value through the keyboard. The structure definition is as follows: struct Item{int item no; float price;};
Answer:
item accept (item i)
{

cout << “\n Enter the Item No:”; cin >> i.no;
cout << “\n Enter the Item Price:”; cin >> i.price;
return i;

}

Explain in Detail (5 Marks)

Question 1.
How will you search an element in a one-dimensional array? Explain linear search.
Answer:
Searching in a one-dimensional array:
Searching is a process of finding a particular value present in a given set of numbers. The linear search or sequential search compares each element of the list with the value that has to be searched until all the elements in the array have been traversed and compared.

Program for Linear Search
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int Search(int arr[ ], int size, int value)
{
for (int i=0; <size; i++)
{
if (arr[i] == value)
return i; // return index value
}
return -1;
}
int main( )
{
int num[10], val, id;
for (int i=0; i< 10; i++) .
{
cout<<“\n Enter value” << i+1 <<“=”;
cin>>num[i];
}
cout<< “\n Enter a value to be searched: “;
cin>>val;
id=Search(num,10,val);
if(id==-1) .
cout<< “\n Given value is not found in the array..”;
else
cout<< “\n The value is found at the position” << id+1;
return 0;
}
The above program reads an array and prompts for the values to be searched. It calls the Search() function which receives array, size and value to be searched as parameters. If the value is found, then it returns the array index to the called statement; otherwise, it returns -1.

Question 2.
Explain two-dimensional array with syntax and example.
Answer:
Two-dimensional array:
Two-dimensional (2D) arrays are collections of similar elements where the elements are stored in a certain number of rows and columns. An example m x n matrix where m denotes the number of rows and n denotes the number of columns is shown in the following figure, int arr[3][3];
2D array conceptual memory representation

The array arr can be conceptually viewed in matrix form with 3 rows and columns. point to be noted here is since the subscript starts with 0 arr [0][0] represents the first element.

The syntax for declaration of a 2-D array is:
data-type array_name[row-size][col-size];
In the above declaration, data-type refers to any valid C++ data-type, array_name refers to the name of the 2-D array, row-size refers to the number of rows and col-size refers to the number of columns in the 2-D array.

For example:
int A[3][4];
In the above example, A is a 2-D array, 3 denotes the number of rows and 4 denotes the number of columns. This array can hold a maximum of 12 elements.

Case Study

Question (1)
Write a program to accept the marks of 10 students and find the average, maximum and minimum marks.
Answer:
PROGRAM
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int main( )
{
int marks[10], sum=0,max,min;
float avg;
cout<< “\n Enter Mark 1” << “=”;
cin>> marks[0];
max=marks[0];
min=marks[0];
for(int i=1; i< 10; i++)
{
cout<< “\n Enter Mark” << i+1 << “=”;
cin>> marks[i];
sum=sum+marks[i];
if (marks[i]>max)
max = marks[i];
if (marks[i]<min)
min = marks[i];
}
avg=sum/10.0;
cout<< “\n The Total Marks: ” << sum;
cout<< “\n The Average Mark: ” <<avg;
cout<< “\n The Maximum Mark: ” <<max;
cout<< “\n The Minimum Mark: ” <<min;
}
Output

Question (2)
Write a program to accept rainfall recorded in four metropolitan cities of India and find the city that has the highest and lowest rainfall.
Answer:
PROGRAM
#include<iostream>
#include<string.h>
using namespace std;
int main( )
{
int rate[10],min,n;
char shop[5][20];
char minshop[20];
cout<<“\nHow many Shops
cin>>n;
for(int i=0;i<n;i++)
{
cout<<“\nEnter Name of the Shop “<<i+1<<” :”;
cin> >shop[i];
cout<<“\nEnter price of Product-X at “<<shop[i]<<” :”;
cin>>rate[i];
}
min=rate[0];
strcpy(minshop,shop[0]);
for(int i=l;i<n;i++)
{
if (rate[i]<min)
{
min = rate[i];
strcpy(minshop,shop[i]);
}
}
cout< < “\n The Lowest cost of the Proudct=X at the” “<<minshop <<“is”<<min;
}
Output

Question (3)
Survey your neighboring shops and find the price of any particular product of interest and suggest where to buy the product at the lowest cost.
Answer:
PROGRAM
#include<iostream>
#include<string.h>
using namespace std;
int main( )
{
int rate[10],min,n;
char shop[5][20];
char minshop[20];
cout<<“\nHow many Shops “;
cin>>n;
for(int i=0;i<n;i++)
{
cout<<“\nEnter Name of the Shop “<<i+l<<” :”;
cin>>shop[i];
cout<<“\nEnter price of Product-X at “<<shop[i]<<“:”;
cin> >rate[i];
}
min=rate[0];
strcpy(nninshop,shop[0]);
for(int i=l;i<n;i++)
{
if (rate[i]<min)
{
min = rate[i];
strcpy(minshop,shop[i]);
}
}
cout< < “\n The Lowest cost of the Proudct=X at the ” <<minshop <<“is”<<min;
}
Output

STRUCTURES

Book Evaluation

Part -I

Choose The Correct Answer

Question 1.
The data elements in the structure are also known as ……………..
a) objects
b) members
c) data
d) records
Answer:
b) members

Question 2.
Structure definition is terminated by ……………..
a) :
b) }
c) ;
d) ::
Answer:
c) ;

Question 3.
What will happen when the structure is declared?
a) it will not allocate any memory
b) it will allocate the memory
c) it will be declared and initialized
d) it will be only declared
Answer:
b) it will allocate the memory

Question 4.
What is the out of this program?
#include<iostream>
#include<string.h>
using namespace std;
int main( )
{
struct student
{
int n;
char name[10];
};
students;
s.n = 123;
183
strcpy(s.name, “Balu”);
cout<<s.n;
co
ut<< s.name <<endl;
return 0;
}
a) 123Balu
b) BaluBalu
c) Balul23
d) 123 Balu
Answer:
a) 123Balu

Question 5.
A structure declaration is given below.
struct Time
{
int hours;
int minutes;
int seconds;
}t;
Using the above declaration which of the following refers to seconds.
a) Time.seconds
b) Time::seconds
c) seconds
d) t. seconds
Answer:
d) t. seconds

Question 6.
What will be the output of this program?
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
struct ShoeType
{
string name; double price;
>; , ‘ ‘
int main()
184 {
ShoeType shoe1, shoe2;
shoe1.name = “Adidas”;
shoe1.price = 9.99;
cout<< shoe1.name<< ” #. “<< shoe1.
price<<endl;
shoe2 = shoe1;
shoe2.price = shoe2.price / 9;
cout<< shoe2.name<< ” # “<< shoe2.price;
return 0;

a) Adidas # 9.99 Adidas #1.11	b) Adidas # 9.99 Adidas # 9.11
c) Adidas # 9.99 Adidas # 11.11	d) Adidas #9.11 Adidas # 11.11

Answer:
a) Adidas # 9.99 Adidas #1.11

Question 7.
Which of the following is a properly defined structure?
a) struct {int num;}
b) struct sum {int num;}
c) struct sum int sum;
d) struct sum {int num;};
Answer:
d) struct sum {int num;};

Question 8.
A structure declaration is given below.
struct employee
{
int empno;
char ename[10];
} e[5];
Using the above declaration which of the following statement is correct.
a) cout<<e[0].empno<<e[0].ename;
b) cout<<e[0].empno<<ename;
c) cout< <e[0]->empno< <e[0]->ename;
d) cout<<e.empno<<e.ename;
Answer:
a) cout<<e[0].empno<<e[0].ename;

Question 9.
Which of the following cannot be a structure member?
a) Another structure
b) Function
c) Array
d) variable of double datatype
Answer:
b) Function

Question 10.
When accessing a structure member, the identifier to the left of the dot operator is the name of
a) structure variable
b) structure tag
c) structure member
d) structure-function
Answer:
a) structure variable

Part – II

Very Short Answers

Question 1.
Define structure. What is its use?
Answer:
Definition:
The structure is user-defined which has the combination of data items with different data types. This allows to a group of variables of mixed data types together into a single unit.
Use: The structure provides a facility to store different data types as a part of the same logical element in one memory chunk adjacent to each other.

Question 2.
To store 100 integer numbers which of the following is good to use?
Answer:
Array or Structure State the reason.
In any situation when more than one variable is required to represent objects of uniform data types, an array can be used. If the elements are of different data types, then the array cannot support them.
The structure provides a facility to store different data types as a part of the same logical element in one memory chunk adjacent to each other. So, to store 100 integer numbers Array is good.

Question 3.
What is the error in the following structure definition.
Answer:
struct employee {inteno; charename[20]; char dept;}
Employee e1,e2;

Error:
In the above code objects for employee strcture is created at the end of structure definition. So,structure name is not needed. It may written as:
struct employee
{
int eno;
char ename[20];
char dept;
}e1,e2;

Question 4.
Write a structure definition for the structure student containing exam no, name and an array for storing five subject marks.
Answer:
Structure definition:
struct student
{
int examno;
char sname[30];
int mark [5];
};

Question 5.
Why for passing a structure to a function call by reference is advisable to us?
Answer:
In call by reference, any change made to the contents of structure variable inside the function are reflected back to the calling function. Otherwise changes in the structure content within the function will not implement in the structure content.

Question 6.
What is the size of the following highlighted variable in terms of byte if it is compiled in dev C++
Answer:
struct A{ float f[3]; char ch[5];long double d;>;
struct B{ A a; int arr[2][3];}b[3]
struct A {float f[3]; char ch[5]; long double d;>;
Memory requirements (Using Dev C++):

Variable	Memory requirement
float f(3);	12 Bytes
char ch[5];   ,	5 Bytes
double d;	8 Bytes

Using Turbo C++ also the same memory is needed. (Only int data type requirement is differ. Here no int members. So, no change in the requirement.)
struct B { A a; int arr[2][3];}b[3];
Memory requirements (Using Dev C++):

Variable	Memory requirement
A a; (Which is a structure variable)	25 Bytes
int arr[2][3];	24 Bytes
b[3] which is a structure variable of structure B	49 Bytes for each element of b. So, Total requirement of b[3] is 147 Bytes.

Memory requirements (Using Turbo C++):

Variable	Memory requirement
A a; (Which is a structure variable)	25 Bytes
int arr[2][3];	12 Bytes
b[3] which is a structure variable of structure B	37 Bytes for each element of b. So, Total requirement of b[3] is 111 Bytes.

