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Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus Samacheer Kalvi 9th Science Guide Pdf Chapter 20 Organ Systems in Animals Text Book Back Questions and Answers, Notes.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 9th Science Solutions Chapter 20 Organ Systems in Animals

9th Science Guide Organ Systems in Animals Text Book Back Questions and Answers

I. Choose the correct answer :

Question 1.
Which of the following is not a salivary gland?
(a) Sublingual
(b) Lachrymal
(c) Submaxillary
(d) Parotid
Answer:
(b) Lachrymal

Question 2.
Stomach of human beings mainly digests ……………….
(a) carbohydrates
(b) proteins
(c) fat
(d) sucrose
Answer:
(b) proteins

Question 3.
To prevent the entry of food into the trachea, the opening is guarded by ………………..
(a) epiglottis
(b) glottis
(c) hard palate
(d) soft palate
Answer:
(a) epiglottis

Question 4.
Bile helps in the digestion of ………………..
(a) proteins
(b) sugar
(c) fats
(d) carbohydrates
Answer:
(c) fats

Question 5.
The structural and functional unit of the kidney is ………………..
(a) villi
(b) liver
(c) nephron
(d) ureter
Answer:
(c) nephron

Question 6.
Which one of the following substance is not a constituent of sweat?
(a) Urea
(b) Protein
(c) Water
(d) Salt
Answer:
(b) Protein

Question 7.
The common passage meant for transporting urine and sperms in male is ………………..
(a) ureter
(b) urethra
(c) vas deferens
(d) scrotum
Answer:
(c) vas deferens

Question 8.
Which of the following is not a part of female reproductive system?
(a) Ovary
(b) Uterus
(c) Testes
(d) Fallopian tube
Answer:
(c) Testes

II. Fill in the blanks :

1. The opening of the stomach into the intestine is called …………………
Answer:
pylorus

2. The muscular and sensory organ which helps in mixing the food with saliva is ………………..
Answer:
tongue

3. Bile, secreted by liver is stored temporarily in………………..
Answer:
gall bladder

4. The longest part of alimentary canal is………………..
Answer:
ileum

5. The human body functions normally at a temperature of about …………………
Answer:
37°C

6. The largest cell in the human body of a female is………………..
Answer:
ovum

III. State whether true or false. If false, correct the statement.

1. Nitric acid in the stomach kills microorganisms in the food.
Answer:
False.
Correct statement : Hydrochloric acid in the stomach kills micro-organisms in the food.

2. During digestion, proteins are broken down into amino acids.
Answer:
True.

3. Glomerular filtrate consists of many substances like amino acids, vitamins, hormones, salts, glucose and other essential substances.
Answer:
False.
Correct statement: Hormones are not present in glomerular filtrate.

IV. Match the following :

Answer:
1 – b, 2 – c, 3 – d, 4 – a

V. Differentiate the following :

a. Excretion and Secretion
b. Absorption and Assimilation
c. Ingestion and Egestion
d. Diphyodont and Heterodont
e. Incisors and Canines
Answer:
(a) Excretion
The process of removal of nitrogenous wastes generated in the body is called excretion.

Secretion
A process by which substances are produced and discharged from a cell, gland or organ for a function in the organism or for excretion.

(b)
Absorption
Absorption is the process by which nutrients obtained after digestion are absorbed by villi and circulated

1. throughout the body by blood and lymph and supplied to all body cells according to their requirements.
2. It takes place in the small intestine. It

Assimilation :

1. Assimilation means the incorporation of the absorbed food materials into the tissue cells as their internal and hoihogenous component.
2.  takes place in the cells of the body.

(c) Ingestion
The process of nutrition begins with intake of food, called ingestion.

Egestion :
The undigested or unassimilated portion of the ingested food material is thrown out from the body through the anal aperture as faecal matter. This is known as egestion or defaecation.

(d) Diphyodont
In human beings two sets of teeth (Diphyodont) are developed in their life time. The first appearing set of 20 teeth ca! led temporary or milk teeth are replaced by the second set of thirty two permanent teeth, sixteen in each jaw. This is called Diphyodont dentition.

Heterodont
Permanent teeth are of four types according to their struture and function namely Incisors, Canines, Premolars and molars. This is called Heterodont dentition.

(e) Incisors  :

1. Used for cutting and biting.
2. In a human adult there are 8 incisors

Canines

1. Used for tearing and piercing.
2. In a human adult there are 4 canines.

VI. Answer briefly :

Question 1.
How is the small intestine designed to absorb digested food?
Answer:
Small intestine comprises three parts- duodenum, jejunum and ileum. Ileum is the longest part of the small intestine. It contains minute finger-like projections called villi where absorption of food takes place. They are approximately 4 million in number. Internally, each villus contains fine blood capillaries and lacteal tubes.

Question 2.
Why do we sweat?
Answer:
The human body functions normally at a temperature of about 37°C. When it gets hot sweat glands start secreting sweat, which contains water with small amounts of other chemicals like ammonia, urea, lactic acid and salts (mainly sodium chloride). The sweat passes through the pores in the skin and gets evaporated, which reduces the body temperature.

Question 3.
Mention any two vital functions of the human kidney.
Answer:
Two vital functions of the kidneys are;

1. Maintain the fluid and electrolyte balance in our body.
2. Maintain the osmotic pressure in blood and tissues.

Question 4.
What is micturition?
Answer:
When the urinary bladder is full the urine is expelled out through the urethra. This process is called micturition. A healthy person excretes one to two litres of urine per day.

Question 5.
Name the types of teeth present in an adult human being. Mention the functions of each.
Answer:
Permanent teeth are of four types (Heterodont), according to their structure and function namely incisors, canines, premolars, and molars.

Types of teeth and their functions :

Question 6.
Explain the structure of nephron.
Answer:

• Each kidney consists of more than one million nephrons. Nephrons or uriniferous tubules are structural and functional units of the kidneys.
• Each nephron consists of Renal corpuscle or Malphigian corpuscle and renal tubule.
• The renal corpuscle consists of a cup-shaped structure called Bowman’s capsule containing a bunch of capillaries called glomerulus.
• Blood enters the glomerular capillaries through afferent arterioles and leaves out through efferent arterioles.
• The Bowman’s capsule continues as the renal tubule which consists of three regions proximal convoluted tubule, U-shaped hair pin loop, the loop of Henle and the distal convoluted tubule.
• The distal convoluted tubule which opens into the collecting tubule. The nitrogenous wastes are drained into renal pelvis of kidney which leads to ureters and stored in the urinary bladder.
• Urine is expelled out through the urethra.

VII. Answer in detail :

Question 1.
Describe the alimentary canal of man.
Answer:
Alimentary canal is a muscular coiled, tubular structure. It consists of mouth, buccal cavity, pharynx, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine (consisting of duodenum, jejunum and ileum), large intestine (consisting of caecum, colon and rectum) and anus.

Mouth: Leads into the buccal cavity. It is bound 2 soft movable upper and lower lips. The buccal cavity is a large space-bound above by the palate (which separates the windpipe and food tube), below by the throat and on the sides by the jaws. The jaws bear teeth.

Teeth: Hard structures meant
for holding, cutting, grinding and crushing the food. In human beings, two sets of teeth (Diphyodont) are developed in their lifetime.

Each tooth has a root fitted in the gum (Theocodont). Permanent teeth are of four types (Heterodont), according to their structure and function namely incisors, canines, premolars and molars.

Dental formula represents the number of different type of teeth present in each half of a jaw (upper and lower jaw).
For Permanent teeth in each half of upper and lower jaw:
\(\frac{2,1,2,3}{2,1,2,3}\) = 16 x 2 = 32

Salivary glands: There are 3 pairs

• Parotid glands Largest salivary glands, which lie in the cheeks in front of the ears.
• Sublingual glands Smallest lands and lie beneath the tongue.
• Submaxillary or Submandibular-glands-lie at the angles of the lower jaw.

Tongue: Muscular, sensory organ – Helps in mixing the food with the saliva.

Pharynx: It is a membrane-lined cavity behind the nose and mouth, connecting them to the oesophagus. Serves as” a pathway for the movement of food from mouth to oesophagus.

Oesophagus: Muscular-membranous canal about 22 cm in length. It conducts food ‘ from pharynx to the stomach by peristalsis (wave-like movement) produced by the rhythmic contraction and relaxation of the muscular walls of alimentary canal.

Stomach: Wide J-shaped muscular organ located.

Location: Between oesophagus and the small intestine.

Small intestine: The small intestine is the longest part of the alimentary canal, which is a long coiled tube measuring about 5 – 7 m. It comprises three parts- duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.

• Duodenum – C-shaped and receives the bile duct (from the liver) and pancreatic duct (from Pancreas). ’
• Jejunum Middle part of the small intestine. A short region of the small intestine.
• Ileum – Forms the lower part of the small intestine and opens into the large intestine.

Liver: Largest digestive gland of the body, reddish-brown in colour. Bile salts help in the digestion of fats by emulsification (conversion of large fat droplets into small ones).

Pancreas: Lobed, a leaf-shaped gland situated between the stomach and duodenum.
Pancreas acts both as an exocrine gland and as an endocrine gland.

Large intestine: The unabsorbed and undigested food is passed into the large intestine.
It extends from the ileum to the anus. About 1.5 meters in length. Has 3 parts colon and rectum.

Caecum: Small blind pouch-like structure at the junction of the small and large intestine.
From its blind end, a finger-like structure called a vermiform appendix arises. It is a vestigeal (functionless) organ in human beings.

Colon: Much broader than ileum. Passes up the abdomen on the right ascending colon,
crosses to the left just below the stomach (transverse colon) and down on the left side – (descending colon).

Rectum: Last part which opens into the anus muscles called mi;)! Spain opens when passing stools.

Question 2.
Explain the structure of the kidney and the steps involved in the formation of urine.
Answer:
STRUCTURE OF KIDNEYS:

• Kidneys are bean-shaped reddish-brown in colour.
• The kidneys lie on either side of the vertebral column in the abdominal cavity attached to the dorsal body wall.
• The right kidney is placed lower than the left kidney as the liver takes up much space on the right side.
• Each kidney is about 11 cm long, 5 cm wide, and 3 cm thick.
• Internally the kidney consists of:
  • An outer dark region the cortex. Longitudinal section of human kidney
  • The inner lighter region the medulla.
• Both of these regions contain uriniferous tubules or nephrons.
• The medulla consists of multitubular conical masses called the
  or whose bases are adjacent to the cortex.
• On the inner concave side of each kidney, a notch called hilum is present through which blood vessels and nerves enter in and the urine leaves out.
  

STEPS INVOLVED IN URINE FORMATION :

There are three stages.

1. Glomerular filtration
2. Tubular reabsorption and
3. Tubular secretion

Glomerular filtration: Urine formation begins with the filtration of blood through epithelial walls of the glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule. The filtrate is called the glomerular filtrate. Both essential and non-essential substances present in the blood are filtered.

Tubular reabsorption: The filtrate in the proximal tubule consists of essential substances such as glucose, amino acids, vitamins sodium-potassium bicarbonates, and water that are reabsorbed into the blood by a process of selective reabsorption

Tubular secretion: Substances such as EU or ions are secreted into the tubule. This tubular filtrate is finally known as urine , which is hypertonic in man Finally the urine passes into collecting ducts to the pelvis and through the ureter into the urinary bladder. When the urinary bladder is full the urine is expelled out through the urethra. This process is called micturition. The healthy person excretes 1-2 litres of urine/day.

VIII. Assertion and Reason :

Mark the correct answer as ;
a. If both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.
b. If both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion.
c. If Assertion is true but Reason is false.
d. If both Assertion and Reason are false.