Question 7.
Is the following snippet is fully correct. If not identify the error.
Answer:
struct sum1{ int n1,n2;}s1;
struct sum2{int n1,n2}s2;
cin>>s1.n1>>s1.n2;
s2=s1;
No. It is not fully correct. The following errors are there.
Errors:

Statement	Error
struct sum1 {int n1,n2;}sl;	No Error
struct sum2 {int n1,n2}s2;	Semicolon missing at the end of declaration statement;
cin>>s1.n1>>s1. n2;	No Error
s2-s1;	Objects of different structures can not be directly copied.

Question 8.
Differentiate array and structure.
Answer:
In any situation when more than one variable is required to represent objects of uniform data¬types, array can be used. If the elements are of different data types, then array cannot support. If more than one variable is used, they can be stored in memory but not in adjacent locations. It increases the time consumption while searching.

The structure provides a facility to store different data types as a part of the same logical element in one memory chunk adjacent to each other.

Question 9.
What are the different ways to initialize the structure members?
Answer:
Values can be assigned to structure elements similar to assigning values to variables.
Example:
Consider the following structure: struct Student
{
long int rollno;
int age;
float weight;
}
balu ;
We can initialize as given below:
balu.rollno= 702016;
balu. age=18; ‘
balu.weight= 48.5;
Also, values can be assigned directly as similar to assigning values to Arrays.
balu={702016, 18, 48.5};

Question 10.
What is wrong with the following C++ declarations?
Answer:
A. struct point ( double x, y)
B. struct point { double x, double y >;
C. struct point { double x; double y >
D. struct point { double x; double y; };
E. struct point { double x; double y; >

Errors:
A. struct point (double x, y)
Structure definition must be terminated with;. It is missing. Members must be enclosed in { }. So it may be written as
struct point { double x, y };

B. struct point {double x, double y>;
Structure member declaration must be terminated with; It is missing. So, it may corrected as
struct point {double x; double y;>; or struct point {double x, y;>;

C. struct point {double x; double y>
Structure member declaration and definition must be terminated with ; It is missing. So, it may corrected as
struct point {double x; double y;>; or
struct point { double x, y; >;

D. struct point {double x; double y;};,
No error .
E. struct point {double x; double y;>
– Structure definition must be terminated with ; it is missing. So, it may be corrected as
struct point {double x; double y;>;

Part – III

Short Answers

Question 1.
How will you pass a structure to a function ?
Answer:
A structure variable can be passed to a function in a similar way of passing any argument that is of built-in data type,

1. If the structure itself is an argument, then it is called “call by value”.
2. If the reference of the structure is passed as an argument then it is called, “call by reference”.

Call by value
When a structure is passed as argument to a function using call by value method,any change made to the contents of the structure variable inside the function to which it is passed do not affect the structure variable used as an argument.

Call by reference
In this method of passing the structures to functions, the address of a structure variable / object is passed to the function using address of(&) operator. So any change made to the contents of structure variable inside the function are reflected back to the calling function.

Question 2.
The following code sums up the total of all students name starting with ‘S’ and display it. Fill in the blanks with required statements.
Answer:
struct student {int exam no, lang, eng, phy, che, mat, esc, total; char name[15];>;
int main( )
{
student s[20];
for(int i=0;i<20;i++)
{
…………………. //accept student details
}
for(int i=0;i<20;i++)
{
……………. //check for name starts with’ letter “S”
…………….. // display the detail of the checked name
}
return 0;
}
MODIFIED PROGRAM
using namespace std;
#include<iostream>
struct student
{
int exam_.no,lang,eng,phy,che,mat,esc,total; char name[15];
};
int main( )
{
student s[20];
for(int i=0;i<20;i++)
{
//accept student details
cout<<“\nEnter student name”;
cin>>s[i].name;
cout<<“\nEnter student exam number”;
cin>>s[i].exam_no;
cout<<“\nEnter Languge Mark”;
cin>>s[i].lang;
cout<<“\nEnter Engjish Mark”;
cin>>s[i].eng;
cout<<“\nEnter Physics Mark”;
cin>>s[i].phy;
cout<<“\nEnter Chemistry Mark”;
cin>>s[i].che;
cout<<“\nEnter Maths Mark”;
cin>>s[i].mat;
cout<<“\nEnter Computer Science Mark”;
cin>>s[i].csc;
s[i].total = s[i].lang + s[i].eng + s[i]. phy+s[i].che+s[i].mat+s[i]. csc;
}
cout<<“\nDetails of student name starts with letter S “<<endl;
for(int i=0;i<20;i++)
{
//check for name starts with letter “S” if(s[i].name[0] == ‘S’)
{
// display the detail of the checked name

cout<<“\nName : “<<s[i].
name<<“Total Mark”<<s[i].
total <<endl;
}
}
return 0;
}
Output

Question 3.
What is called nested structure. Give example
Answer:
The structure declared- within another structure is called a nested structure.
Example:
struct Student
{
int age;
float height, weight;
struct dob
{
int date;
char month[4];
int year;
};
}mahesh;
The nested structures act as members of another structure and the members of the child structure can be accessed as parent structure name. Child structure name. Member name.
Example:
mahesh. dob. date
Here

• mahesh is a parent structure name.
• dob is a child structure name
• date is a member of child structure

Question 4.
Rewrite the following program after removing the syntactical error(s), if any.
Answer:
Underline each correction.
struct movie
{
charm_name[10];
charm-Lang[10];
float ticket cost =50;};
Movie;
void main( )
{
gets(m_name);
cin>>m-lang;
return 0; ,
}
MODIFIED PROGRAM
PROGRAM (USING DEV C++)
#include<iostream>
#include<conio.h>
#include<stdio.h>
struct movie
{
char m_name[10];
char m_lang[10];
float ticket_cost;
} Movie;
int main( )
{
std::cout<<“\nEnter Move! Name ;
gets(Movie.m_name);
std::cout<<:”\nEnter Movie Language ,:
std: :cin>>Movie.m -lang;
std::cout<<“\nEnter Ticket Cost: “;
std::cin>>Movie.ticket_cost;
std::cout<<“\nMovie name is : “<
std::cout< <“\nMovie Language is : “<<Movie.m-lang;
std::cout<<“\nTicket cost is : “<<Movie.ticket_cost;
}
Output

Question 5.
What ¡s the difference among the following two programs?
a) #include<iostream.h>
struct point
{
double x;
double y;
};
int main()
{
struct point test;
testx = .25; test.y = .75;
cout< <test.x< ctest.y;
return 0;
}
b) #include
struct .
{
double x;
double y;
} Point;
int main(void)
{
Point test={.25,.75>;
return 0;
}
Answer:
The method of structure initialisation is different.

Question 6.
How to access members of a structure? Give f example.
Answer:
Once the two objects of student structure type are declared, their members can be accessed directly. The syntax for that is using a dot (.) between the object name and the member name.
Syntax is :
Object name. Member

For example:
struct Student
{
longrollno;
int age;
float weight;
}balu, frank;
The elements of the structure Student can be accessed as follows: balu.rollno balu.age balu. weight frank, rollno frank.age frank.weight
balu.rollno
balu.age
balu.weight
frank.rollno
frank.age
frank.weight

Question 7.
Write the syntax and an example for structure.
Answer:
Structure is declared using the keyword ‘struct’. The syntax of creating a structure is given below.
struct structure_name
{
type member_name1;
type member_name2;
} reference_name;
An optional field reference_name can be used to declare objects of the structure type directly.

Example:
struct Student
{
longrollno;
int age;
float weight;
}balu, frank;

Question 8.
For the following structure, definition writes the user-defined function to accept data through the keyboard.
struct date
{
int dd,mm,yy
};
struct item
{
int item id;
char name[10];
float price;
date date_manif;
}
Answer:
USER DEFINED FUNCTION
item accept( )
{
item obj;
cout<<“\n Enter Item Id “;
cin> > obj. item id;
cout<<“\nEnter Name “;
cin>obj.name;
cout<<“\nEnter Price “;
cin>>obj.price;
cout<<“\nEnter Date: date, month and year
cin>>obj.date_manif.dd >> obj.date_manif. mm >> obj.date_manif.yy;
return(obj);
}

Question 9.
What is called an anonymous structure? Give an example.
Answer:
A structure without a name/tag is called anonymous structure, struct
{
long rollno;
int age;
float weight;
} student;
The student can be referred to as a reference name to the above structure and the elements can be accessed like
student, roll no
student.age and
student.weight.

Question 10.
Write a user-defined function to return the structure after accepting value through the keyboard. The structure definition is as follows:
struct Item{int item no;float price;};
Answer:
USER DEFINED FUNCTION
Item accept( )
{
Item obj; ,
cout<<‘AnEnter Item Number and Price “; cin>>obj.item_no>>obj, price.
return(obj);
}

Part-IV

Explain in Detail

Question 1.
Explain the array of structures with examples.
Answer:
A class may contain many students. So, the definition of structure for one student can also be extended to all the students. If the class has 20 students, then 20 individual structures are required. For this purpose, an array of structures can be used.
An array of structures is declared in the same way as declaring an array with built-in data types like int or char.
The following program reads the details of 20 students and prints the same.
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
struct Student
{
int age;
float height, weight;
char name[30];
};
void main()
{
Student std[20];
int i;
cout<< ” Enter the details for 20 students”<<endl;
for(i=0;i<20;i++)
{
cout<< ” Enter the details of student”<<i+1<<endl;
cout<< ” Enter the age:”<<endl; cin>>std[i].age;
cout<< “Enter the height:”<<endl; cin>>std[i].height;
cout<< “Enter the weight:”<<endl; cin>>std[i].weight;
}
cout<< “The values entered for Age, height and weight are”<<endl;
for(i=0;i<20;i++)
cout<< “Student “<<i+l<< “\t”< <std[i]. age<< “\t”<<std[i].height<< “\t”<<std[i]. weight;
}
Output
Enter the details of 20 students
Enter the details for student1
Enter the age:
18
Enter the height:
160.5
Enter the weight:
46.5
Enter the details for student2
Enter the age:
18
Enter the height:
164.5
Enter the weight:
61.5
………………………………….
…………………………
The values entered for Age, height and weight are
Student 1 18 160.5 46.5
Student 2 18 164.5 61.5
………………………

Question 2.
Explain call by value with respect to structure.
Answer:
A structure variable can be passed to a function in a similar way of passing any argument that is of built-in data type. If the structure itself is an argument, then it is called “call by value”.

Call by value
When a structure is passed as argument to a function using call by value method,any change made to the contents of the structure variable inside the function to which it is passed do not affect the structure variable used as an argument.
Example:
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
struct Employee
{
char name[50]; ,
int age;
float salary;
};
void printData(Employee); // Function declaration
int main( )
{
Employee p;
cout<< “Enter Full name: “;
cin>>p.name;
cout<< “Enter age: “;
cin>>p.age;
cout<< “Enter salary: “;
cin>>p.salary;
// Function call with structure variable as an argument
printData(p);
return 0;
}
void printData(Employee q)
{
cout<< “\nDisplaying Information.” <<endl;
cout<< “Name: ” << q.name <<endl;
cout<<“Age: ” <<q.age<<endl;
cout<< “Salary:” <<q.salary;
}
Output
Enter Full name: Kumar
Enter age: 55
Enter salary: 34233.4
Displaying Information.
Name: Kumar
Age: 55
Salary: 34233.4
In the above example, a structure named Employee is declared and used. The values that are entered into the structure are name, age and salary of a Employee are displayed using a function named printData( ).

Question 3.
How call by reference is used to pass structure to a function .Give an Example
Answer:
Call by reference
In this method of passing the structures to functions ,the address of a structure variable / object is passed to the function using address of(&) operator. So any change made to the contents of structure variable inside the function are reflected back to the calling function
Example:
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
struct Employee
{
char name[50];
int age;
float salary;
};
void readData(Employee &);
void printData(Employee);
int main()
{
Employee p;
readData(p);
printData(p);
return 0;
}
void readData(Employee &p)
{
cout<< “Enter Full name: “;
cin.get(p.name, 50);
cout<< “Enter age:
cin>>p.age; ,
cout<< “Enter salary:
cin>>p. salary;
}
void printData(Employee p)
{
cout<< “\nDisplaying Information.” <<endl;
cout<< “Name: ” << p.name <<endl;
cout<<“Age:” <<p.age<<endl;
cout<< “Salary:” <<p.salary;
}
Output
Enter Full name: Kumar
Enter age: 55
Enter salary: 34233.4
Displaying Information.
Name: Kumar
Age: 55
Salary: 34233.4
Structures are usually passed by reference method because it saves the memory space and executes faster.

Question 4.
Write a C++ program to add two distances using the following structure definition
Answer:
struct Distance
{
int feet;
float inch;
}d1, d2, sum;
PROGRAM
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
struct Distance
{
int feet;
float inch;
} d1, d2, sum;
int main( )
{
cout<<“\nEnter distance 1: feet and inch : “;
cin>>d1.feet>>d1.inch;
cout<<“\nEnter distance 2: feet and inch :
cin>>d2.feet>>d2.inch;
sum.feet = d1.feet + d2.feet;
sum.inch =(d1.inch + d2.inch) – (int) (d1.inch + d2,inch) / 12 * 12;
sum.feet = sum.feet + (d1.inch + d2.inch)/12;
cout<<“\nDitance 1: Feet = “<<d1.feet<<”
Inch = “<<d1.inch;
cout<<“\nDitance 2: Feet = “<<d2.feet<<”
Inch = “<<d2.inch;
cout<<“\nSum of Distance 1 and 2 : Feet = “<<sum.feet<<” Inch = “<<sum.inch;
}
Output

Question 5.
Write a C++ Program to Add two Complex Numbers by Passing Structure to a Function for the following structure definition
Answer:
struct complex
{
float real;
float imag;
};
The prototype of the function is complex add Complex Numbers(complex, complex);
PROGRAM
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
struct complex
{
float real;
float imag;
};
complex add Complex Numbers (complex obj1,complex obj2)
{
complex obj3;
obj3.real = obj1.reai+obj2,real;
obj3.imag = obj1.imag + obj2.imag;
return(obj3);
}
int main( )
{
complex c1,c2,c3;
cout<<“\nEnter First complex number real and imaginary :”;
cin>>c1,real>>c1.imag;
cout<<“\nEnter Second complex number real and imaginary :”;
cin>>c2.real>>c2.imag;
c3 = addComplexNumbers(c1,c2);
cout<<“\nFirst Complex Number is : “< }
Output

Question 6.
WrIte a C++ Program to declare a structure book containing name and author as character array of 20 elements each and price as Integer. Declare an array of book. Accept the name, author, price detail for each book. Define a user defined function to display the book details and calculate the total price. Return total price to the calling function.
Answer:
PROGRAM
using namespace std;
#include<iostream>
#include<iomanip>
#include<istdio.h>
struct book
{
char bname[20],author[20];
int price;
};
int display(book x[5])
{
int total;
for(int i=0;i<5;i++)
{
total = total + x[i].price;
cout<<“\nBook name : “<<x[i].
bname;
cout<<“\nAuthor name : “<<x[i].
author;
cout<<“\nPrice of the book: “<<x[i].
price;
}
return(total);C++C
}
int main( )
{
book. b[5];
for(int i=0;i<5;i++)
{
cout<<“\nEnter Book name “;
cin>>b[i].bname;
cout<<“\nEnter Author name “;
cin>>b[i].author;
cout<<“\nEnter Book Price “;
cin > > b[i]. price;
}
cout<<“\nDetails of Books”<<endl;
cout<<“\nTotal cost of the book is : Rs.”<<display(b);
}
Output

Question 7.
Write a C++ program to declare and accept an array of professors. Display the details of the department=”COMP.SCI” and the name of the professors start with ‘A’. The structure “college” should contain the following members.
prof-id as integer ,
name and Department as character array
Answer:
PROGRAM
using namespace std;
#include<iostream>
#include<iomanip>
#include<string.h>
struct college .
{
char pname[20],department[20]; int prof-id;
};
void display(college x[5])
{
for(int i=0;i<5;i++)
{
if((strcmp(x[i]. department,”COMP. SCI”)==0) && x[i].pname[0]==’A’)
cout<<x[i].pname«endl;
}
return;
}
int main( )
{
college c[5];
for(int i=0;i <5;i++)
{
cout<<“\nEnter Professor Name “;
cin>>c[i].pname; ,
cout<<“\nEnter Department Name “;
cin> >c[i] .department;
cout< <“\nEnter Professor Id
cin>>c[i].prof-id;
}
cout<<“\nDetails of Comp. Sci. . Dept, Professors whose name starts. with A “<<endl; . display(c);
}
Output

Question 8.
Write the output of the following C++ program
Answer:
#incluçle<iostream>
#include<stdio>
#include<string>
#include<conio>
using namespace std;
struct books
{
char name[20), author[20];
} a[50];
int main ( )
{
clrscr( );
cout<< “Details of Book No ” << 1 << “\n”;
cout<< “———————\n”;
cout<< ‘Book Name :”<<strcpy(a[0].
name,”Programming “)<<endl;
cout<< “Book Author :”<<strcpy(a[0].
author,”Dromy”)<<endl;
cout<< “\nDetails of Book No ” << 2 <<”\n”;
cout<< ” ——————- \n”;
cout<<- “Book Name :”<<strcpy(a[l].
name,”C++programming” )<<endl;
cout<< “Book Author :”<<strcpy(a[l].
author,”BjarneStroustrup “)< <endl;
cout<<“\n\n”;
cout<< “======================
============================
\n”; ‘
cout<< ” S.No\t| Book Name\t|author\n”;
cout<< “=======================
=============================
for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++)
{
cout<< “\n ” << i + 1 << “\t|” << a[i].name << “\t| ” << a[i],author;
}
cout<< “\n=========-==========
===========================
==”;
return 0;
}
Output

Question 9.
Write the output of the following C++ program
Answer:
#include<iostream>
#include<string>
using namespace std;
struct student
{
introll_no;
char name[10];
long phone_number;
};
int main() .
{
student p1 = {1,”Brown”,123443};
student p2, p3;
p2.roll_no = 2;
strcpy(p2.name,”Sam”);
p2.phone_number = 1234567822;
p3.roll_no = 3;
strcpy(p3.name,”Addy”);
p3.phone_number = 1234567844;
cout<< “First Student” <<endl;
cout<< “roll no : ” << p1.roll_no <<endl;
cout<< “name : ” << p1.name <<endl;
cout<< “phone no ; ” << p1.phone_number <<endl;
cout<< “Second Student” <<endl;
cout<< “roll no : ” << p2.roll_no <<endl;
cout<< “name : ” << p2.name <<endl;
cout<< “phone no : ” << p2.phone_number <<endl;
cout<< “Third Student” <<endl;
cout<< “roll no : ” << p3.roll_no <<endl;
cout<< “name : ” << p3.name <<endl;
cout<< “phone no : ” << p3.phone_number <<endl;
return0;
}
Output

Question 10.
Debug the error in the following program.
Answer:



MODIFIED PROGRAM
#include<iostream.h>
struct PersonRec
{
char lastName[10];
char firstName[10];
int age;
}
Person Rec PeopleArrayType[ 10];
void LoadArray(PeopleRec peop[10]);
void main( )
{
PersonRec people [10];
for (i = 0; i < 10; i++)
{
cout< < people[i].firstName< < ” <<peopie[i].lastName <<setw(10) <<people[i].age;
}
}
LoadArray(PersonRec peop[10])
{
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
{
cout<< “Enter first name: “;
cin<<peop[i].firstName;
cout<< “Enter last name: “;
cin>>peop[i].lastName;
cout<< “Enter age: “;
cin>> peop[i].age;←
}

11th Computer Science Guide Arrays and Structures Additional Questions and Answers

Choose The Correct Answer 1 mark

Question 1.
…………….. is a user-defined which has the combination of data items with different data types.
a) Structure
b) Class
c) Union
d) Array
Answer:
a) Structure

Question 2.
…………………. allows to group of variables of mixed data types together into a single unit.
a) Structure
b) Class
c) Union
d) Array
Answer:
a) Structure

Question 3.
If the elements are of different data types,then ……………… cannot support.
a) Structure
b) Class
c) Union
d) Array
Answer:
d) Array

Question 4.
Structure is declared using the keyword …………………
a) Structure
b) struct
c) Stru
d) STRUCT
Answer:
b) struct

Question 5.
Identify the structure name from the following; struct Student balu;
a) balu
b) struct
c) Student
d) None of these
Answer:
c) Student

Question 6.
Identify the structure variable (object) from the following: struct Student balu;
a) balu
b) struct
c) Student
d) None of these
Answer:
a) balu

Question 7.
How much of memory is required for the object of the following structure in Dev C++.
struct Student
{
long rollno;
int age;
float weight;
}balu, frank;
a) 12 Bytes
b) 8 Bytes
c) 10 Bytes
d) None of these
Answer:
a) 12 Bytes

Question 8.
How much of memory is required for the object of the following structure in Turbo C++.
struct Student
{
long rollno;
int age;
float weight;
}balu, frank;
a) 12 Bytes
b) 8 Bytes
c) 10 Bytes
d) None of these
Answer:
c) 10 Bytes

Question 9.
If the members are pointer types then ……………….. is used to access the structure members.
a) →
b) ←
c) .(dot)
d) None of these
Answer:
a) →