Question 1.
Assertion: Urea is excreted out through the kidneys.
Reason: Urea is a toxic substance.
Answer:
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion

Question 2.
Assertion: In both the sexes gonads perform dual function.
Reason: Gonads are also called primary sex organs.
Answer:
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion

IX. Higher Order Thinking Skills :

Question 1.
If pepsin is lacking in gastric juice, then which event in the stomach will be affected?
a. digestion of starch into sugars.
b. breaking of proteins into peptides.
c. digestion of nucleic acids.
d. breaking of fats into glycerol and fatty acids.
Answer:
b. breaking of proteins into peptides.

Question 2.
Name the blood vessel that
(a) enter malphigian capsule and
(b) leaves malphigian capsule.
Answer:
(a) Afferent arteriole.
(b) Efferent arteriole.

Question 3.
Why do you think that urine analysis is an important part of medical diagnosis?
Answer:
Urine is excreted from the human body which constitutes more than 95% water and other constituents like urea, chloride, sodium, potassium, creatinine and other dissolved ions, and inorganic and organic compounds. When there is an illness or disease, the constituents and its levels in urine also change.

Therefore urinalysis is also an important diagnostic tool which may be used to screen for and/or help diagnose conditions such as urinary tract infections, kidney disorders, liver problems, diabetes, or other metabolic conditions.

Question 4.
Why does your doctor advise you to drink plenty of water?
Answer:
Drinking water helps

• Maintain the balance of fluids and electrolytes in the body.
• When muscle cells don’t get enough water it results in muscle fatigue.
• The functioning of kidneys also requires a lot of water.
• Staying hydrated is necessary for good health.

Question 5.
Can you guess why there are sweat glands on the palm of our hands and the soles of our feet?
Answer:
Sweating is important for thermal regulation. Sweat works as a defense against microbes to which our hands and feet are mostly exposed than the other parts of our body.

X. Match the parts of the given figure with the correct option:

Answer:

Intext Activities

ACTIVITY – 1

Look at the picture given below and answer the questions that follow :

1. Are the teeth of animals similar to ours?
2. How is the shape of their teeth related to their food habit?
Answer:
There are many differences between human teeth and animal teeth.

• Humans have at most 32 teeth, but many animals have more than we do.
• Humans use them for breaking down food but animals need these teeth for breaking down of food and also for survival such as hunting, attacking, and defending themselves.

Lion Teeth: They are
Carnivore Teeth: Teeth are very sharp and scissor-like. Their front teeth are used to bite and hold onto prey while their long canine teeth are used for tearing flesh and meat. Their molars are also sharp – and used for slicing rather than chewing because they mainly swallow their food in whole chunks.

Bison or buffalo teeth: They are
Herbivore teeth: An herbivore is an animal that gets energy from eating plants. Herbivores have more molars than we do. They use these flat teeth for grinding branches, grasses, and seeds. Since their food doesn’t try to escape, they use their front teeth like pruning shears to clip leaves and stems.

9th Science Guide Organ Systems in Animals Additional Important Questions and Answers

I. Choose the correct answers :

Question 1.
In the dental formula \(\frac{2,1,2}{2,1,2}\) 3 refers to ……………………
(a) incisors
(b) molars
(c) premolars
(d) canine
Answer:
(b) molars

Question 2.
Lysozyme is seen in …………………….
(a) gastric juice
(b) intestinal juice
(c) bile
(d) saliva
Answer:
(d) saliva

Question 3.
…………………… is the smallest gland.
(a) Pancreas
(b) Sublingual
(c) Parotid
(d) Submaxillary
Answer:
(b) Sublingual

Question 4.
Curdling of milk protein is done by ……………………
(a) pepsin
(b) rennin
(c) lipase
(d) maltase
Answer:
(b) rennin

Question 5.
……………………acts as birth canal.
(a) Fallopian tube
(b) Vagina
(c) Uterus
(d) Vasdeferens
Answer:
(b) Vagina

Question 6.
The act of bringing swallowed food back to the mouth
(a) egestion
(b) ingestion
(c) micturition
(d) regurgitation
Answer:
(d) regurgitation

Question 7.
Gastric glands do not secrete ……………………
(a) renin
(b) pepsin
(c) lipase
(d) none of the above
Answer:
(c) lipase

Question 8.
Excretion means …………………….
(a) taking in oxygen from the air and giving out carbon dioxide.
(b) disposal of harmful germs and worms from our body.
(c) distribution of digested food to the body tissues through blood.
(d) removal of nitrogenous wastes generated in the body.
Answer:
(d) removal of nitrogenous wastes generated in the body

Question 9.
Which is the major excretory product in human?
(a) H⁺ or K⁺
(b) Glucose
(c) Urea
(d) Creatinine
Answer:
(a) H⁺ or K⁺

Question 10.
Which is a pear-shaped muscular organ in females?
(a) Uterus
(b) Fallopian tubes
(c) Ovaries
(d) Vagina
Answer:
(a) Uterus

Question 11.
What is the other name of fallopian tubes?
(a) Ovaries
(b) Fimbriae
(c) Oviducts
(d) Ova
Answer:
(c) Oviducts

II. Fill in the blanks :

1. ……………… is the smallest cell in males.
Answer:
Sperm

2. Progesterone is secreted by………………
Answer:
corpus luteum

3. The oviducts are also known as ………………
Answer:
fallopian tubes

4. One mature ovum is released once in every……………… days.
Answer:
28

5. Beta cells of pancreas produce ………………
Answer:
insulin

6. Organs which are concerned with the formation, storage and elimination of urine constitute the ………………
Answer:
excretory system

7. In the process of urine formation, the maximum amount of water from the glomerular filtrate is reabsorbed in the ………………
Answer:
proximal convoluted tubule

8. ……………… receives the sperms, acts as birth canal during childbirth.
Answer:
Vagina

9. The narrower lower part of the uterus is ………………
Answer:
cervix

10. ……………… carries sperms to the seminal vesicles.
Answer:
Vas deferens

11. ……………… is the smallest cell in the male body.
Answer:
Sperm

12. The process of formation of sperms is known as ………………
Answer:
spermatogenesis

13. ……………… is the vestigeal organ in human.
Answer:
Vermiform appendix

14. ……………… acts as a thermoregulatory organ.
Answer:
Sorotum

15. Tubular filtrate finally known as………………
Answer:
urine

III. Match the following:

Answer:

IV. Answer the following in one or two sentences :

1. It conducts food from pharynx to stomach by peristalsis.
Answer:
Oesophagus.

2. Finger-like projections enhance the absorbing capacity of the small intestine.
Answer:
Villi.

3. The bunch of capillaries inside the Bowman’s capsule.
Answer:
Glomerulus.

4. Thin muscular tubes which carry urine from kidney to urinary bladder.
Answer:
Ureter.

5. Small sac-like muscular structures that enclose testes.
Answer:
Scrotal sacs.

V. Very short answer questions :

Question 1.
Name the salivary glands.
Answer:
3 pairs of salivary glands are present in the mouth cavity.
They are Parotid glands, sublingual glands, and submaxillary or submandibular glands.

Question 2.
What is chyme?
Answer:
The action of the gastric juice SSid churning of food in the stomach converts the bolus into a semi-digested food called chyme.

Question 3.
What are villi?
Answer:
Ileum is the longest part of the small intestine. It contains minute finger-like projections called villi. They help in the absorption of food.

Question 4.
Name the bile salts.
Answer:
Sodium glycolate and sodium tauraglycolate.

Question 5.
Name the bile pigments.
Answer:
Bilirubin and Biliviridin

Question 6.
What is heparin?
Answer:
It is an anticoagulant produced by the liver.

Question 7.
What are Islets of Langerhans?
Answer:
The endocrine cells of the pancreas are known as Islets of Langerhans and they produced the hormones – insulin and glucagon.

Question 8.
What is succus entericus?
Answer:
The intestinal glands secrete intestinal juice called succus entericus which contains enzymes like maltase, lactase, sucrase, lipase etc.

Question 9.
What is a vermiform appendix?
Answer:
It is a finger-like structure originating from the blind end of the caecum, is the alimentary canal of man. It is a vestigial organ (functionless organ).

Question 10.
What is the contribution of Joseph E. Murray in Nephrology?
Answer:
He performed the first successful kidney transplant operation.

Question 11.
What is parturition?
Answer:
Childbirth is called parturition.

VI. Short answer questions :

Question 1.
What is an artificial kidney?
Answer:
Dialysis or artificial kidney :
(i) When kidneys lose their filtering efficiency, excessive amounts of fluid and toxic waste accumulate in the body. This condition is known as kidney (renal) failure.
For this, an artificial kidney is used to filter the blood of the patient. The patient is said to be put on dialysis and the process of purifying blood by an artificial kidney is called hemodialysis.
(ii) When renal failure cannot be treated by drug or dialysis, the patients are advised for kidney transplantation.

Question 2.
Draw the human excretory system and label the parts.
Answer:

Question 3.
What are the end products of digestion of starch, proteins and fats respectively?
Answer:
Starch – Glucose
Proteins – Amino acids
Fats – Fatty acids and glycerol

Question 4.
What are the functions of the ovaries and uterus in the female reproductive system?
Answer:
Functions of ovaries :

• The ovaries are the female gonads, which produce ova or the female gametes.
• They also secrete the female sex hormones namely estrogen and progesterone.

Functions of the uterus :

• Uterus is a pear-shaped muscular, hollow structure present in the pelvic cavity.
• The development of foetus occurs inside the uterus.

Question 5.
Give reasons for the following
(a) Scrotum remains outside the body of human males.
(b) The wall of the stomach is not digested by its own enzyme.
Answer:
(a) The two testes lie in the respective scrotal sacs. The scrotum acts as a thermoregulatory organ and provides an optimum temperature for the formation of sperms. The sperms develop at a temperature of 1-3°C lower than the normal body temperature. Hence scrotum remains outside the body of human males.

(b) The wall of the stomach is protected by mucus. Hence the wall of the stomach is not digested by its own enzymes. Further the gastric enzyme pepsinogen is present only in inactive form and converted into active pepsin only when food enters the stomach.

Question 6.
What is homeostasis?
Answer:
The tendency of the body to seek and maintain a balance condition or equilibrium within its internal environment, even when faced with external challenges is called homeostasis.

Question 7.
Rearrange the jumbled sequence of the different parts of alimentary canal in proper sequence, (oesophagus, small intestine, stomach, large intestine, anus, mouth, rectum)
Answer:
Mouth, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus.

Question 8.
Select the substances given below that need to be excreted from the body, (urea, amino acids, carbon dioxide, uric acid, glucose)
Answer:
Urea and carbon dioxide

Question 9.
Rearrange the jumbled words and fill in the blanks in the following passage to make it a meaningful description.
The human urinary system consists of a pair of …….. ( nyedik), which form the urine; a pair of …….. (ertreu), which conduct the …….. (neuri) from kidneys to the …….. (naryuri drebdal) for storage of urine and a …….. (reuhrat) through which the urine is voided by bladder contractions.
Answer:
1. Kidney
2. Ureter
3. Urine
4. Urinary bladder
5. Urethra

VII. Long answer questions :

Question 1.
List the function of the liver.
Answer:

• Synthesizes foetal red blood cells.
• Produces fibrinogen and prothrombin, used for clotting of blood.
• Destroys red blood cells.
• Stores iron, copper, vitamins A, and D.
• Produces heparin (an anticoagulant).
• Excretes toxic and metallic poisons.
• Detoxifies substances including drugs and alcohol.

Question 2.
Draw a chart to show the various enzymes produced during digestion in our body and their action.
Answer:

Question 3.
Write a note on teeth of humans.
Answer:

• Teeth are hard structures meant for holding, cutting, grinding, and crushing the food.
• In human beings, two sets of teeth (Diphyodont) are developed in their lifetime. The first appearing set of 20 teeth called temporary or milk teeth are replaced by the second set of thirty-two permanent teeth, sixteen in each jaw. Each tooth has a root fitted in the gum (Theocodont).
• Permanent teeth are of four types (Heterodont), according to their structure and function namely incisors, canines, premolars, and molars.
• Dental formula represents the number of different types of teeth present in each half of a jaw (upper and lower jaw).
• The types of teeth are denoted as incisors (i), canine (c), premolars (pm) and molars (m). The dental formula is presented as:

For Milk teeth in each half of upper and lower jaw:
\(\frac{2,1,2}{2,1,2}\)= 10 x 2 = 20
For Permanent teeth in each half of upper and lower jaw:

\(\frac{2,1,2,3}{2,1,2,3}\) = 16 x 2 = 32
Types of teeth and their functions

Question 4.
Write a note on functions of liver in digestion.
Answer:

• It is the largest digestive gland of the body which is reddish-brown in colour.
• It is divided into two main lobes, right and left lobes. The right lobe is larger than the left lobe.
• On the undersurface of the liver, gall bladder is present. The liver cells secrete bile which is temporarily stored in the gall bladder.
• Bile is released into small intestine when food enters in it. It has bile salts (sodium glycolate and sodium tauraglycolate) and bile pigments (bilirubin and biliviridin).
• Bile ssfits help in the digestion of fats by bringing about their emulsification (conversion of large fat droplets into small ones).

Question 5.
Write a note on the skin.
Answer:

• Skin is the outermost covering of the body. It stretches all over the body in the form of a layer.
• It accounts for 15% of an adult’s human body weight. There are many structures and glands derived from the skin. It eliminates metabolic wastes through perspiration.
• The human body functions normally at a temperature of about 37 C.
• When it gets hot sweat glands to start secreting sweat, which contains water with small amounts of other chemicals like ammonia, urea, lactic acid and salts (mainly sodium chloride).
• The sweat passes through the pores in the skin and gets evaporated.

VIII. Higher Order Thinking Skills :

Question 1.
Reproductive organs are also considered endocrine glands.
Answer:
The testes apart from producing sperms also produce male sex hormones called testosterone. Similarly, the ovary apart from producing the ovum also produces the female sex hormone called oestrogen. Hence the gonads are also considered endocrine glands.

Question 2.
Skin is considered to be an excretory organ – Justify.
Answer:
Skin eliminates

Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus Samacheer Kalvi 12th English Guide Pdf Supplementary Chapter 5 All Summer in a Day Text Book Back Questions and Answers, Summary, Notes.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 12th English Solutions Supplementary Chapter 5 All Summer in a Day

12th English Guide All Summer in a Day Text Book Back Questions and Answers

Textual Questions:

Based on your understanding of the story, answer the following questions in a sentence or two: (Text Book Page No. 175)

Question a.
What do the children get ready for at the beginning of the story?
Answer:
Children get ready to have a glimpse of the Sun on the planet Venus after a passage of seven years.

Question b.
How is life on the planet Venus described?
Answer:
It had been raining for seven years; thousands upon thousands of days compounded and filled from one end to the other with rain. A thousand forests had been crushed under the rain and grown up a thousand times to be crushed again. And this is how life on the planet Venus described.

Question c.
Who is Margot? How is she different from the rest of the children?
Answer:
Margot had joined the children recently. She had spent her first five years in Ohio. She was sent to Venus by her parents. She remembered the appearance of Sun vividly. Other children had seen it only when they were 2 years old. Her knowledge of Sun made her different.

Question d.
What does Margot like the most – the sun or the rain?
Answer:
The sun is liked the most by Margot.

Question e.
What was Margot waiting for? Why did William say that it was a joke?
Answer:
Margot was waiting for the reappearance of the Sun. She believed in the prediction of the reappearance of the Sun in the 7th year. William hadn’t seen the Sun after (i.e.) for seven whole years. So, he called the possible reappearance of Sun a joke.

Question f.
Why does Margot wish to return to the earth?
Answer:
Margot wished to return to the earth because, in Venus, she was badly treated by the school children especially by William who locked her in a closet tunnel.

Question g.
Why did the children lock Margot in a closet?
Answer:
The children, like those in the novel, “Lord of the flies”, consider the logic and reasoning of Margot as stupid. Her faith in the definite appearance of the Sun is ridiculed by her classmates. She asserts that the prediction of the Sun will be true. She even describes Sun as a lemon but hot in nature. Fed up with her optimism, the children lock her up in a closet.

Question h.
Margot could recall what the sun looked like while the other children could not. Why?
Answer:
Margot could recall that the sun looked like a penny or a fire in the stove, which she had seen
five years before, whereas the other children could not see it as they were living in Venus where the rain was constant.

Question i.
How long did the Sunshine on Venus?
Answer:
The Sun shined for only one hour in Venus.

Question j.
Why did one of the girls wail?
Answer:
In the midst of their running, one of the girls wailed and held out her hand to other children, because in the center of her palm, there was a single raindrop. On seeing that she started crying.

2. Based on your understanding of the story, answer the following in three or four sentences: (Text Book Page No. 175)

Question a.
What is the significance of the particular day described in the story “All summer in a day”?
Answer:
All summer in a day is set on the planet, Venus. The description of the planet is not based on scientific evidence. The particular day described in the story is a rainy day, which has some significance because of it, the sun is not visible.

Question b.
What happens to Margot while the teacher is out of the classroom?
Answer:
Margot was gazing out of the glass window. William asked her what she was looking at. She didn’t speak. They shoved her and edged away from her. The children in the school hated Margot, the snow faced girl. They hated her for her knowledge of the Sun. She was firm that they would see the sunlight that day as per the prediction of the scientists. The boys got annoyed. They seized her roughly and took her to a closet and locked her ignoring her pitiful cries of protest.

Question c.
How did Margot describe the sun to others?
Answer:
Margot described the sun was like a penny and as a fire in the stove. She even wrote a poem about the sun as “I think the sun is a flower, That blooms for just one hour”. This is how Margot described the sun to all the children.

Question d.
How did the children react when the sun came out after seven years?
Answer:
It was the colour of flaming bronze and it was very large. And the sky around it was blazing in blue tile colour. The jungle burned with sunlight and the children released from the spell, ran out, yelling into the springtime.

Question e.
Why did William and the other children bully Margot?
Answer:
Margot was the only girl who came to the planet Venus from the earth just five years ago. She was the only one to describe the sun as she had witnessed it while she was on earth. She told the other children how the sun was like a penny or a fire in the stove. The boy, William, and the other children were unable to believe her. So they started bullying Margot and treated her badly.

Question f.
What were their feelings towards Margot at the end of the story?
Answer:
At the end of the story, they felt sorry for Margot whom they had locked up. They realized that they had done a cruel thing to her. Their faces had become solemn and pale as they were feeling guilty and moved slowly towards the closet and opened the door to let her out.

Question g.
What does the title of the story convey?
Answer:
The title of the story “All Summer in a Day” conveys human nature and group mentality. For example, it is human nature to doubt one person’s experiences when everyone else in a group. It also shows the darkness of the unenlightened mind.

3. Answer the following questions in a paragraph of about 100-150 words each: (Text Book Page No. 176)

Question a.
What is the conflict between Margot and the other children in the story, “All Summer in a day”?
Answer:
comes – refuses – to play – neglected – by children – real crime – memory – five years ago – remembered two years old – sun came – memory – being human – locked – in the closet – finally – comes out.

Margot had a vivid memory of having seen the Sun till she was five years old on the planet earth. Though she had come to Venus planet school, her heart longed for the ‘Sunny day’. Preparations were going on to send her back to earth because one day she threw tantrums refusing to take a shower. Her intended visit could cost thousands of dollars to her parents. She drew paintings of the Sun and clarified the shape of the Sun and the warmth it generated. All the other students hated her superior understanding of the Sun and her possible return to the earth. She was not their “kind”. She kept her convictions. She refused to mix with them. This was the conflict with Margot and the other children in the story.

Question b.
How do the children react to the long-awaited event in the story?
Answer:
Children – excited – anxious – arrival of sun – re pond – bullying – behaviour the children – surprised – everyone – no children – on earth – expecting -sun – first time – seven year – target – Margot – seen – recently – she – different – do not like – difference.

The children are excited and anxious about the arrival of the sun, and they respond by bullying the girl who has seen it more recently than the children. The behavior of the children in this story surprised everyone and no children on earth would ever act in this way. The children get anxious when they are expecting something. They were really excited when the sun was coming out for the first time in seven years.

In addition to their excitement, the children target Margot. Margot has seen the sun recently because she came from Earth more than other children. She is different, and the other children do not like her different. That is why they lock Margot in the closet during the time the sun comes out. Though Margot is one of the most anxious to see the sun, She really misses it. Thus the children reacted to the long-awaited event in the story “All Summer in a Day”.

Question c.
The sun brought about a positive change in the attitude of the children. Illustrate the statement.
Answer:
Indeed – sun – brought – positive changes – attitude – conflict – Margot – other children – nine years old – came – Venus – remembering – earthly life – sun – appear – once – seven years – Venus – children – play – except Margot – William – locked – Margot – vain – stopped – sun – came out – flaming bronze – realize – bullying – sun – brought – positive change – in attitude.

Indeed, the sun brought about a positive change in the attitude of the children. In the beginning of the story, there was a lot of conflict between Margot and the other children. Because Margot was a nine years old girl who came to the planet of constant rain from the Earth five years ago. So, the girl was naturally remembering her earthly life, especially about the sun which was not visible on the planet Venus.

The sun would appear only once every seven years on the planet Venus. On that day, all the children were playing in the school except Margot, who was neglected by the other children because of her remembrance of the sun. One of the children, named William treated Margot very badly and locked her in a closet tunnel.

When the rain stopped, the sun came out and it was the colour of flaming bronze and the jungle burned with the sunlight as the children released from their spell, rushed out and yelling into the springtime. After seeing the sun only, the children realized how Margot’s testimony was true and changed their attitude of bullying Margot. Thus the sun brought about a positive change in the attitude of the children.

Question d.
Did the children regret having locked Margot in a closet? Answer citing relevantly from the story.
Answer:
William – locks – Margot – closet – he – doesn’t – want – her – to see – sun – problem – other children – jealous – Margot – seen – sun – appearance – brings out – worst – excited – she – remembers sun – children cannot – India – she – does not – play – no friends – make – joke – cruel – closet – seem pale – solemn.

William locks Margot in the closet because the sun is coming out and he doesn’t want her to see it. The problem between Margot and the other children is that she is from the earth and they have lived on Venus for all their lives. They are jealous of Margot because she has seen the sun and they do not remember the last time it came out. Margot also does not relate well to any of the children from Venus.

The appearance of the sun brings out the worst in the children. But they are very excited as it comes out once in every seven years. Margot has been on Venus for only five years. She remembers the sun, but the children can not understand the idea. They have turned to bully to deal with the situation. She does not play their games and has not made friends.

The children do not really think about what they are doing when they put Margot in the closet. They make it a “joke” even though it is cruel. When the sun comes out, the children simply forget about her locking in the closet out of their excitement. But at the end of the story, the children seem to be pale and solemn towards Margot’s locking in a closet.

Paragraph:

Question 3a.
What is the conflict between Margot and the other children in the story, ”All Summer in a day”?

Introduction:
Ray Bradbury’s short story “All summer in a day” is a work of science fiction set in an elementary school on the planet Venus. Unfortunately, rain is constant on Venus. However, for one day, once in every seven years, the rain stopped and the sun is briefly visible.

Children on the Venus:
When the story opens, the sun should be visible according to the confident predictions of scientists. Most of the children who are nine years old have never seen the sun in school. They are too young to remember when it appeared seven years before.