Question 10.
A structure without a …………….. is called an anonymous structure.
a) Name
b) Tag
c) Name/Tag
d) None of these
Answer:
c) Name/Tag

Question 11.
…………………… operator is used to accessing structure member.
a) ::
b) @
c) .(dot)
d) $
Answer:
c) .(dot)

Question 12.
The structure declared within another structure is called a …………….. structure.
a) Nested
b) Group
c) Block
d) None of these
Answer:
a) Nested

Question 13.
……………. structures act as members of another structure.
a) Nested
b) Group
c) Block
d) None of these
Answer:
a) Nested

Question 14.
The members of the child structure can be accessed as …………………….
a) Child structure name. Parent structure name. Member name
a) Parent structure name. Child structure name. Member name
a) Parent structure name. Member name. Child structure name
a) Member name. Parent structure name. Child structure name
Answer:
a) Child structure name. Parent structure name. Member name

Question 15.
A structure variable can be passed to a function in a similar way of passing any argument that is of ……………………. data type.
a) Derived
b) User-defined
c) Built-in
d) None of these
Answer:
c) Built-in

Question 16.
If the structure itself is an argument to a function, then it is called ………………..
a) Call by value
b) Call by Reference
c) Call by Expression
d) None of these
Answer:
a) Call by value

Question 17.
If the reference of the structure is passed as an argument then it is called ……………….
a) Call by value
b) Call by Reference
c) Call by Expression
d) None of these
Answer:
b) Call by Reference

Question 18.
When a structure is passed as an argument to a function using ……………… method, any change made to the contents of the structure variable inside the function to which it is passed do not affect the structure variable used as an argument.
a) Call by value
b) Call by Reference
c) Call by Expression
d) None of these
Answer:
a) Call by value

Question 19.
In ……………….method of passing the structures to functions, any change made to the contents of structure variable inside the function are reflected back to the calling function.
a) Call by value
b) Call by Reference
c) Call by Expression
d) None of these
Answer:
b) Call by Reference

Question 20.
Structures are usually passed by reference method because ……………..
a) It saves the memory space
b) Executes faster
c) Both A and B
d) None of these
Answer:
c) Both A and B

Question 21.
Identify the correct statement from the following.
a) A structured object can also be assigned to another structure object only if both the objects are of the same structure type.
b) The structure elements can be initialized either by using separate assignment statements or at the time of declaration by surrounding its values with braces.
c) Array of structure variable can also be created.
d) All the above
Answer:
d) All the above

Very Short Answers (2 Marks)

Question 1.
What is the drawback of an array?
Answer:
In any situation when more than one variable is required to represent objects of uniform data-types, array can be used. If the elements are of different data types, then array cannot support.
If more than one variable is used, they can be stored in memory but not in adjacent locations. It increases the time consumption while searching.

Question 2.
What is the advantage of structure?
Answer:
The structure provides a facility to store different data types as a part of the same logical element in one memory chunk adjacent to each other.

Question 3.
What are global objects?
Answer:
Objects declared along with structure definition are called global objects

Question 4.
Write note on the anonymous structure.
Answer:
A structure without a name/tag is called an anonymous structure.

Example:
struct
{
long rollno;
int age;
float weight;
} student;
The student can be referred to as a reference name to the above structure and the elements can be accessed like a student, roll no, student.age and student.weight

Question 5.
Define Nested structure.
Answer:
The structure declared within another structure is called a nested structure.

Question 6.
Give an example of nested structure.
Answer:
struct Student
{
int age;
float height, weight;
struct dob
{
int date;
char month[4];
int year;
};
}mahesh;

Question 7.
How to access nested member structure?
Answer:
The nested structures act as members of another structure and the members of the child structure can be accessed as
parent structure name. Child structure name. Member name
Example:
mahesh. dob. date

Short Answers 3 Marks

Question 1.
Write the syntax of defining a structure? Give an example.
Answer:
Structure is declared using the keyword ‘struct’. The syntax of creating a structure is given below.
struct structure_name
{
type member-name1;
type member_name2;
} reference_name;
An optional field reference_name can be used to declare objects of the structure type directly.
Example:
struct Student
{
long rollno;
int age;
float weight;
};

Question 2.
How memory is allocated for a structure?
Answer:
Consider the following structure :
struct Student
{
long rollno;
int age;
float weight;
};
In the above declaration of the struct, three variables rollno, age and weight are used. These variables (data element) within the structure are called members (or fields). In order to use the Student structure, a variable of type Student is declared and the memory allocation is shown in the following figure.

Question 3.
How will you refer structure elements?
Answer:
Referencing Structure Elements
Once the two objects of student structure type are declared, their members can be accessed directly.
The syntax for that is using a dot (.) between the object name and the member name. For example, the elements of the structure Student can be accessed as follows:
balu.rollno
frank, rollno
balu.age
frank.age
balu.weight
frank.weight

Explain In Detail 5 Marks

Question 1.
Explain structure assignments in detail.
Answer:
Structure Assignments
Structures can be assigned directly instead of assigning the values of elements individually.
Example:
If Mahesh and Praveen are same age and same height and weight then the values of Mahesh can be copied to Praveen struct Student
{
int age;
float height, weight;
}mahesh;
The age of Mahesh is 17 and the height and weights are 164.5 and 52.5 respectively.The following statement will perform the assignment.
mahesh = {17, 164.5, 52.5};
praveen = mahesh;
will assign the same age, height and weight to Praveen.

Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus Samacheer Kalvi 11th Computer Science Guide Pdf Chapter 11 Functions Text Book Back Questions and Answers, Notes.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 11th Computer Science Solutions Chapter 11 Functions

11th Computer Science Guide Functions Text Book Questions and Answers

Book Evaluation

Part I

Choose The Correct Answer

Question 1.
Which of the following header file defines the standard I/O predefined functions ?
a) stdio.h
b) math.h
c) string.h
d) ctype.h
Answer:
a) stdio.h

Question 2.
Which function is used to check whether a character is alphanumeric or not ?
a) isalpha( )
b) isdigit( )
c) isalnum( )
d) islower( )
Answer:
c) isalnum( )

Question 3.
Which function begins the program execution ?
a) isalpha( )
b) isdigit( )
c) main( )
d) islower( )
Answer:
c) main( )

Question 4.
Which of the following function is with a return value and without any argument ?
a) x=display(int/ int)
b) x=display( )
c) y=display(float)
d) display(int)
Answer:
b) x=display( )

Question 5.
Which is return data type of the function prototype of add (int, int); ?
a) int
b) float
c) char
d) double
Answer:
a) int

Question 6.
Which of the following is the scope operator ?
a) >
b) &
c) %
d) ::
Answer:
d) ::

Part – II

Very Short Answers

Question 1.
Define Functions.
Answer:
A large program can typically be split into small subprograms (blocks) called functions where each sub-program can perform some specific functionality. Functions reduce the size and complexity of a program, make it easier to understand, test, and check for errors.

Question 2.
Write about strlen() function.
Answer:
The strlen() takes a null-terminated byte string source as its argument and returns its length. The length does not include the null(\0) character.
Example:
char source[ ] = “Computer Science”;
cout<<“\nGiven String is “<<source<<” its Length is “<<strlen(source);
Output
Given String is Computer Science its Length is 16

Question 3.
What are the importance of void data type?
Answer:
void type has two important purposes:

1. To indicate the function does not return a value.
2. To declare a generic pointer.

Question 4.
What is Parameter and list its types?
Answer:
Arguments or parameters are the means to pass values from the calling function to the called function.
Types:

1. The variables used in the function definition as parameters are known as formal parameters.
2. The constants, variables, or expressions used j in the function call are known as actual parameters.

Question 5.
Write a note on Local Scope.
Answer:

1. A local variable is defined within a block. A block of code begins and ends with curly braces { }.
2. The scope of a local variable is the block in which it is defined.
3. A local variable cannot be accessed from outside the block of its declaration.
4. A local variable is created upon entry into its block and destroyed upon exit

Part – III

Short Answers

Question 1.
What is Built-in functions?
Answer:
The functions which are available by default are known as “Built-in” functions. Ready-to-use subprograms are called pre-defined functions or built-in functions.

Question 2.
What is the difference between isupper() and toupper() functions?
Answer:
isupper():

• This function is used to check the given character is uppercase.
• This function will return 1 if true otherwise 0.

toupper():

• This function is used to convert the given character into its uppercase.
• This function will return the upper case equivalent of the given character. If the given character itself is in upper case, the output will be the same.

Question 3.
Write about strcmp( ) function.
Answer:
strcmp( )
The strcmp( ) function takes two arguments: string 1 and string2. It compares the contents of string 1 and string2 lexicographically.
The strcmp() function returns a:

• Positive value if the first differing character in string 1 is greater than the corresponding character in string2. (ASCII values are compared)
• Negative value if the first differing character in string 1 is less than the corresponding character in string2,
• 0 if string1 and string2 are equal.

Example:
#include <string.h>
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
char string1[ ] = “Computer”;
char string2[ ] = “Science”;
int result;
result = strcmp(string1,string2);
if(result==0)
{
cout<<“String1 : “<<string1<<” and String2 : “<<string2 <<“Are Equal”;
}
else
{
cout<<“String1 :”<<string1<<” and String2 : “<<string2’ <<“ Are Not Equal”;
}
}
Output
String1 : Computer and String2 : Science Are Not Equa1

Question 4.
Write short note on pow( ) function in C++.
Answer:
pow( ) function:
The pow( ) function returns base raised to the power of exponent. If any argument passed to pow( ) is long double, the return type is promoted to long double. If not, the return type is double.
The pow( ) function takes two arguments:

• base – the base value
• exponent – exponent of the base

#include <iostream>
#include <math.h>
using namespace std;
int main ( )
{
double base, exponent, result;
base = 5;
exponent = 4;
result = pow(base, exponent);
cout << “pow(“< double x = 25;;
result = sin(x);
cout << “\nsin(“<<x<<“)= “<<result;
return 0;
}
Output
pow(5^4) = 625
sin(25) = -0.132352

Question 5.
What are the information the prototype provides to the compiler?
Answer:
The prototype above provides the following information to the compiler:

1. The return value of the function is of type long.
2. Fact is the name of the function.
3. The function is called with two arguments:
   • The first argument is of int data type.
   • The second argument is of double data type, int display(int, int) // function prototype//.

The above function prototype provides details about the return data type, name of the function and a list of formal parameters or arguments.

Question 6.
What is default arguments ? Give example.
Answer:
default arguments:
In C++, one can assign default values to the formal parameters of a function prototype. The default arguments allows to omit some arguments when calling the function.