Margot in Venus:
They have grown up in a gloomy, sunless world. However, one of them a girl named Margot has arrived from earth recently and she recalled how the sun appeared when she was there on earth. She remembered its beauty and its warmth, and she missed it now on Venus. She tries to describe its appearance to others and she even writes poems about it.

Jealous of other children:
The other children didn’t believe her story and they seem jealous and angry. When she claims that she has actually seen the sun. They consider her aloof because she focussed on memories of the summer and the sun. She has even come to detest the running water of the school showers.

So, the other children see Margot as different from themselves and they especially hate her and didn’t allow her with their playing and one day they looked her in a closed tunnel. One boy name William in particular seems to be very hostile towards Margot. He treats her with contempt and even threatens her physically and thereby provoking the teacher’s strong disapproval.

The arrival of the sun:
One day, on Venus, the sun is supposed to be visible. Due to her lock up in the tunnel, she is not able to see the sun.

Conclusion:
When the sun vanished and the rain starts, they thought of Margot. They felt that they have done something wrong to Margot. They release her at last. many things about the sun. So the children are jealous of her. They push Margot into a closet and lock her inside when the sun comes out, they happily play with the sunlight. When the sun vanishes, they thought of Margot. They release her and feel sorry for their action.

4. Based on your understanding of the story, complete the story map: (Text Book Page No. 176)

Middle:
In the middle of the story the boy, William, and other children started to bullying Margot

Beginning:
At the beginning of the story, everyone is expecting the sun to arrive as they are living on Venus, a planet of Constant.

End:
At the end of the story, all the children looked at each other and their faces were pale and solemn. They seem to be very pathetic towards Margot.

Title :
All Summer in a Day

Author:
Ray Bradbury

Setting:
The story is set on the planet, Venus. Where readers are told that the sun would appear for only two hours every seven years.

Character:
Margot Children William Teacher

Find out and encircle the following words in the word grid: (The words have been placed horizontally, vertically, diagonally, and even back to front) (Text Book Page No. 176)

Answer:

Now read the sentences below. Complete them appropriately with the words you identified from the grid: (Text Book Page No. 177)

Question 1.
The scientists___________ that the Sun would come out on Venus that day after seven years.
Answer:
predicted

Question 2.
The children are getting ready for the _________event.
Answer:
anticipated

Question 3.
The children ________Margot as she _____the Sun.
Answer:
discriminated

Question 4.
William and other children have bullied her and _______her in a closet.
Answer:
children

Question 5.
When the Sun comes out, the children _________the sun.
Answer:
feel

Question 6.
The Sun _______behind a stir of mist. Again it started raining on Venus.
Answer:
faded

Question 7.
The children are ________ of Margot and ________the door and let her out.
Answer:
reminded, unlock

ஆசிரியரைப் பற்றி:

ரே டக்ளஸ் ப்ரேட்பரி (Ray Douglas Bradbury) (ஆகஸ்ட் 22, 1920 – ஜீன் 5, 2012) ஒரு அமெரிக்க ஆசிரியரும் (American author), திரைக்கதை எழுத்தாளரும் (screen writer) ஆவார். இவர் புதிர் (fantasy), அறிவியல் கதைகள் (science fiction), திகில் கதைகள் (horror), புதினம் (fiction) ஆகியவற்றை உள்ளடக்கிய பல பிரிவுகளில் பணியாற்றி இருக்கிறார். அறிவியல் புதினங்கள் வளர்ச்சியில் இவரின் பங்கு இன்றியமையாதது.

இவர் மனித மாண்புகளுக்கு முக்கியத்துவம் கொடுத்து தன் படைப்புகளை உருவாக்கி இருக்கிறார். இவரின் படைப்புகளில் Similes, Metaphor, Personification ஆகியவை பயன்படுத்தப்பட்டு இருக்கும். ஏப்ரல் 16, 2007 ல் இவரின் படைப்புகளுக்கு Pulitzer விருது வழங்கப்பட்டது. Moby Dick மற்றும் It came from Outer Space போன்றவை இவரின் படைப்புகள் ஆகும். இவரின் படைப்புகள் படங்களாகவும், நகைச்சுவை நூல்களிலும், தொலைகாட்சிகளிலும் இடம் பெற்றுள்ளது.

கதைச் சுருக்கம்:

இந்த அறிவியல் கற்பனைக்கதை வெள்ளி கிரகத்தின் (Venus) வாழ்க்கையைப் பற்றியது. சூரியனை பார்க்க குழந்தைகள் மிக ஆர்வத்துடன் உள்ளனர். ஏழு ஆண்டுகளாக இடைவிடாமல் மழை பெய்து கொண்டே வருகிறது. குழந்தைகள் சூரியனைப் பற்றி படித்துக் கொண்டு இருக்கிறார்கள். அவர்களுக்கு 9 வயது. அவர்கள் இரண்டு வயதாய் இருக்கும்போது சூரியனை பார்த்திருக்கிறார்கள்.

அதாவது சூரியன் 7 ஆண்டுகளுக்கு ஒரு முறைதான் உதிக்கிறது. நீண்ட நாட்களாக காத்திருந்த சூரியன் இப்போது வெளிப்படுகிறது. குழந்தைகள் ஒரு நாள் காலத்தை ரசித்து மகிழ்கிறார்கள். மீண்டும் மழைத் தொடங்குகிறது. அவர்கள் தரைக்கு கீழே உள்ள கூடாரத்திற்கு செல்கிறார்கள். இக்கதையை வாசித்து முழுமையாய் தெரிந்து கொள்வோம்.

சூரியன் இல்லாத ஒரு நாளை நீங்கள் கற்பனை செய்து பார்க்க முடியுமா? இங்கே ஓர் அறிவியல் கற்பனைக்கதை உள்ளது. இது காலத்தில் நடக்காத ஒரு கதையாக மற்ற கிரகமான வெள்ளி (Venus) கிரகத்தில் வாழ்க்கை நடத்தும் மையக்கருத்தை வைத்து எழுதப்பட்டுள்ளது.

All Summer in a Day Summary in Tamil

“தயாரா?”
“தயாரா!”
இப்பொழுது?
“சீக்கிரமாக”.

“விஞ்ஞானிகளுக்கு (scientists) நிஜமாகவே!! தெரியுமா? இன்று, அது நடக்கும் என்று, நடக்குமா, நடக்காதா?” குழந்தைகள் பல ரோஜாக்களை போல, பல கிளைகள் (weeds) ஒன்றோடு ஒன்று சேர்ந்திருப்பது (intermixed) போல. மறைந்து இருந்த சூரியனை காண ஒன்றாக சேர்ந்து கூர்ந்து பார்த்து கொண்டிருந்தனர்.

மழை பெய்தது.

இல்லை. அவர்கள் தள்ளி போய்விட்டார்கள் என உணர்ந்தாள். ஏனெனில் அவள் அவர்களோடு எந்த விளையாட்டும் ஒளி எழுப்பக்கூடிய நகரத்தில் (echoing turrets) விளையாடுவதில்லை, அவர்கள் அவளை தொட்டுவிட்டு ஓடினால், அவர்களை பின் தொடராமல் முழித்துக்கொண்டு நிற்பாள். வகுப்பில் மகிழ்ச்சியான மற்றும் வாழ்க்கையை உணர்த்தும் விளையாட்டுகளைப் பற்றி பாட்டு பாடும் போது அவளுடைய உதடுகள் கொஞ்சம் கூட நகரவில்லை.

அவர்கள் சூரியன் மற்றும் கோடையை பற்றி பாடும் போது மட்டும் அவளுடைய உதடுகள் நகர்ந்தவாறு அந்த ஈரமான ஜன்னலை பார்த்து கொண்டிருப்பாள். அதற்கு பின், எல்லாவற்றையும் விட மிகப்பெரிய விசயம். ஐந்து வருடத்திற்கு முன்னால்தான் பூமியில் இருந்து வீனஸ் கோளுக்கு அவள் வந்திருந்தாள், அவள் ஓகியோவில் இருக்கும் போது அவளுக்கு நான்கு வயது, அங்கே இருந்த சூரியன், சூரியன் இருந்த விதம் மற்றும் வானம் இவைகளை நினைத்துப்பார்த்தாள்.

மேலும் அவர்கள், வாழ்க்கை முழுவதும் அவர்கள் வீனஸில் தான் இருந்திருக்கிறார்கள். அந்த கடைசி சூரியன் வந்த போது அவர்களுக்கு இரண்டு வயது தான் இருந்திருக்கும் மற்றும் அதனுடைய நிறத்தையும் மற்றும் சூட்டையும் அதனுடைய வடிவத்தையும் மறந்திருப்பார்கள் தான்.

ஆனால் மார்காட்க்கு நினைவில் இருந்தது. தன் “அது பென்னி வடிவத்தில் இருந்தது,” கண்ணை மூடிக்கொண்டு ஒருநாள் அவள் சொன்னாள்.

“இல்லை, அது இல்லை!” என்று குழந்தைகள் கத்தினார்கள். “அது அடுப்பில் இருந்து வரும் நெருப்பு மாதிரி இருந்தது” என்று அவள் சொன்னாள்.

“நீ பொய் சொல்கிறாய், உனக்கு ஞாபகமில்லை!” என்று குழந்தைகள் உரக்க சொன்னார்கள்.

ஆனால், அவளுக்கு ஞாபகம் இருந்தது மற்றும் அவர்களை விட்டு தனியாக நின்று கொண்டு சடசடவென அடித்து கொண்டிருக்கும் ஜன்னலைப் பார்த்தாள். ஒருமுறை, ஒரு மாதத்திற்கு முன், அவளுடைய கைகளால் அவளுடைய காது மற்றும் தலையை மூடிக்கொண்டு, பள்ளி கூடத்தில் மழையில் நனைய மறுத்துவிட்டாள். மேலும் தண்ணீர் தன் தலையில் பட வேண்டாம் என்று கத்தினாள். அதற்கு பிறகு, மங்கலாக அதை உணர்ந்து கொண்டாள், அவள் வித்தியாசமாக மற்றவர்களுக்குத் தெரிந்தாள்.

ஆகவே அவர்கள் அவளை விலகி இருந்தனர். அடுத்த வருடம், அவளுடைய அப்பாவும், அம்மாவும் அவளை பூமிக்கு கூட்டிச் சென்றுவிடுவார்கள் என பேசிக் கொண்டனர். இதை செய்வதற்கு அவளுடைய குடும்பத்திற்கு ஆயிரம் டாலர் இழப்பு ஏற்படும். அவளுக்கு இது முக்கியமாக தெரிந்தது. இதனால் தான் அந்த குழந்தைகள் பெரிய மற்றும் சின்ன வடிவமாக இருந்தாலும் அவளை வெறுத்தனர். அவளுடைய பனிப்போன்ற வெளிரிய முகம், அவளது மௌனம், அவளுடைய மெல்லிய தோற்றம் மற்றும் அவளுடைய சாத்தியமான எதிர்காலம் இவைகளை வெறுத்தனர்.

“தள்ளிப்போ!” அந்த பையன் மீண்டுமாக அவளை தள்ளினான். “எதற்காக நீ காத்து கொண்டிருக்கிறாய்? ”

பின்னர், முதல் முறையாக, அவள் திரும்பி அவனைப் பார்த்தாள் மற்றும் அவள் எதற்காக காத்து கொண்டிருந்தாள் என்பது அவளது கண்ணில் தெரிந்தது.

“நன்று, இங்கே நீ காத்திருக்க கூடாது!” என்று அந்த பையன் காட்டுமிராண்டித்தனமாக (savagely) கத்தினான்.
“உன்னால் எதுவும் பார்க்க முடியாது!” அவளுடைய உதடுகள் நகர்ந்தது.

“ஒன்றுமில்லை ,” அவன் கத்தினான். “இது எல்லாம் ஒரு நகைச்சுவை தான், ஆமா தானே?” என்று மற்ற குழந்தைகள் பக்கம் திரும்பினான்.