When calling a function,
For any missing arguments, complier uses the values in default arguments for the called function.
The default value is given in the form of variable initialization.

Example:
void defaultvalue(int n1=10, n2=100);
The default arguments facilitate the function call statement with partial or no arguments or complete arguments.

Example:
defaultvalue(x,y);
defaultvalue(200,150);
defaultvalue(150);
defaultvalue( );
The default values can be included in the function prototype from right to left, i.e., we cannot have a default value for an argument in between the argument list.

Example:
void defaultvalue(int n1 = 10, n2);//invalid prototype
void defaultvalue(int n1, n2 = 10);//valid prototype

Part – IV

Explain in Detail

Question 1.
Explain the Call by value method with a suitable example.
Answer:
Call by value method:
This method copies the value of an actual parameter into the formal parameter of the function. In this case, changes made to the formal parameter within the function will have no effect on the actual parameter.

Example:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
void display(int x)
{
int a = x * x;
cout<<“\n\nThe Value inside display function
(a * a):”<<a;
}
int main( )
{
int a;
cout<<“\nExample : Function call by value:”;
cout<<“\n\nEnter the Value for A cin>>a;
display(a);
cout<<”\n\nThe Value inside main function “<<a;
return (0);
}
Output:
Example: Function call by value Enter the Value for A : 5
The Value inside display function (a * a) : 25
The Value inside main function 5

Question 2.
What is Recursion? Write a program to find GCD using recursion.
Answer:
A function that calls itself is known as a recursive function. And, this technique is known as recursion.

Finding GCD of any to number using Recursion:
GCD – Greatest Common Divisor or HCF (Highest Common Factor) or GCM – Greatest Common Measure)
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
//Function to find HCF or GCD OR GCM // int gcd(int n1, int n2)
{
if (n2 != 0)
return gcd(n2, n1 % n2); //Recursive call of gcd function
else
return n1;
}
int main( )
{
int num1, num2;
cout << “Enter two positive integers: “;
cin >> num1 >> num2;
cout << “Greatest Common Divisor (GCD) of ” << num1;
cout<< ” & ” << num2 << ” is: ” << gcd(num1, num2);
return 0;
}
Output :
Enter two positive integers: 350 100
Greatest Common Divisor (GCD) of 350 & 100 is: 50

Question 3.
What are the different forms of function return? Explain with example.
Answer:
Different forms of User-defined Function declarations:
Function without return value and without parameter
The following program is an example of a function with no return and no arguments passed.
The name of the function is display( ), its return data type is void and it does not have any argument.
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
void display( )
{
cout<<“Function without parameter and return value”;
}
int main()
{
display( ); // Function calling statement//
return(O);
}
Output :
Function without parameter and return value
A Function with return value and without parameter
The name of the function is display(), its return type is int and it does not have any argument. The return statement returns a value to the calling function and transfers the program control back to the calling statement.

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int display( )
{
int a, b, s;
cout<<“Enter 2 numbers:
cin>>a>>b;
s=a+b;
return s;
}
int main( )
{
int m=display( );
cout<<“\nThe Sum=”<<m;
return(0);
}
OUTPUT :
Enter 2 numbers: 10 30
The Sum = 40

Question 4.
Explain scope of variable with an example.
Answer:
Scope refers to the accessibility of a variable.
There are four types of scopes in C++

1. Local Scope
2. Function Scope
3. File Scope
4. Class Scope

1. Local Scope:

• A local variable is defined within a block. A block of code begins and ends with curly braces {}.
• The scope of a local variable is the block in which it is defined.
• A local variable cannot be accessed from outside the block of its declaration.
• A local variable is created upon entry into its block and destroyed upon exit;

Example:
int main( )
{
int a,b;   //Local variable
}

2. Function Scope:

• The scope of a variable within a function is extended to the function block and all sub-blocks therein.
• The lifetime of a function scope variable is the lifetime of the function block.

Example:
int. sum(int x, int y);  //x and y has function scope.

3. File Scope:

• A variable declared above all blocks and functions (including main()) has the scope of a file.
• The lifetime of a file scope variable is the lifetime of a program.
• The file scope variable is also called a global variable.

Example:
#include
using namespace std;
int x,y; //x and y are global variable
void main()
{
……..
}

4. Class Scope:

• Data members declared in a class has the class scope.
• Data members declared in a class can be accessed by all member functions of the class.

Example:
Class example
{
int x,y; //x and y can be accessed by print() and void():
void print();
Void total();
};

Class Scope:
A class is a new way of creating and implementing a user-defined data type. Classes provide a method for packing together data of different types.
Data members are the data variables that represent the features or properties of a class.

class student } private: int mark1, mark2, total; };

The class student contains mark1, mark2, and total are data variables. Its scope is within the class of students only.

Question 5.
Write a program to accept any integer number and reverse it.
Answer:
PROGRAM:
using namespace std;
#include <iostream>
int reverse(int num)
{
int r=0,d;
while(num>0)
{
d = num%10;
r = r*10+d;
num = num/10;
}
return (r);
}
int main( )
{
intx;
cout<<“\nEnter a number”;
cin>>x;
cout<<“\nReverse of the number is “<<reverse(x);
return 0;
}
OUTPUT

11th Computer Science Guide Functions Additional Questions and Answers

Choose The Correct Answer 1 Mark

Question 1.
………………. is the name of the function.
(a) Predefined
(b) Built-in
(c) Library
(d) All the above
Answer:
(d) All the above

Question 2.
…………….. reduce the size and complexity of a program, makes it easier to understand, test, and check for errors.
a) Arrays
b) Functions
c) Structures
d) Unions
Answer:
b) Functions

Question 3.
The strcpy() function takes two arguments of ……………….
(a) target and source
(b) upper and lower
(c) base and exponent
(d) none of these
Answer:
(a) target and source

Question 4.
Functions which are available in the C++ language standard library is known as ……………… functions.
a) Built-in
b) User-defined
c) Either A or B
d) None of these
Answer:
a) Built-in

Question 5.
The pow() function takes the two arguments of ……………….
(a) target and source
(b) upper and lower
(c) base and exponent
(d) source and exponent
Answer:
(c) base and exponent

Question 6.
Why functions are needed?
a) Divide and conquer the purpose
b) Reusability of code
c) Reduce the complexity of a program
d) All the above
Answer:
d) All the above

Question 7.
The C++ program always has a main() function to begin the program execution.
(a) 1
(b) 2
(c) 3
(d) null
Answer:
(a) 1

Question 8.
Ready-to-use subprograms are called ………………..
a) Pre-defined functions
b) Built-in functions
c) Either A or B
d) None of these
Answer:
c) Either A or B

Question 9.
In C++ the arguments can be passed to a function in ………………. ways.
(a) 2
(b) 1
(c) 3
(d) 7
Answer:
(a) 2

Question 10.
A header file can be identified by their file extension ……………..
a) .head
b) .h
c) .hf
d) None of these
Answer:
b) .h

Question 11.
…………… is a header file contains pre-defined standard input/output functions.
a) conio.h
b) istream.h
c) iostream.h
d) stdio.h
Answer:
d) stdio.h

Question 12.
stdio.h header file defines the standard I/O predefined function ……………
a) getchar()
b) putchar()
c) getsQ and puts()
d) All the above
Answer:
d) All the above

Question 13.
The predefined function ……………. is used to get a single character from the keyboard.
a) getchar()
b) putchar()
c) gets() and puts()
d) puts()
Answer:
a) getchar()

Question 14.
The predefined function …………… is used to display a single character.
a) getchar( )
b) putchar( )
c) gets( )
d) puts( )
Answer:
b) putchar( )

Question 15.
Function ……………… reads a string from standard input and stores it into the string pointed by the variable.
a) getchar( )
b) putchar( )
c) gets( )
d) puts( )
Answer:
c) gets( )

Question 16.
Function …………….. prints the string read by gets() function in a newline.
a) getchar( )
b) putchar( )
c) gets( )
d) puts( )
Answer:
d) puts( )

Question 17.
……………. header file defines various operations on characters.
a) conio.h
b) ctype.h
c) iostream.h
d) stdio.h
Answer:
b) ctype.h

Question 18.
……………… function is used to check whether a character is alphanumeric or not.
a) isalnum( )
b) isalpha( )
c) isdigit( )
d) None of these
Answer:
a) isalnum( )

Question 19.
………….. function returns a non-zero value if the given character is a digit or a letter, else it returns 0.
a) isalnum( )
b) isaipha( )
c) isdigit( )
d) None of these
Answer:
a) isalnum( )

Question 20.
The ……………… function is used to check whether the given character is an alphabet or not.
a) isalnum( )
b) isalpha( )
c) isdigit( )
d) None of these
Answer:
b) isalpha( )

Question 21.
………….. function will return 1 if the given character is an alphabet, and 0 otherwise 0.
a) isalnum( )
b) isalpha( )
c) isdigit( )
d) None of these
Answer:
b) isalpha( )

Question 22.
………… function is used to check whether a given character is a digit or not.
a) isalnum( )
b) isalpha( )
c) isdigit( )
d) None of these
Answer:
c) isdigit( )

Question 23.
……………. function will return 1 if the given character is a digit, and 0 otherwise.
a) isalnum( )
b) isalpha( )
c) isdigit( )
d) None of these
Answer:
c) isdigit( )

Question 24.
………………. function is used to check whether a character is in lower case (small letter) or not.
a) islower( )
b) tolower( )
c) Both A and B
d) None of these
Answer:
a) islower( )

Question 25.
……………. functions will return a non-zero value if the given character is a lower case alphabet, and 0 otherwise.
a) islower( )
b) tolower( )
c) toupper( )
d) isupper( )
Answer:
a) islower( )

Question 26.
……………. function is used to check the given character is uppercase.
a) islower( )
b) tolower( )
c) toupper( )
d) isupper( )
Answer:
d) isupper( )

Question 27.
……………. function will return 1 if the given character is an uppercase alphabet otherwise 0.
a) islower( )
b) tolower( )
c) toupper( )
d) isupper( )
Answer:
d) isupper( )

Question 28.
…………. function is used to convert the given character into its uppercase.
a) islower( )
b) tolower( )
c) toupper( )
d) isupper( )
Answer:
c) toupper( )

Question 29.
………….. function will return the upper case equivalent of the given character.
a) islower( )
b) tolower( )
c) toupper( )
d) isupper( )
Answer:
c) toupper( )

Question 30.
………………… function is used to convert the given character into its lowercase.
a) islower( )
b) tolower( )
c) toupper( )
d) isupper( )
Answer:
b) tolower( )

Question 31.
………………. function copies the character string pointed by the source to the memory location pointed by the target.
a) strcpy( )
b) strcat( )
c) strcmp( )
d) strlen( )
Answer:
a) strcpy( )

Question 32.
The …………………. function takes a null-terminated byte string source as its argument and returns its length.
a) strcpy( )
b) strcat( )
c) strcmp( )
d) strlen( )
Answer:
d) strlen( )

Question 33.
The length of the string does not include the _______ character.
a) Null(\0)
b) Blank space
c) White space
d) None of these
Answer:
a) Null(\0)

Question 34.
………………. function compares the contents of string1 and string2 lexicographically.
a) strcpy( )
b) strcat( )
c) strcmp( )
d) strlen( )
Answer:
c) strcmp()

Question 35.
The Strcmp( ) function returns a ………………. value if the first differing character in string1 is greater than the corresponding character in string2.
a) Positive
b) Negative
c) Zero
d) None of these
Answer:
a) Positive

Question 36.
The Strcmp() function returns a …………….. value if the first differing character in stringl is less than the corresponding character in string2.
a) Positive
b) Negative
c) Zero
d) None of these
Answer:
b) Negative

Question 37.
………………. function appends copy of the character string pointed by the source to the end of string pointed by the target.
a) strcpy( )
b) strcat( )
c) strcmp( )
d) strlen( )
Answer:
b) strcat( )

Question 38.
The …………….. function is used to convert the given string into Uppercase letters.
a) strupr( )
b) toupper( )
c) Both A and B
d) None of these
Answer:
a) strupr( )

Question 39.
The …………….. function is used to convert the given string into Lowercase letters.
a) tolower( )
b) strlwr( )
c) Both A and B
d) None of these
Answer:
b) strlwr( )

Question 40.
The cos( ) function takes a single argument in ………………
a) Radians
b) Degree
c) Either A or B
d) None of these
Answer:
a) Radians

Question 41.
The cos( ) function returns the value in the range of ……………
a) [0, 1]
b) [-1, 1]
c) [1,-1]
d) None of these
Answer:
b) [-1, 1]

Question 42.
The cos( ) function returns the value in ……………….
a) double
b) float
c) long double
d) Either A or B or C
Answer:
d) Either A or B or C

Question 43.
The sqrt( ) function takes a …………… argument.
a) single non-negative
b) single negative
c) double non-negative
d) double negative
Answer:
a) single non-negative

Question 44.
If a negative value is passed as an argument to sqrt( ) function, a …………….. occurs,
a) Data type mismatch
b) Domain error
c) Prototype mismatch
d) None of these
Answer:
b) Domain error

Question 45.
The ………….. function returns, the value in the range of [-1,1].
a) cos( )
b) sin( )
c) Both A and B
d) None of these
Answer:
c) Both A and B

Question 46.
The …………….. function returns base raised to the power of the exponent.
a) exponent( )
b) power( )
c) pow( )
d) None of these
Answer:
c) pow( )

Question 47.
If any argument passed to pow() is long double, the return type is promoted to ……………..
a) long double
b) int
c) double
d) char
Answer:
a) long double

Question 48.
The pow( ) function takes ……………… argument.
a) base
b) exponent
c) Both A and B
d) None of these
Answer:
c) Both A and B

Question 49.
The …………….. function in C++ seeds the pseudo-random number generator used by the rand() function.
a) srand( )
b) sran( )
c) rands( )
d) None of these
Answer:
a) srand( )

Question 50.
The srand( ) function is defined in ……………. header file.
a)
b) <stdlib)h>
c) or<stalib)h>
d) None of these
Answer:
c) or<stalib)h>

Question 51.
C++ program can contain ……………. main”() function.
a) Only one
b) No
c) More than one
d) None of these
Answer:
a) Only one

Question 52.
In C++,……………… function begins the program execution.
a) void
b) main( )
c) User-defined
d) Built-in
Answer:
b) main( )

Question 53.
………………. data type is used to indicate the function does not return a value.
a) int
b) double
c) void
d) unsigned
Answer:
c) void

Question 54.
……………… data type is used to declare a generic pointer.
a) int
b) double
c) void
d) unsigned
Answer:
c) void

Question 55.
The user-defined function should be called explicitly using its ………………
a) Name
b) Arguments to be passed
c) Both A and B
d) None of these
Answer:
c) Both A and B

Question 56.
Which of the following calling the function have a return value and with arguments?
a) display( );
b) display(x,y);
c) x = display( );
d) x = display(x,y);
Answer:
d) x = display(x,y);

Question 57.
Which of the following calling function have no return value and no argument?
a) display( );
b) display(x,y);
c) x = display();
d) x = display(x,y);
Answer:
a) display( );

Question 58.
Which of the following calling the function have no return value and with arguments?
a) display( );
b) display(x,y);
c) x = display();
d) x = display(x,y);
Answer:
b) display(x,y);

Question 59.
Which of the following calling the function have a return value and no argument?
a) display();
b) display(x,y);
c) x = display();
d) x = display(x,y);
Answer:
c) x = display();

Question 60.
…………………. are the means to pass values from the calling function to the called function.
a) Arguments
b) Parameters
c) Arguments or Parameters
d) None of these
Answer:
c) Arguments or Parameters

Question 61.
The variables used in the function definition as parameters are known as ……………. parameters.
a) Formal
b) Actual
c) Ideal
d) None of these
Answer:
a) Formal

Question 62.
The parameters used in the function call are known as ………………. parameters.
a) Formal
b) Actual
c) Ideal
d) None of these
Answer:
b) Actual

Question 63.
The ……………… can be used in the function call as parameters.
a) Constants
b) Variables
c) Expressions
d) All the above
Answer:
d) All the above

Question 64.
The …………….. arguments allow omitting some arguments when calling the function.
a) Default
b) Actual
c) Formal
d) None of these
Answer:
a) Default

Question 65.
The default value is given in the form of …………………….
a) Variable declaration
b) Variable initialization
c) void
d) None of these
Answer:
b) Variable initialization

Question 66.
The default arguments facilitate the function call statement with ………………. arguments.
a) Partial
b) No
c) Complete
d) All the above
Answer:
d) All the above

Question 67.
The default values can be included in the function prototype from ……………….
a) Left to Right
b) Right to Left
c) Center to Left
d) None of these
Answer:
b) Right to Left

Question 68.
The constant variable can be declared using the…………… keyword.
a) constant
b) Const
c) const
d) CONST
Answer:
c) const

Question 69.
The …………….. keyword makes variable value stable.
a) constant
b) Const
c) const
d) CONST
Answer:
c) const

Question 70.
The ……………… modifier enables to assign an initial value to a variable that cannot be changed later inside the body of the function,
a) void
b) Const
c) const
d) Unsinged
Answer:
c) const

Question 71.
In C++, the arguments can be passed to a function in ……………. ways.
a) three
b) two
c) four
d) None of these
Answer:
b) two

Question 72.
In C++, the arguments can be passed to a function in ……………… method.
a) Call by value
b) Call by reference
c) Either A or B
d) None of these
Answer:
c) Either A or B

Question 73.
………………. method copies the value of an actual parameter into the formal parameter of the function.
a) Call by value
b) Call by reference
c) Either A or B
d) None of these
Answer:
a) Call by value

Question 74.
In ……………. method, changes made to the formal parameter within the function will have no effect on the actual parameter.
a) Call by value
b) Call by reference
c) Either A or B
d) None of these
Answer:
a) Call by value

Question 75.
………… method copies the address of the actual argument into the formal parameter.
a) Call by value
b) Call by reference
c) Either A or B
d) None of these
Answer:
b) Call by reference

Question 76.
In the…………….. method, any change made in the formal parameter will be reflected back in the actual parameter.
a) Call by value
b) Call by reference
c) Either A or B
d) None of these
Answer:
b) Call by reference

Question 77.
The definition of the functions is stored in …………….
a) Array
b) Call by reference
c) Structures
d) None of these
Answer:
b) Call by reference

Question 78.
………….. functions can be used to reduce the overheads like STACKS for small function definition.
a) Inline
b) Built-in
c) User-defined
d) None of these
Answer:
a) Inline

Question 79.
……………. reduces the speed of program execution.
a) Array
b) Stacks
c) Structures
d) Unions
Answer:
b) Stacks

Question 80.
A(n) ………….. function looks like a normal function in the source file but inserts the function’s code directly into the calling program.
a) inline
b) Built-in
c) User-defined
d) None of these
Answer:
a) inline

Question 81.
To make a function inline, one has to insert the keyword …………….. in the function header.
a) Inline
b) Insert
c) INLINE
d) None of these
Answer:
a) Inline

Question 82.
……………. functions execute faster but require more memory space.
a) User-defined
b) Built-in
c) Inline
d) None of these
Answer:
c) Inline

Question 83.
The inline function reduces the complexity of using …………………
a) Array
b) Stacks
c) Structures
d) Unions
Answer:
b) Stacks

Question 84.
Returning from the function is done by using the ……………… statement.
a) return
b) goto
c) break
d) continue
Answer:
a) return

Question 85.
The …………….. statement stops execution and returns to the calling function.
a) return
b) goto
c) break
d) continue
Answer:
a) return

Question 86.
Identify the true statement from the following.
a) A return may or may not have a value associated with it.
b) If the return has a value associated with it, that value becomes the return value for the calling statement.
c) The return statement is used to return from a function.
d) AN the above
Answer:
d) AN the above

Question 87.
The functions that return no value are declared as ……………..
a) Null
b) void
c) Empty
d) None of these
Answer:
b) void

Question 88.
The data type of a function is treated as …………….. if no data type is explicitly mentioned.
a) Null
b) void
c) Empty
d) int
Answer:
d) int

Question 89.
What is the return type of the following function prototype? add (int, int);
a) Null
b) void
c) Empty
d) int
Answer:
d) int

Question 90.
What is the return type of the following function prototype? double add (int, int);
a) float
b) void
c) double
d) int
Answer:
c) double

Question 91.
What is the return type of the following function prototype?
char *display();
a) float
b) string
c) double
d) char
Answer:
b) string

Question 92.
A function that calls itself is known as ………….. function.
a) recursive
b) nested
c) invariant
d) variant
Answer:
a) recursive

Question 93.
A function that calls itself using …………. technique.
a) recursive
b) variant
c) invariant
d) recursion
Answer:
d) recursion

Question 94.
………………. is mandatory when a function is defined after the main() function.
a) Function prototype
b) Function parameters
c) Return statement
d) None of these
Answer:
a) Function prototype

Question 95.
Scope refers to the accessibility of a ……………..
a) Function
b) Class
c) Variable
d) Constant
Answer:
c) Variable

Question 96.
There are ………… types of scopes in C++.
a) five
b) two
c) three
d) four
Answer:
d) four