இன்று எதுவும் நடக்கவில்லை, இல்லையா? எல்லோரும் அவனைப் பார்த்து முழித்தனர். பின்னர் புரிந்து கொண்டு சிரித்தபடியே தலையை அசைத்தனர்.

“ஒன்றுமில்லை, ஒன்றுமில்லை!”

“ஓ! ஆனால்,’” மார்காட் முணுமுணுத்தாள் (whispered), அவளது கண்கள் உதவியற்றது போல் இருந்தது. ஆனால் விஞ்ஞானிகள் கணித்து (Predict) எதிர் நோக்கி இருக்கிறார்கள் என்று, அவர்கள் சொன்னார்கள், அவர்களுக்கு தெரியும், அந்த சூரியன்…..

“எல்லாம் ஒரு நகைச்சுவைத்தான்!” என்று சொல்லிக்கொண்டு அந்த பையன், அவளை பிடித்தான். “நாம் எல்லோரும் ஆசிரியர் வருவதற்கு முன் இவளை கழிப்பிடத்தில் (closet) அடைத்துவிடலாம்!” என்றான்.

பின்னால் விழுவதுபோல், “வேண்டாம்”, என்றாள் மார்கோட். அவர்கள் அவளை இழுத்தார்கள் (surged), அவளை தாங்கி பிடித்து கொண்டார்கள், முதலில் எச்சரித்தாள், பின் கெஞ்சினாள், மறுபடியும் அழுதாள். சுரங்கத்திற்குள் வந்தவுடன், அங்கிருந்த ஒரு அறையின் கழிப்பிடத்தில், அங்கே அவளை சடாரென தள்ளி கதவு மூடிவிட்டனர்.

அந்த கதவை அவள் தட்டும் போது ஆடுவதையும் மற்றும் அதன் மீது அவள் மோதுவதையும் அவர்கள் நின்று பார்த்துக் கொண்டிருந்தனர். அவள் மெல்ல அழுவதை அவர்கள் கேட்டனர். பின்பு, சிரித்து கொண்டு, அவர்கள் திரும்பி சென்று மறுபடியும் அரங்கத்திற்கு வந்தனர், ஆசிரியரும் வந்து சேர்ந்தார்.

“குழந்தைகளே! தயாரா?”, ஆசிரியர் தன் கடிகாரத்தைப் பார்த்தார்.

“ஆமாம்!” என்றனர் அனைவரும்.
“நாம் அனைவரும் இங்கே இருக்கிறோமா?”
“ஆம்”
மழை இன்னும் மெதுவாக பெய்து கொண்டிருந்தது.
அந்த பெரிய கதவருகே அவர்கள் கூடினார்கள். மழை நின்றது.

ஒரு படத்தின் நடுவே முதலில் அதிக சத்தத்தோடு வரும் பனிச்சரிவு, சூறாவளி, புயல், எரிமலை வெடித்து சிதறுதல் ஆகியவை, பின்னர் ஒலி இயந்திரத்தில் ஏற்பட்ட கோளாறால் அதுனுடைய ஓசையில் ஏதோ சில தவறுகள் நடந்துவிட்டது போலும் பின் இரண்டாவதாக அனைத்து ஓசைகளையும், வெடிப்புகளையும், எதிரொலிப்புகளையும் (repercussions) மற்றும் இடிகளையும் அந்த ப்ரொஜக்டரில் இருந்து வெளியே எடுத்து, அதற்குரிய இடத்தில் வைத்து பார்த்தால் அது அழகான, அசையாத நடுங்காத ஒரு வெப்ப மண்டலக்காட்டைப் போல் இருந்தது.

அந்த பூமி தரையானது அப்படியே நின்றது. அங்கே அமைதியான மிகப்பரந்து காணப்பட்டது. அது நம்முடைய காதில் துணியை வைத்து அடைத்தது போலும் அல்லது கேட்டல் திறனை இழந்தது போலும் நம்ப முடியாதவாறு இருந்தது. அந்த குழந்தைகள் காதில் தன் கையை வைத்து அடைத்து கொண்டனர். அவர்கள் சற்று விலகி நின்றார்கள். கதவு திறக்கப்பட்டதும் மற்றும் அந்த அமைதியின் மனம், காத்து கொண்டிருந்த உலகத்திற்கு வந்தது.

சூரியன் வெளியே வந்தது. அதனுடைய் நிறம் வெண்கலம் எரிவது போன்றும் மற்றும் அது மிக பெரியதாக இருந்தது. மேலும் சுற்றி இருந்த வானமானது ஊதா நிற ஓட்டினால் ஒளிவீசிக் கொண்டிருந்தது. மேலும் குழுந்தைகள் போல காடுகள் எங்கும் பரவி இருந்தது, அவர்கள் அந்த தருணத்தில் வெளியே வந்து கத்திக்கொண்டு அந்த வசந்த காலத்தை நோக்கி ஓடினர்.

“இப்பொழுது, அதிக தொலைவிற்கு செல்ல வேண்டாம்,” என்று ஆசிரியர் அவர்களை கூப்பிட்டார். உங்களுக்கு தெரியும், உங்களுக்கு இன்னும் இரண்டு மணி நேரம் தான் இருக்கிறது. உங்களை நான் தேடிப்பிடிக்க வேண்டாம் என நினைக்கிறேன்.
ஆனால் அவர்கள் சூடான இரும்பினால் கன்னத்தை சுட்டது போல, சூரியனின் வெப்பத்தை உணர்ந்து கொண்டு, தங்களுடைய முகத்தை வானத்தைப் பார்த்து திரும்பிக் கொண்டு ஓடிக் கொண்டிருந்தனர், தங்களுடைய உடம்பில் சூரிய ஒளி படுவதற்கு தங்களுடைய சட்டையை கழட்டினர்.

“ஓ! இது சூரிய விளக்கைவிட (sun lamps) அருமையாக இருக்கிறது, அப்படித்தானே?”
“இன்னும், இன்னும் அருமையாக!” அவர்கள் ஓடுவதை நிறுத்திவிட்டு வீனசை (venus) சுற்றிருந்த காட்டில் நின்று கொண்டிருந்தனர், அது வளருவதை ஒருபோதும் நிறுத்துவதில்லை, நீங்கள் எப்போதும் பார்த்த மாதிரியே இருந்தது.

அது ஆக்டோபஸின்வலை மாதிரியும், நமது கைகளை போல் வளர்ந்து நிற்கும் களைகளை போலவும், நிலையற்ற, சிறிய வசந்த காலத்தில் பூத்திருந்தது. இந்த காடானது, பல வருடங்களர்க சூரிய ஒளி படாததால் அதனுடைய நிறம் சாம்பல் போலவும், வெண்ணை நிறத்திலும் மற்றும் கற்கள் போலவும் மற்றும் நிலாவின் நிறத்திலும் காட்சி அளித்தது.

அந்த குழந்தைகள் மெத்தைப் போல் இருக்கும் காட்டு தரையில் (jungle mattress) சிரித்துக்கொண்டு, படுத்துக் கிடந்தும் அவர்களுக்கு கீழே கேட்கும் பெருமூச்சையும் உயிரோடு கீச்சிட்டு கொண்டிருக்கும் சத்தத்தையும் கேட்டுக் கொண்டிருந்தனர்.

அவர்கள் மரங்களுக்கு நடுவே ஓடினர், அவர்கள் வழுக்கி கீழே விழுந்தனர், அவர்கள் ஒருவருக்கொருவர் தள்ளிவிட்டனர், அவர்கள் கண்ணாமூச்சி (hide and seek) விளையாடினர் ஆனால் கண்ணீ ர் முகத்தில் வழிந்தோடும் வரை அனைவரும் சூரியனை ஓரக்கண்ணால் பார்த்து கொண்டே சென்றனர், அவர்கள் தங்களுடைய கைகளை மஞ்சளாகவும் மற்றும் ஊதா நிறத்திலும் காட்சி அளிக்கும் வானத்தை பார்த்து உயர்த்தினர் மற்றும் சுத்தமான காற்றை சுவாசித்தனர். நிரம்பி இருக்கக்கூடிய கடலில் எந்த சத்தமும், அசைவும் நிறுத்தினால் வரும்

ஓசைக் கேட்டனர். அவர்கள் அங்கிருந்த வாசனை மற்றும் அனைத்தையும் பார்த்தனர். பின்பு, கொடூரமாக குகையில் இருந்து தப்பியோடிய விலங்குகள் போல, அவர்கள் வட்டமாக சத்தமிட்டு கொண்டே ஓடினர். அவர்கள் ஓட்டத்தை நிறுத்தாமல் ஒரு மணி நேரம் ஓடினர்.

அதற்கு பின் அவர்கள் ஓடிக் கொண்டிருந்த வேளையில் அதில் ஒரு குழந்தை கூச்சலிட்டாள் (wailed).
அனைவரும் ஓடுவதை நிறுத்தினர்.
வெட்ட வெளியில் ஓடிக் கொண்டிருந்த அந்த குழந்தை, தன்னுடைய கையை நீட்டினாள்.
“ஓ! இங்கே பாருங்கள், பாருங்கள்,” நடுங்கி கொண்டே அவள் சொன்னாள்.
அவளுடைய திறந்திருந்த உள்ளங்கையை பார்க்க அவர்கள் மெதுவாக வந்தனர்.

அதனுடைய மத்தியில், கிண்ணம் போன்ற பெரிய மழைத்துளி ஒன்று இருந்தது, அதை பார்த்தவுடன் அவள் அழ தொடங்கினாள். அவர்கள் சூரியனை அமைதியாய் பார்த்தனர்.
“ஓஓ”

ஒரு சில குளிர்ந்த நீர்த்துளிகள் அவர்களுடைய மூக்கின் மீதும், கன்னங்கள் மீதும், உதடுகளிலும் விழுந்தன. சூரியன் அந்த மூடுபனிகளுக்கு (stir of mist) பின்னால் மறைந்தது (faded). ஒரு குளிர்ந்த காற்று அவர்களை சுற்றி வீசியது. அவர்கள் அந்த அரங்க வீட்டை நோக்கி நடக்க தொடங்கினர், கைகளை இருபுறமும் வைத்துக் கொண்டு , அவர்களின் புன்னகையை மறந்து, வீட்டை நோக்கி திரும்பி நடக்க ஆரம்பித்தனர். அந்த இடிமுழக்கம் (thunder) அவர்களை திடுக்கிடச் செய்ததால், ஒரு புதிய சூறாவளிக்கு முன் பாய்ந்து ஓடும் இலைகளைப் போல், அவர்கள் ஒருவருக்கொருவர் விழுந்து ஓடினார்கள்.

பத்து மைல், ஐந்து மைல், ஒரு மைல், அரை மைலுக்கு தள்ளி மின்னல் (lightening) வேகமாக அடித்தது. ஒரு நொடியில் வானம் நள்ளிரவு மாதிரி இருட்டாக மாறியது.

அவர்கள் அந்த சுரங்க வீட்டின் வாசல் முன் மழை இன்னும் வேகமாக வரும் வரை காத்திருந்தனர். பின் அவர்கள் கதவை மூடிக்கொண்டு, தொடர்ந்து எல்லா இடங்களிலும் அதிகமாக பனிகட்டிகள் விழும் சத்தத்தை கேட்டனர்.

“இன்னும் ஏழு வருடங்கள் ஆகுமா?”
“ஆமாம் ஏழு வருடம்.”
பின்பு அவர்களில் ஒருவன் மெல்ல கத்தினான் (cry).
“மார்கோட்”
“என்ன ?”
“அவள் இன்னும் நாம் அடைத்து வைத்த கழிப்பறையில் தான் இருக்கிறாள்.”
“மார்கோட்”

அவர்கள் ஒருவருக்கொருவர் பார்த்து கொண்டனர், பின்னர் புறப்பட்டு சென்றனர்.அவர்கள் இப்பொழுது மழை பெய்து கொண்டிருக்கும் உலகத்தை பார்த்தனர். அவர்கள் ஒருவருக்கொருவரும் பார்ப்பதை (dances) காணமுடியவில்லை. அவர்களுடைய முகம் வெளிர் (solemn) நிறத்திலும் இருந்தது. அவர்கள் தங்களுடைய கைகள் மற்றும் கால்களை பார்த்தனர். அவர்களின் முகம் தாழ்ந்து இருந்தது.

“மார்கோட்”
ஒரு பெண் சொன்னாள் “நன்று” யாரும் நகரவில்லை .
“செல்லுங்கள்,” என ஒரு பெண் முணுமுணுத்தாள். அவர்கள் அந்த குளிர்ந்த மழையின் சத்தத்தில் மெதுவாக அந்த அறையில் நடந்து சென்றனர். புயல் மற்றும் இடி, மின்னும் அறையின் வாசல் வழியாக அந்த அறைக்கு சென்றனர், மின்னல் பயங்கரமாகவும் மற்றும் ஊதா நிறத்தில் மின்னியது. அவர்கள் அந்த கழிப்பறையின் கதவு அருகே மெல்ல நடந்து சென்று நின்று கொண்டனர்.
அந்த கழிப்பறையின் கதவிற்கு பின்னால் அமைதியாக இருந்தது.
அவர்கள், மிகவும் மெதுவாக அந்த கதவை மார்காட்டை வெளியே விட்டனர்.

Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus Samacheer Kalvi 12th English Guide Pdf Supplementary Chapter 4 The Midnight Visitor Text Book Back Questions and Answers, Summary, Notes.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 12th English Solutions Supplementary Chapter 4 The Midnight Visitor

12th English Guide The Midnight Visitor Text Book Back Questions and Answers

Textual Questions:

1. Answer in a sentence or two of the following questions: (Text Book Page No. 138)

Question a.
Mention two features of Ausable that were uncharacteristic of a detective.
Answer:
Ausable’s fat body and American accent were the two uncharacteristic features of a detective.

Question b.
What was Ausable waiting for?
Answer:
Ausable was waiting for the waiter to bring the drink he ordered and also waiting for the writer, Fowler.

Question c.
Who was the midnight visitor? What was the purpose of his visit?
Answer:
Max, a gunman was the midnight visitor. His purpose was to snatch the report on new missiles which was about to be delivered to Ausable.

Question d.
How had Max actually entered the room?
Answer:
Max had actually entered the room through the main door, using the passkey or the master key.

Question e.
Did Max’s presence alarm Ausable?
Answer:
No, he was a little startled. But he was not alarmed. He just expressed his surprise seeing Max who should have been in Berlin.

Question f.
How did Ausable describe the balcony and the manner in which one could get into his room, through it?
Answer:
Ausable described the balcony in such a way that it belonged to the next apartment and used to be part of a large unit like a living room. He said that one can easily get onto it from the empty morn and somebody did last month.

Question g.
Where did Max try to hide?
Answer:
Max tried to hide in the balcony described by Mr. Ausable.

Question h.
Who was Henry? Why had he visited Ausable’s room?
Answer:
Henry was actually a waiter. He had visited Ausable’s room in order to bring the drink he ordered, with a tray, a bottle and two glasses.

Question i.
What happened to Max finally?
Answer:
Max foolishly, believing in the presence of a balcony, jumped from the 6th floor to his sure death.

2. Answer the following questions in about three to four sentences each: (Text Book Page No. 138)

Question a.
Who was Fowler? Why did he meet Ausable?
Answer:
Fowler was a journalist. He was assigned to write a column about a private detective. He was disappointed on seeing a very fat man with an American accent living in a small room on the 6th ’ floor. The hotel was not even well-lit.

Question b.
Why was Fowler initially disillusioned with Ausable?
Answer:
Fowler was disillusioned with Ausable who was unlike other secret agents, he was very fat and sloppy with heavy American accent. He was not at all flashy or romantic like other agents. So, Fowler was initially disillusioned with Ausable.

Question c.
Fowler was thrilled when he entered Ausable’s room. Why?
Answer:
As soon as Ausable closed the door behind and switched on the light, Fowler had his first authentic thrill of the day. Halfway across the room, a man with a small automatic pistol in hand stood.

Question d.
How according to Ausable, had Max entered the room?
Answer:
According to Ausable, Max had entered the room in such a way, through the balcony which belonged to the next apartment and used to be part of a large unit like a living room. He said that one can easily get onto t from the empty room. This is the way Max had entered the room of Ausable.

Question e.
How did the three men react to the knocking at the door?
Answer:
Fowler jumped at the sudden knocking at the door. Ausable smiled and said it must be the police who he had asked to check on him to ensure a little extra protection. Max bit his lip nervously. He rushed to the window so that he could hide in the balcony and come back after some time.

Question f.
Was Ausable really waiting for the police? Give reasons?
Answer:
No, Ausable was not really waiting for the police. When Ausable found Max ¡n his room with a pistol in his hand, demanding a report, he heard someone knocking at his door. So, he fabricated a story of police, and for them, he was waiting in order to give protection for his sensitive document.

3. Answer in a paragraph of about 150 words the following questions: (Text Book Page No. 138)

Question a.
How did Ausable outwit Max?
Answer:
Ausable – clever – secret agent – entered – his room found – max – aimed – pistol – lose – courage – quick – witted man – balcony – block – window – did not black – management – knocking – door – called – police – extra protection – important paper – gospel – truth – outwitted – presence of mind.

Ausable was a shrewd private detective. He did not become panicky on seeing Max with an automatic gun in his room. Even if he were, he did not show it off. Instead, he expressed surprise that he expected him to be in Berlin. He cooked up a nice story that it was the second time someone had broken into his room through the balcony of the neighbouring apartment which reaches down under his window. He expressed his displeasure that he would raise hell with the hotel management for not blocking that balcony. This gave a strong suggestion to Max, that he could have used the balcony instead of the pass key to enter Ausable’s room.

Being a criminal or spy, a person always looks for various routes of escape in times of danger. Very rarely he starts direct encounter risking his life. When Henry, the waiter who arrived with the pre-ordered drinks, knocked, Mr. Ausable simply smiled. When Max asked who it was, he told a blatant lie that it was the police who had come for his extra protection and wouldn’t hesitate to fire as the door wasn’t locked but just closed. Max, assuming that there is a balcony extending below Ausable’s window, jumped. He never knew that it was a suicidal jump from the 6th floor. Thus, Ausable outwitted the spy, Max.

Question b.
Describe the significance of the balcony.
Answer:
Balcony – used – to escape – max – ordinary – window against – night – unable – to believe – creatèd – morder – befool – secret gaent – Jowler – romantic writer – balcony – extends – window – empty iom – false – max – believed – description – consideration.

The balcony plays a vital role in the story ‘The Midnight Visitor’ by Robert Arthur. Because the description of balcony is used as a means to escape from Max. The balcony was actually an ordinary window, against which the night was pressing blackly. When Max was told about the balcony, he was unable to believe rather he would say that he entered only through the main door, using the passkey or the mast& key.

Though it was created by Ausable in order to befool Max, it has a unique role and saved the life of two young people named Ausable, a secret agent and Fowler a romantic writer from the hand of another secret agent Max. Moreover, Ausable said with extreme irritation that the balcony belonged to the next apartment and it is used to be part of a large unit which seems to be the living room.

He also said that the balcony which extends under his window and anybody can get onto it from the empty room. According to Ausable, what he described the balcony was a false story, but Max believed and tried to hide himself in the balcony when he heard someone, knocking at the door of Ausable. Thus the description of the balcony in the story is taken into much consideration.

Question c.
Ausable planned to get rid of Max the very moment he noticed him. Explain with supporting evidence from the story.
Answer:
Ausable – clever – secret agent – entered – his room – found – Max – aimed – pistol – lose – courage – quick – witted man – balcony block – window – did not block management – knocking – door – called – police – extra protection – sensitive document – gospel – truth – Asuable – planned – to get rid – Max-noticed.

Ausable spun a story on seeing Max. Max was armed, and he was unarmed. Any wrong move would cost his life. So, he decided to be cool throughout. He feigned anger against the hotel management. His vivid word picture of a balcony extending just below his window from the next apartment makes both Fowler and Max believe that Ausable is angry and irritated. This makes Max happy for learning another possible way of escape in case any threat comes through the door. He tries to add little pieces of evidence like “the management promised to block it” to make Max believe that someone had already used the same balcony to break into

Ausable’s room earlier. Ausable knew that Henry would arrive soon with the drinks he had ordered. So, he timed his narrative in such a way that the arrival of Henry takes place soon after his vivid word portrait of the balcony to Max and Fowler. His ingenious idea of relating the knock of the waiter to a non-existent police officer is a stroke of genius. Because the fear of encountering police and a possible gunfight only goads Max to jump to his death from the 6th floor of the hotel. He thought he was jumping down onto the balcony but he was outwitted. These facts indicate that Ausable had planned to get rid of Max soon after he saw him in his room.

Question d.
Sketch the character of Ausable.
Answer:
Ausable – smart – secret agent – fat – sloppy – American accent – speak – French – german – had – important paper – Max. pinch – paper – he quick-witted presence of mind – cocked up – police story – max – jumped – sense of humour – taked to – Jowler.

Ausable was a smart, intelligent man who was a secret agent. He spoke in an American accent which he had brought from Boston twenty years ago. He could speak French and German but possibly he was a spy who dealt in espionage and danger. He had a very important paper for which risked their lives and even Max had come to his room to pinch that paper.

He was quick-witted and had a great presence of mind. He cooked up a police story and of the balcony to befool Max. The story was so convincing that Max jumped down the window, not for a moment did he think that it might be a fabricated story. In other words, he proved to be quite dangerous for Max though he had a great sense of humour when he talked to Fowler.

Question e.
Do you think physical appearance matters most for a secret agent? Answer giving reasons in the context of the story “The Midnight Visitor”.
Answer:
The midnight visitor – concerned – physical appearance – not matter – secret agent – Ausable – fat sloppy – Fowler – met – first sight – never thought – Asuable – spy – After hearing – interested – to collect – new missiles – frightened – Asuable – made – mind – to be fool – max – fowler – wondered – presence of mind.

As far as the story “The Midnight Visitor” is concerned, physical appearance is not at all a matter for a secret agent. Here, in this story, it is so evident that Ausable is a secret agent but his appearance doesn’t matter to him. Because he is very fat and sloppy. When Fowler met Ausable at the first sight, he never thought that Ausable is a secret agent or a spy who dealt is espionage and danger.

After hearing Ausable is an intelligent spy or a secret agent, Fowler was very much interested to collect information regarding some new missiles. Moreover, the narrator is not at all giving importance to appearance.

It is very clear when both of them were in the custody of Max, Fowler was frightened whereas Ausable made use of his mind to befool Max, just to escape from him. Fowler wondered at Ausable’s presence of mind. Therefore it shows that physical appearance does not matter most for a secret agent.

Question f.
The unexpected presence of a criminal wielding a gun triggers different reactions in the two men who entered the room. In this light, discuss the appropriacy of the title.
Answer:
Indeed – unexpected – presence – criminal – made – different reactions – two members – Asuable – fowler . entered – max – had pistol – demanding – sensitive – document – otherwise – kill – fowler – frightened – unexpected – midnight – visitor – Asuable – used – presence of mind – max – believed – gospel of truth – tried – to hide – returned – his steps – reached – window – sill and jumped – down-balcony.