Question 97.
…………….. is a type of variable scope.
a) Local
b) Function / File
d) Class
d) All the above
Answer:
d) All the above

Question 98.
A …………… is a region or life of the variable and broadly speaking there are three places, where variables can be declared.
a) Scope
b) Access specifier
c) Location
d) None of these
Answer:
a) Scope

Question 99.
Variables inside a block are called …………… variables.
a) Local
b) Function
c) Class
d) File
Answer:
a) Local

Question 100.
Variables inside a function are called ………….. variables.
a) Local
b) Function
c) Class
d) File
Answer:
b) Function

Question 101.
Variables outside of ail functions are called ………….. variables.
a) Local
b) Function
c) Class
d) Global
Answer:
d) Global

Question 102.
Variables inside a class are called ……………
a) Class variable
b) Data members
c) Member functions
d) Either A or B
Answer:
d) Either A or B

Question 103.
The scope of formal parameters is …………… scope.
a) Local
b) Function
c) Class
d) File
Answer:
b) Function

Question 104.
A variable declared above all blocks and functions (including main ()) has the …………… scope.
a) Local
b) Function
c) Class
d) File
Answer:
d) File

Question 105.
The lifetime of a ………….. scope variable is the lifetime of a program.
a) Local
b) Function
c) Class
d) File
Answer:
d) File

Question 106.
The file scope variable is also called as ………….. variable.
a) Global
b) General
c) Void
d) None of these
Answer:
a) Global

Question 107.
…………… provides a method for packing together data of different types.
a) Enumeration
b) Array
c) Class
d) All the above
Answer:
c) Class

Question 108.
……………… represent the features or properties of a class.
a) Member function
b) Data member
c) Global variable
d) None of these
Answer:
b) Data member

Question 109.
…………….. is a scope resolution operator.
a) ? :
b) #
c) : :
d) &&
Answer:
c) : :

Question 110.
The …………… operator reveals the hidden scope of a variable.
a) ? :
b) &&
c) : :
d) #
Answer:
c) : :

Very Short Answers (2 Marks)

Question 1.
Write about reusability.
Answer:

1. Few lines of code may be repeatedly used in different contexts. Duplication of the same code can be eliminated by using functions which improve the maintenance and reduce program size.
2. Some functions can be called multiple times with different inputs.

Question 2.
Why functions are needed?
Answer:
To reduce the size and complexity of the program functions are used.

Question 3.
What are constant arguments and write their syntax?
Answer:
The constant variable can be declared using the const keyword. The const keyword makes variable, value stable. The constant variable should be initialized while declaring. The const modifier enables the assignment of an initial value to a variable that cannot be changed later inside the body of the function.
Syntax: (const )

Question 4.
Write a note on the reusability of the code.
Answer:
Reusability:

• Few lines of code may be repeatedly used in different contexts. Duplication of the same code can be eliminated by using functions which improve the maintenance and reduce program size.
• Some functions can be called multiple times with different inputs.

Question 5.
What is function scope?
Answer:
Function Scope:

1. The scope of variables declared within a function is extended to the function block and all sub-blocks therein.
2. The lifetime of a function scope variable is the lifetime of the function block. The scope of.

Question 6.
What is the header file?
Answer:
C++ provides a rich collection of functions ready to be used for various tasks. The tasks to be performed by each of these are already written, debugged, and compiled, their definitions alone are grouped and stored in files called header files

Question 7.
What is a built-in function?
Answer:
The ready-to-use subprograms are called pre-defined functions or built-in functions.

Question 8.
What is a user-defined function?
Answer:
C++ provides the facility to create new functions for specific tasks as per user requirements. The name of the task and data required is decided by the user and hence they are known as User-defined functions.

Question 9.
How a header file is identified?
Answer:
A header file can be identified by their file extension .h.
Example:
stdio.h

Question 10.
Write note on stdio.h header file.
Answer:
This header file defines the standard I/O predefined functions getchar(), putchar(), gets(), puts() and etc.

Question 11.
What is the purpose of getchar() and putchar() functions?
Answer:
The predefined function getchar() is used to get a single character from the keyboard and putchar() function is used to display it.

Question 12.
What is the purpose of gets() and puts() functions?
Answer:
Function gets( ) reads a string including balance spaces from standard input and stores it into the string pointed by the variable. Function puts() prints the string read by gets() function in a newline.

Question 13.
Write note on isalpha( ) function.
Answer:
The isalpha( ) function is used to check whether the given character is an alphabet or not.
Syntax:
int isalpha(char c);
This function will return 1 if the given character is an alphabet, and 0 otherwise 0. The following statement assigns 0 to the variable n, since the given character is not an alphabet.
int n = isalphaC3′);
The statement is given below displays 1, since the given character is an alphabet.
cout << isalpha(‘a’); .

Question 14.
Write the use of isdigit() function.
Answer:
This function is used to check whether a given character is a digit or not. This function will return 1 if the given character is a digit, and 0 otherwise.
Syntax:
int isdigit(char c);
When the following code is executed, the value of the variable n will be 1, since the given character is a digit.
char ch = ‘3’;
n = isdigit (ch);

Question 15.
How to copy a string into another string?
Answer:
The srcpy() function copies the character string pointed by the source to the memory location pointed by the target. The strcpy() function takes two arguments: target and source. The null terminating character (\0) is also copied.
Example:
char source[ ] = “Computer Science”;
char target[20]=”target”;
strcpy(target,source);

Question 16.
What is the purpose of strupr( ) and strlwr( ) functions?
Answer:

• The strupr( ) function is used to convert the given string into Uppercase letters.
• The strlwr( ) function is used to convert the given string into Lowercase letters.

Question 17.
What is the use of return statement in a function?
Answer:
Returning from the function is done by using the return statement.
The return statement stops execution and returns to the calling function. When a return statement is executed, the function is terminated immediately at that point.

Question 18.
Write note on scope resolution operator.
Answer:
The scope operator reveals the hidden scope ‘ of a variable. The scope resolution operator (::) is used for the following purposes.

To access a Global variable when there is a Local variable with same name. An example using Scope Resolution Operator.
PROGRAM :
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int x=45; // Global Variable x
int main()
{
int x = 10; // Local Variable x
cout << “\nValue of global x is ” << ::x;
cout << “\nValue of local x is ” << x;
return 0;
}
Output :
Value of global x is 45
Value of local x is 10

Short Answers (3 Marks)

Question 1.
What is divide and conquer?
Answer:
Divide and Conquer:

1. Complicated programs can be divided into manageable sub-programs called functions.
2. A programmer can focus on developing, debugging, and testing individual functions.
3. Many programmers can work on different functions simultaneously.

Question 2.
Write about islower( ) function.
Answer:
islower( )
This function is used to check whether a character is in lower case (small letter) or not.
This function will return a non-zero value, if the given character is a lower case alphabet, and 0 otherwise.
Syntax:
int islower(char c);

After executing the following statements, the value of the variable n will be 1 since the given character is in lower case
char ch = ‘n’;
int n = islower(ch);

The statement given below will assign 0 to the variable n, since the given character is an uppercase alphabet.
int n = islower(‘P’);

Question 3.
What is digit()? Give example.
Answer:
This function is used to check whether a given character is a digit or not. This function will return 1 if the given character is a digit, and 0 otherwise.

Example:
using namespace std;
#include
#include int main( )
{

char ch;
cout << “\n Enter a Character:”; cin >> ch;
cout << “\n The Return Value of isdigit(ch) is << isdigit(ch);

}
Output – 1
Enter a Character: 3
The Return Value of isdigit(ch) is: 1

Output – 2
Enter a Character: A
The Return Value of isdigit(ch) is: 0

Question 4.
Explain the method of comparing two strings.
Answer:
strcmp( ) function compares the contents of string 1 and string2 lexicographically. The strcmp() function takes two arguments: stringl and string2.

The strcmp( ) function returns a:

• Positive value if the first differing character in stringl is greater than the corresponding character in string2. (ASCII values are compared)
• Negative value if the first differing character in stringl is less than the corresponding character in string2.
• 0 if stringl and string2 are equal.

Example:
#include <string.h>
#inciude <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
char string1[ ] = “Computer”;
char string2[ ] = “Science”;
int result;
result = strcmp(string1,string2);
if(result==0)
{
cout<<“String1: “<<string1<<“and String2 : “<<string2 <<“Are Equal”;
}
else
{
cout<<“String1 :”<<string1<<” and String2 : “c<<string2<<” Are Not Equal”;
}
}
Output
String1 : Computer and String2 : Science Are Not Equal

Question 5.
What is a return statement with an example?
Answer:
The return statement stops execution and returns to the calling function. When a return statement is executed, the function is terminated immediately at that point. The return statement is used to return from a function. It is categorized as a jump statement because it terminates the execution of the function and transfers the control to the called statement.

Example:
return(a + b); return(a);
return; // to terminate the function

Question 6.
Write note on sin() and cos() functions.
Answer:
cos() function
The cos() function takes a single argument in radians. The cosQ function returns the value in the range of [-1, 1], The returned value is either in double, float, or long double.
Example:
#include <iostream>
#include <math.h>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
double x = 0.5, result;
result = cos(x);
cout << “COS(“<<x<<“)= “<<result;
}
Output
COS(0.5)= 0.877583
sin( ) function:
The sin() function takes a single argument in radians. The sin( ) function returns the value in the range of [-1, 1]. The returned value is either in double, float, or long double.

Question 7.
Write about sqrt( ) and pow( ) functions.
Answer:
sqrt( ) function:
The sqrt( ) function returns the square root of the given value of the argument. The sqrt( ) function takes a single non-negative argument. If a negative value is passed as an argument to sqrt( ) function, a domain error occurs.
Example:
#include <iostream>
#include <math.h>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
double x = 625, result;
result = sqrt(x);
cout << “sqrt(“<<x<<“) = “<<result;
return 0;
}
Output
sqrt(625) = 25
pow( ) function:
The pow( ) function returns base raised to the power of exponent. If any argument passed to pow() is long double, the return type is promoted to long double. If not, the return type is double.
The pow() function takes two arguments:
base – the base value
exponent – exponent of the base Example:
#include <iostream>
#include <math.h>
using namespace std;
int main ( )
{
double base, exponent, result;
base = 5;
exponent = 4;
result = pow(base, exponent);
cout << “pow(“< << “) = ” << result;
double x = 25;;
result = sin(x);
cout << “\nsin(“<<x<<“)= “<<result;
return 0;
}
Output
pow(5 ^ 4) = 625 sin(25)= -0.132352

Question 8.
How will you generate a random numbers?
Answer:
The srand( ) function in C++ seeds the pseudo random number generator used by the rand( ) function. The seed for rand( ) function is 1 by default. It means that if no srand( ) is called before rand(), the rand() function behaves as if it was seeded with srand(1).
The srand( ) function takes an unsigned integer as its parameter which is used as seed by the rand() function. It is defined inor <stdlib,h>header file.
Example:
#include <iostream>
#include <cstdlib.h>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int random = rand(); /* No srand() calls before rand(), so seed = 1 */
cout << “\nSeed = 1, Random number = ” << random;
srand(10);
/* Seed = 10 */
random = rand( );
cout << “\n\nSeed = 10, Random number=” << random;
return 0;
}
Output
Seed = 1, Random number = 41
Seed =10, Random number =71

Question 9.
Write note on function prototype.
Answer:
Function Prototype:
C++ program can contain any number of functions. But, it must always have only one main( ) function to begin the program execution. We can write the definitions of functions in any order as we wish.