A visitor usually comes during the wakeful hours. Nocturnal visitors are usually thieves. They don’t inform one in advance because the purpose of their visit is never noble enough to inform in advance. People involved in shady businesses only choose midnight to break into someone’s house. In this story, a spy is after an important report about missiles, a secretly guarded report, which is expected to be delivered to the private detective Ausable at 12.30 am. The spy gets secret information from his trusted connections.

So, he arrives earlier than Ausable and sneaks into his room using a passkey. The spy is brandishing his pistol to coerce the private detective to pass on the report as and when it arrives. Ausable outsmarts him by cooking up a story about a non-existent balcony beneath his window which extends from the neighbouring apartment. He connects brilliantly the knock of Henry the waiter to that of police who might fire at Max as he is armed. So, the title of the story, “The Midnight Visitor” is very pertinent.

4. Look at the following expressions used in the story. Match them with their meanings: (Text Book Page No. 138)

Answer:

5. Based on your understanding of the story, completed the Graphic organizer (Go) suitably: (Text Book Page No. 139)

Answer:
Title:
The Midnight Visitor

Author:
Robert Arthur

Setting:
The setting of the story is the French hotel where Ausable had a small room, on the sixth and top floor.

Plot:
Ausable was a secret agent. Fowler a young writer wanted to meet him in his room. When both of them entered there was another secret agent Max, who had a pistol in his hand, demanding a report paper.

Climax:
At the end of the story, Ausable fabricated a story of a balcony and of the police. Max believed it as the gospel of truth and jumped down the balcony which never existed.

Question a.
How did Ausable outwit Max?

Paragraph:

Introduction:
The story revolves around three characters, two rival spies named Ausable and Max, and one mystery writer. The story is a short but intriguing insight into the life of a spy that may be full of danger and suspense.

Ausable meets Fowler:
Ausable meets Fowler, a writer who is fascinated by spies and secrets. Ausable was expecting a sensitive document to arrive that night and so he asks fowler, to follow him that night. Suddenly, Ausable gets a phone call about someone who had entered his hotel room.

The spy enters:
The room was on the sixth floor. As they enter the room, they are startled to see a man with a pistol .-It is Max, the rival spy of Ausable. He asks them to enter and lock the room. He threatens Ausable and warns him to hand over the documents to him. Ausable sits down and complains about the balcony window that he thought. Max used to get into his room. Max claims that he used the master key to get inside.

Demand of the Spy:
Fowler listened to the conversation. Suddenly there was a loud knock at the door. Ausable suggests that it must be the police that he had arranged to keep the documents safe. Max got anxious and asked Ausable to turn them away. He threatens to shoot if he smells any trickery.

Conclusion:
As soon as Max leaps outside the window, he crashes to the road below. The room actually had no balcony at all. Fowler is relieved and impressed by Ausable’s presence of mind. He realizes that looks can truly be deceiving.

6. Given below are pictures of fictitious detective characters in English & Tamil short stories. Match them with the authors who created them: (Text Book Page No. 140)

Answer:

ஆசிரியரைப் பற்றி:

இராபெர்ட் ஜெய் ஆர்த்த ர் ஜீனியர் (Robert Jay Arthur Jr) (நவம்பர் 10, 1909 – மே 2, 1969) என்பவர் மிகச்சிறப்பான புதின ஆசிரியர் முக்கியமாக குற்ற புதினம், புதிர் புதினம் (crime fiction) ஆகியவற்றில் சிறப்பானவர். The Mysterious Traveler, Radio Series என்ற படைப்பால் அறியப்பட்டவர். The three Investigators என்னும் தொடர்கதை இளைஞர்களுக்காக எழுதப்பட்டதாகும். ஆர்த்தர் இருமுறை The Mystery Writers of America அமைப்பால் An Edgar’ s விருது இவரின் சிறந்த வானெ ரவி (Radio) நாடகத்திற்காக வழங்கப்பட்டது. தொலைக்காட்சிக்கும் பல பக்கங்கள் எழுதி இருக்கிறார்.

கதைச் சுருக்கம்:

The Midnight Visitor என்ற இந்த கதை ஒரு உளவாளியை தம்முடைய தந்திரமான செயல்முறையால் வென்ற இரகசிய முகவரைப் பற்றியது. ஆசாபில் பிரெஞ்சு விடுதியில் சிறிய அறையில் தங்கி இருந்தார். போவ்லர் என்ற இளம் எழுத்தாளர் தன் தனிப்பட்ட பிரச்சனையைத் தீர்ப்பதற்காக ஆசாபில்லை சந்திக்கிறார். அவர்கள் அறைக்குள் இருக்கும் உளவாளி மேக்ஸ் கை துப்பாக்கியுடன் இருப்பதை கண்டார்கள். அவன் ஆசாபிலிடம் ஏவுகணை ரகசியங்களை தரும்படி கேட்கிறான். கதவு தட்டப்படுகிறது. ஆசாபில் போலீஸ் வந்திருக்கிறார்கள் என்று கூறினான். உடனே மேக்ஸ் சன்னல் வழியே கீழே குதித்து தப்பிக்கிறான். ஆனால் கதவானது உணவு கொண்டு வருபவரால் தட்டப்பட்டது. இதன் மூலம் ஆசாபில் உளவாளி மேக்ஸை வெல்கிறான்.

The Midnight Visitor Summary in Tamil

சில நேரங்களில் தோற்றங்கள் ஏமாற்றகூடியவையாக இருக்கலாம். ஆசாபில் விசயத்திலும் இது மாதிரிதான். அவன் ஒரு துப்பறிவாளன். அவனுடைய தோற்றத்தை தவிர அவனுடைய அறிவு மற்றும் புத்திகூர்மையை வைத்து எந்த குற்றவாளியையும் வெளிகாட்டி விடுவான். இக்கதையை வாசிப்பதன் மூலம் இது எப்படி சாத்தியமானது என்பதை காண்போம்.

ஆசாபில் (Ausable) மாதிரி தோற்றம் கொண்ட ஒரு துப்பறிவாளனை (secret agent) போவ்லர் (Fowler) இதுவரை எந்த புத்தகத்திலும் வாசித்ததில்லை. போவ்லர் அந்த இருண்ட பிரெஞ்சு ஹோட்டலின் நடைபாதையில் ஆசாபில்யை பின் தொடர்ந்தான், அங்கு தான் அவனது அறை இருக்கிறது என்று போவ்லர் உணர்ந்தான். அது ஆறாவது மற்றும் மேல்தளத்தில் இருக்கும் ஒரு சிறிய அறை, வீரச்செயல் (romantic adventure) புரிவதற்கு ஏற்ற இடமாக இல்லை.

ஒரு விஷயம், ஆசாபில் குண்டான தோற்றம் கொண்டவர். சற்று குண்டானவர். அவரது உச்சரிப்பும் (accent) அப்படிதான். அவர் பிரெஞ்சு மற்றும் ஜெர்மன் மொழியை ஒழுங்காக பேசினாலும், அவர் இருபது ஆண்டுகளுக்கு முன் போஸ்டனில் (Boston) இருந்து பாரிஸ் எடுத்து வந்த அமெரிக்கன் உச்சரிப்பை மறந்தது கிடையாது.

“நீங்கள் ஏமாற்றம் (disappointed) அடைந்துள்ளீர்கள்” என்று அவனுடைய தோல்பட்டை வழியாக கூச்சலிட்டு (wheezily) ஆசாபில் கூறினான். “நான் ஒரு துப்பறிவாளன், உளவாளன், ரகசிய தகவல்களை சேகரிப்பவன் (spy) மற்றும் ஆபத்தான வேலையில் ஈடுபடுபவன்” என்று நீங்கள் கூறியுள்ளீர்கள். என்னை சந்திக்க வேண்டும் என்று விரும்புனீர்கள் ஏனென்றால் நீங்கள் ஒரு எழுத்தாளர், இளமையானவர் மற்றும் வீரமாமுனிவர்…….. இரவில் மர்மமான பிரமுகர்கள்,

துப்பாக்கியின் சத்தம் மருந்துகளை மதுவில் (wine) கலந்து அருந்துவார்கள் ஆகியவற்றை நீங்கள் கற்பனை செய்து பார்த்திருப்பீர்கள். “அதற்கு பதிலாக, நீங்கள் இந்த பிரெஞ்சு பியுசுக் அறையில் ஒரு குண்டான மனிதனோடு (sloppy fat man) இந்த சோம்பலான மாலை வேலையை கழிக்கிறீர்கள், அவருடைய அறையில் சந்திப்பு விஷயமாக ஒரு தொலைபேசி அழைப்பை மட்டும் பெறுகிறார்.

உங்களுக்கு சலிப்பு தட்டியிருக்கும்!” என்று சொல்லிக் கொண்டே அந்த குண்டான மனிதர் தன்னுடைய அறையில் கதவை திறந்து சற்று விலகி நின்றார். அப்போது தான் தன்னுடைய விருந்தாளி உள்ளே செல்ல முடியும் என்று “நீங்கள் மயக்க இருக்கிறீர்கள் என்று ஆசாபில் சொன்னார்” “ஆனால் சந்தோஷமாக இருங்கள், என் இளம் நண்பரே” இப்பொழுது நீங்கள் எனக்கு வந்த ஒரு காகிதத்தை, சற்று முக்கியமான காகிதத்தை காண்பீர்கள், அதில் ஏராளமான ஆண்களும், பெண்களும் தங்களுடைய வாழ்நாளை இழந்துள்ளனர்.

என்றாவது ஒரு நாள் அந்த காகிதம் வரலாற்றின் போக்கை வெகு விரைவில் நன்கு பாதிக்கலாம் என்று பேசியபோது ஆசாபில் தனக்கு பின்னால் உள்ள கதவை மூடினான். பின்னர் அவர் அந்த அறையில் உள்ள மின்விளக்கு பொத்தானை அழுத்தினான். ஒளி வந்தவுடன் போவ்லர் அன்றைய நாளின் முதல் விசித்திரமான (authentic thrill) ஒன்றை கண்டார். அந்த அறையின் பாதியளவிற்கு நடுவே கையில் ஒரு சிறிய தானியங்கி துப்பாக்கி (automatic pistol) வைத்து கொண்டு, ஒரு மனிதன் நின்றான்.

ஆசாபில் சற்று நேரம் திருதிருவென (blinked) முழித்தார் “மேக்ஸ்” “நீங்கள் ஒரு நல்ல தொடக்கத்தை கொடுத்தீர்கள்” என்று பெருமூச்சிவிட்டான். நீங்கள் பெர்லினில் (Berlin) இருக்கிறீர்கள் என்று நினைத்தேன் மேக்ஸ் சற்று ஒல்லியான, சற்று குள்ளமான ஒரு தந்திரமான நரி போன்ற முகத்தோற்றம் கொண்டவர். துப்பாக்கியை தவிர பயப்படும் படியாக அவரிடம் வேற எதுவுமில்லை. “அந்த அறிக்கை” என்று அவன் முனுமுணுத்தான் “இன்று இரவு உங்களிடம் கொடுக்கப்படும் அந்த சில புதிய ஏவுகணைகளைப் பற்றிய அந்த அறிக்கை” உன்னிடம் இருப்பதை விட என்னிடம் இருப்பது தான் மிகவும் பாதுகாப்பானது.

ஆசாபில், நாற்காலியை (arm chair) நோக்கி நகர்ந்து அதில் அமர்ந்து கொண்டார். “நான் நிர்வாகத்தின் மீது இந்த நேரத்தில் சண்டையிட போகிறேன். “நீ வேண்டுமென்றால் பந்தயம் வைத்துக் கொள்” என்று அவன் கோபமாக சொன்னான். இது ஒரு மாதத்தில் இரண்டாவது முறை யாரோவொருவர் என்னுடைய அறைக்கு இந்த பால்கனி வழியாக வந்திருக்கிறார்கள்.