We can define the main( ) function first and all other functions after that or we can define all the needed functions prior to main( ). Like a variable declaration, a function must be declared before it is used in the program.
The declaration statement may be given outside the main( ) function.

Example:
long fact (int, double);

Question 10.
Explain Formal Parameters and Actual Parameters or Arguments.
Answer:
Formal Parameters and Actual Parameters or Arguments:
Arguments or parameters are the means to pass values from the calling function to the called function.

• The variables used in the function definition as parameters are known as formal parameters.
• The constants, variables or expressions used in the function call are known as actual parameters.

Explain in Detail (5 Marks)

Question 1.
Explain about generating random numbers with a suitable program.
Answer:
The srand() function in C++ seeds the pseudo-random number generator used by the rand() function. The seed for rand() function is 1 by default. It means that if no srand() is called before rand(), the rand() function behaves as if it was seeded with srand( 1). The srand() function takes an unsigned integer as its parameter which is used as seed by the rand() function. It is defined inor header file.
#include
#include using namespace std; int main()
{

int random = rand(); /* No srand() calls before rand(), so seed = 1*/
cout << “\nSeed = 1, Random number =” << random;
srand(10);
/* Seed= 10 */
random = rand();
cout << “\n\n Seed =10, Random number =” << random;
return 0;

}
Output:
Seed = 1, Random number = 41
Seed =10, Random number 71

Question 2.
How will access function? Explain in detail.
Answer:
Accessing a function:
The user-defined function should be called explicitly using its name and the required arguments to be passed. The compiler refers to the function prototype to check whether the function has been called correctly.

If the argument type does not match exactly with the data type defined in the prototype, the compiler will perform type conversion, if possible. If type conversion is impossible, the compiler generates an error message.
Example :

1.	display( )	calling the function without a return value and without any argument.
2.	display (x, y)	calling the function without a return value and with arguments.
3.	x = display()	calling the function with a return value and without any argument.
4.	x = display (x, y)	calling the function with a return value and with arguments.

Question 3.
Explain constant argument in detail.
Answer:
Constant Arguments:
The constant variable can be declared using const keyword. The const keyword makes variable value stable. The constant variable should be initialized while declaring. The const modifier enables to assign an initial value to a variable that cannot be changed later inside the body of the function.
Syntax:
<returntype> <functionname> (const <datatype variable=value>)

Example:
int minimum(const int a=10);
float area(const float pi=3.14, int r=5);

PROGRAM
#include <iostream>
using namespace std; ,
double area(const double r,const double pi=3.14)
{
return(pi*r*r);
}
int main ( )
{
double rad,res;
cout<<‘AnEnter Radius :”;
cin>>rad;
res=area(rad);
cout << “\nThe Area of Circle =”<<res;
return 0;
}
OUTPUT:
Enter Radius: 5
The Area of Circle =78.5
If the variable value “r” is changed as r=25;
inside the body of the function “area” then compiler will throw an error as “assignment of
read-only parameter ‘r’ “.
double area (const double r, const double pi= 3.14)
{
r=25;
return(pi*r*r);
}

Question 4.
Explain about address method.
Answer:
This method copies the address of the actual argument into the formal parameter. Since the address of the argument is passed, any change made in the formal parameter will be reflected back in the actual parameter.
#include
using namespace std;
void display(int & x) //passing address of a//
{

x = x*x;
cout << “\n\n The Value inside display function (n1 x n1) :”<< x ;

}
int main()
{
intn 1;
cout << “\n Enter the Value for N1 cin >> n1;
cout << “\n The Value of N1 is inside main function Before passing:” << n1;
display(n1);
cout << “\n The Value of N1 is inside main function After passing (n1 x n1):”<< n1; retum(O);
}

Output:
Enter the Value for N1: 45
The Value of N1 is inside the main function Before passing: 45
The Value inside display function (n1 x n1) : 2025
The Value ofNl is inside the main function After passing (n1 x n1): 2025

Question 5.
Explain inline function in detial.
Answer:
Inline function:
An inline function looks like normal function in the source file but inserts the function’s code directly into the calling program. To make a function inline, one has to insert the keyword inline in the function header.

This reduces the speed of program execution. Inline functions can be used to reduce the overheads like STACKS for small function definition.
Syntax:
inline return type function name (data type parametername1,… datatype parameternameN)
Advantages of inline functions:

• Inline functions execute faster but requires more memory space.
• Reduce the complexity of using STACKS.

PROGRAM
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
inline float simpleinterest (float pi, float nl, float r1)
{
float si1=(p1*n1*r1)/100;
return(si1);
}
int main ( )
{
float si,p,n,r;
cout<<“\nEnter the Principle Amount Rs. :”;
cin> >p;
cout<<“\nEnter the Number of Years:”;
cin>>n;
cout<<“\nEnter the Rate of Interest :”;
cin>>r;
si=simpleinterest(p,n,r);
cout << “\nThe Simple Interest = Rs,”<<si;
return 0;
}
Output:
Enter the Principle Amount Rs. :60000
Enter the Number of Years :10
Enter the Rate of Interest :5
The Simple Interest = Rs.30000
Though the above program is written in the normal function definition format during compilation the function code (p1*n1*r1)/100 will be directly inserted in the calling statement i.e. si=simpleinterest(p,n,r);
This makes the calling statement to change as si= (p1*n1*r1)/100;

Hands-On Practice

Write C++ program to solve the following problems:
Question 1.
Program that reads two strings and appends the first string to the second. For example, If the first string Is entered as Tamil and the second string is Nadu, the program should print Tamilnadu. Use string library header.
Answer:
PROGRAM :
#include <string.h>
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
char firststr[50],secondstr[50];
cout<<“\nEnter First String “; cin> >firststr;
cout<<“\nEnter Second String”; cin>>secondstr;
strcat(firststr,secondstr); //concatenation process
cout << ”\nConcatenated string is : ” <<firststr;
return 0;
}
Output:

Question 2.
Program that reads a string and converts it to uppercase. Include required header files.
Answer:
PROGRAM :
#include <string.h>
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
char str[50];
cout<<“\nEnter a String
cin>>str;
cout << “\nGvien string is : “<<str; strupr(str);
cout << “\nGvien string in Uppercase is :”<<str;
return 0;
}
Output :

Question 3.
Program that checks whether a given character is an alphabet or not. If It is an alphabet, whether It Is lowercase character or uppercase- character? Include required header files.
Answer:
PROGRAM :
#include <string.h>
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main( )
{
char ch;
cout<<“\nEnter a Character”;
cin>>ch;
if(isalpha(ch))
if(islower(ch))
cout << “\nGiven Character is an Alphabet and in Lowercase”;
else
cout << “\nGiven Character is an Alphabet and in Uppercase “;
else
cout << “\nGiven Character in not an Alphabet”;
return 0;
Output

Question 4.
Program that checks whether the given character is alphanumeric or a digit Add appropriate header file
Answer:
PROGRAM :
#include <string.h>
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
char ch;
cout<<“\nEnter a Character”;
cin>>ch;
if(isalnum(ch))
if(isdigit(ch))
cout << “\nGiven Character is an Alphanumeric and digit”;
else
cout << “\nGiven Character is an Alphanumeric but not digit”;
else
cout << “\nGiven Character in not an Alphanumeric or digit”;
return 0;
}
Output:

Question 5.
Write a function called zero_small ( ) that has two integer arguments being passed by reference and sets smaller of the two numbers to 0. Write the main program to access this function.
Answer:
PROGRAM
using namespace std;
#include <iostream>
void zero_small(int &a, int &b)
{
if (a<b)
a= 0;
else
b=0;
}
int main( )
{
int num1,num2;
cout<<“\nEnter two numbers :”; cin>>num1>>num2;
cout<<“\nNumber before set small value as 0 through function : num1=” <<num1<<” num2=”<<num2;
zero_small(num1,num2);
cout<<“\nNumber after set small value as 0 through function : num1=” <<num1<<” num2=”<<num2;
}
Output :

Question 6.
Write definition for a function sumseries ( ) in C++ with two arguments/ parameters – double x and int n. The function should return a value of type double and it should perform sum of the following series:
x-x2 /3! + x3 / 5! – x4 / 7! + x5 / 9! upto n terms.
Answer:
PROGRAM :
using namespace std;
#indude
double sumseries(double x, int n)
{
double sum=0,t;
int f=1,sign=1;
t=x;
inti=1‘,j=1;
while(i<=n)
{
sum = sum + sign * t/f;
j=j + 2;
i++;
f = f*j*(j-1);
t = t * x;
sign = -sign;
}
return(sum);
}
int main()
{
int i,x,n,f=1,sign=1;
cout<<“\nEnter X value …”;
cin>>x;
cout<<“\nEnter N value …”;
cin>>n;
cout<<“\nSUM OF THE SERIES = “<<sumseries(x,n);
return 0;
}
Output :

Question 7.
Program that Invokes a function calc ( ) which intakes two integers and an arithmetic operator and prints the corresponding result.
Answer:
PROGRAM :
using namespace std;
#include
void calc(int numl,int num2,char op)
{
int result;
switch(op)
{
case’+’:
result = num1 + num2;
cout<<“\nAdded value “<<result;
break;
case’-‘:
result = num1 – num2;
cout<<“\nSubtracted value “<< result;
break;
case’*’:
result = num1 * num2;
cout<<“\Multiplied value”<<result;
break;
case ‘/’:
result = num1 / num2;
cout<<“\nDivided value “<<result;
break;
default:cout<<“\nPROCESS COMPLETED”;
}
}
int main()
{
float n1,n2;
char op;
cout<<“\nl. Enter two numbers”; cin>>n1>>n2;
cout<<“\nEnter an Operaotr + or – or * Or / :”; cin>>op;
calc(nl,n2,op);
}
Output :