போவ்லரின் கண்கள் அந்த அறையில் இருந்த ஒற்றை சன்னலை நோக்கி சென்றன”. அது ஒரு சாதாரண சன்னல் தான், அதை நோக்கி இரவு வந்து கொண்டிருந்தது. “பால்கனி’? என்று மேக்ஸ் ஆர்வமாக (inflection) கேட்டார். இல்லை, அது ஒரு சாவி எனக்கு பால்கனியை பற்றி தெரியாது. அதுப் பற்றி எனக்கு தெரிந்திருந்தால், அது என்னை சில சிக்கலில் இருந்து காப்பாற்றி இருக்கலாம். “அது என்னுடைய பால்கனி இல்லை” என்று ஆசாபில் எரிச்சலுடன் (irritation) கூறினான். “இது அடுத்த குடியிருப்புக்கு சொந்தமானது அவன் ஏதோ விளக்கம் சொல்வது போல் போவலரை பார்த்தான்.”

அவன் சொன்னான் “இங்க பாருங்க” இந்த அறையின் ஒரு நீளமான பகுதியும், அடுத்த அறையிலிருந்த வாசல் வழியாகவும், இதை நாம் வாழ்வதற்கு பயன்படுத்தி கொள்ளலாம். அங்கே பால்கனி (balcony) இருக்கும், அது என்னுடையது. சன்னலுக்கு கீழே நீளமாக இருக்கும். அந்த பால்கனிக்கு நீங்கள் காலியாக இருக்கும் அறையில் அடுத்த கதவின் வழியாகவும் செல்லலாம் மற்றும் யாரோ இதை கடந்த மாதம் செய்தார்கள் நிர்வாகம் இதை தடுப்பதாக சொன்னது. ஆனால் செய்யவில்லை மேக்ஸ் போவ்லரை பார்த்தான் (glanced). அவர் ஆசாபில் பக்கத்தில் விரப்பாக (stiffly) நின்று கொண்டிருந்தார், தான் கையில் வைத்திருந்த துப்பாக்கியை சைகை செய்வது போல் அசைத்தான் (commanding gesture).

“தயவு செய்து உட்காருங்கள்” என்று அவன் சொன்னான் “நமக்கு இன்னும் அரைமணி நேரம் இருக்கிறது”. நான் நினைக்கிறேன் “முப்பத்தொறு நிமிடம் இருக்கிறது” என்று ஆசாபில் முணுமுணுத்தான். நம் சந்திப்பு பன்னிரண்டு முப்பது மணிக்கு. நீங்கள் எப்படி அந்த அறிக்கையைப் பற்றி அறிந்தீர்கள் என்பது எனக்கு தெரியும் மேக்ஸ். அந்த சிறிய உளவாளி சத்தமாக சிரித்தான். “உங்களுடைய மக்களுக்கு அது எப்படி கிடைத்தது என்பதும் நமக்கு தெரியும்.

ஆனால் அவர்களுக்கு எந்த தீங்கும் ஏற்படவில்லை . இன்றிரவு நான் அதை திரும்ப பெறுவேன். அது என்ன? கதவருகில் யார்? “போவ்லர் கதவு தட்டும் சத்தம் கேட்டு எழுந்தார். ஆசாபில் மெல்ல சிரித்தார் (smiled). “அது காவல்துறையாகத்தான் இருக்கும் என்று சொன்னார். நாம் அனைவரும் காத்து கொண்டிருக்கும் அந்த ஒரு முக்கியமான காகிதத்திற்கு சற்று கூடுதலாகவே பாதுகாப்பு (extra protection) தேவைப்படுகிறது என நான் நினைக்கிறேன். எல்லாம் சரியாக இருக்கிறது என்பதை உறுதி செய்ய என்னை பரிசோதனை செய்து கொள்ளுங்கள் என்று நான் சொல்லியிருந்தேன் .

மேக்ஸ் அவருடைய உதட்டை பதற்றத்துடன் (nervously) கடித்தான். கதவை தட்டும் சத்தம் மீண்டும் கேட்டதும் இப்ப என்ன செய்ய போறீங்க. மேக்ஸ்? ஆசாபில் கேட்டார். “நான் ஒருவேளை கதவை திறக்கவில்லையென்றால் அவர்கள் எப்படியும் சுடவும் (shoot) தயங்கமாட்டார்கள் மேக்ஸின் முகம் கோபத்தில் இருக்கும் போது, அங்குள்ள சன்னலை நோக்கி நகர்ந்தான். அந்த சன்னலில் காலை உயர்த்தி (swung) வைத்தான். “அவர்களை நோக்கி சொல்” என்று எச்சரித்தான். நான் பால்கனியில் காத்திருப்பேன். அவர்களை போகச் சொல் அல்லது நான் சுட்டுவிடுவேன். கதவை தட்டும் சத்தம் இன்னும் அதிகமானது கூடவே ஒரு குரலும் கேட்டது.

தனது துப்பாக்கியை அந்த கொழுத்த மனிதனையும், அவரது விருந்தினரையும் நோக்கியவாறு வைத்து கொண்டு தன்னுடைய கைகளால் அந்த சன்னலை தாங்கி பிடித்து கொண்டான். பின்பு தன்னுடைய இன்னொரு காலையும் அந்த சன்னல் மேல் (window sill) வைத்து கொண்டான். அந்த கதவின் பிடி திரும்பியது.

மேக்ஸ் தன்னுடைய இடது கையை தள்ளிக்கொண்டு வேகமாக பால்கனியை நோக்கி குதித்தான். பின்னர் அவன் விழுந்தவுடன் ஒரு தடவை வேகமாக கத்தினான். கதவு திறக்கப்பட்டதும், வெளியே ஒரு பணியாளர் (waiter) தட்டில் ஒரு பாட்டில் மற்றும் இரண்டு கண்ணாடி குடுவையை (two glasses) கையில் வைத்துகொண்டு நின்றான்.

இதோ, நீங்கள் திரும்பிய போது உத்தரவிட்ட மதுபானம் (drink) என்று சொல்லிக்கொண்டு அந்த தட்டை மேஜை மேல் வைத்து விட்டு, பாட்டிலை திறந்து வைத்தபின் அறையை விட்டுவெளியேறினான். சிவப்பான முகத்தோற்றம் கொண்ட போவ்லர் அவரை பார்த்தார். “ஆனால்….. என முணுமுணுத்தான்” (stammered), அந்த காவல்துறை…. “காவல்துறையே அங்கு கிடையாது”. ஆசாபில் பெருமூச்சுவிட்டார்.

ஹென்றியை மட்டும் தான் நான் எதிர்பார்த்து கொண்டிருந்தேன். “ஆனால் பால்கனி வழியாக வெளியே சென்ற அந்த மனிதன் இல்லையா…? என போவ்லர் தொடங்கினான்” இல்லை, என்றார் ஆசாபில், “ஆனால் திரும்ப வரப்போவதுமில்லை. இங்க பாருங்க நண்பரே அங்கே பால்கனியே கிடையாது”.

Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus Samacheer Kalvi 9th Science Guide Pdf Chapter 21 Nutrition and Health Text Book Back Questions and Answers, Notes.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 9th Science Solutions Chapter 21 Nutrition and Health

9th Science Guide Nutrition and Health Text Book Back Questions and Answers

I. Choose the correct answer :

Question 1.
The nutrient required in trace amounts to accomplish various body functions is ……………….
(a) carbohydrate
(b) protein
(c) vitamin
(d) fat
Answer:
(c) Vitamin

Question 2.
The physician who discovered that scurvy can be cured by ingestion of citrus fruits is ………………..
(a) James Lind
(b) Louis Pasteur
(c) Charles Darwin
(d) Isaac Newton
Answer:
(a) James Lind

Question 3.
The sprouting of onion and potatoes can be delayed by the process of ……………..
(a) freezing
(b) irradiation
(c) salting
(d) canning
Answer:
(b) Irradiation

Question 4.
Food and Adulteration Act was enforced by Government of India in the year …………..
(a) 1964
(b) 1954
(c) 1950
(d) 1963
Answer:
(b) 1954

Question 5.
An internal factor responsible for spoilage of food is …………………
(a) wax coating
(b) contaminated utensils
(c) moisture content in food
(d) synthetic preservatives
Answer:
(c) moisture content in food

II. Fill in the blanks :

1. Deficiency diseases can be prevented by taking ……………………… diet.
Answer:
balanced

2. The process of affecting the natural composition and the quality of food substance is
known as ………………………
Answer:
adulteration

3. Vitamin D is called as ……………………… vitamin as it can be synthesised by the body from the rays of sunlight.
Answer:
sunshine

4. Dehydration is based on the principle of removal of ………………………
Answer:
water

5. Food should not be purchased beyond the date of ………………………
Answer:
expiry

6. AGMARK is used to certify ……………………… and ……………………… products in India.
Answer:
agricultural, Livestock

III. State whether true or false. If false, correct the statement.

1. Iron is required for the proper functioning of thyroid gland.
Answer:
False.
Correct statement: Iodine is required for the proper functioning of the thyroid gland.

2. Vitamins are required in large quantities for normal functioning of the body.
Answer:
False.
Correct statement: Vitamins are required in minute quantities for normal functioning of the body.

3. Vitamin C is a water soluble vitamin.
Answer:
True.

4. Lack of adequate fats in diet may result in low body weight.
Answer:
True.

5. ISI mark is mandatory to certify agricultural products.
Answer:
False.
Correct statement: ISI mark is mandatory to certify Industrial products.

IV. Match the following :

Answer:
1-c, 2-e, 3 -a, 4-b

V. Fill in the blanks with suitable answers :

Answer:

VI. Give abbreviations for the following food standards :

1. ISI ……………..
2. FPO ……………..
3. AGMARK ……………..
4. FCI ……………..
5. FSSAI ……………..

Answer:

1. Indian Standards Institution.
2. Fruit Process Order.
3. Agricultural Marking.
4. Food Corporation of India.
5. Food Safety and Standards Authority of India.

VII. Assertion and Reason:

Direction: In the following question, a statement of an Assertion is given and a corresponding Reason is given just below it. Of the statements given below, mark the correct answer is:
(a) If both Assertion and Reason are true and the Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion
(b) If both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion
(c) If Assertion is true but Reason is false
(d) If both Assertion and Reason is false

Question 1.
Assertion: Haemoglobin contains iron.
Reason: Iron deficiency leads to anemia.
Answer:
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion

Question 2.
Assertion: AGMARK is a quality control agency.
Reason: ISI is a symbol of quality.
Answer:
(d) Both Assertion and Reason is false

VIII. Give reasons for the following statements

a. Salt is added as a preservative in pickles …………………….
b. We should not eat food items beyond the expiry date …………………….
c. Deficiency of calcium in the diet leads to poor skeletal growth …………………….
Answer:
(a) Because it removes the moisture content in the food by osmosis.
(b) Because it will get spoilt and can cause diseases.
(c) Because calcium is a constituent of bones.

IX. Answer briefly:

Question 1.
Differentiate
a) Kwashiorkar from Marasmus
b) Macronutrients from Micronutrients
Answer:
(a)

(b)
Answer:

Question 2.
Why salt is used as a preservative in food?
Answer:

1. It removes the moisture content in the food.
2. Prevents the growth of bacteria.
3. Reduces the activity of microbial enzymes.

Question 3.
What is an adulterant?
Answer:
Adulteration is defined as “the addition or subtraction of any substance to or from food so that the natural composition and the quality of food substance is affected.” The adulterant is any material which is used for the purpose of adulteration.

Question 4.
Name any two naturally occurring toxic substances in food.
Answer:
Alkaloids and Aflatoxin.

Question 5.
What factors are required for the absorption of Vitamin D from the food by the body?
Answer:

1. Human skin can synthesize Vitamin D when exposed to sunlight (especially early morning).
2. When the sun rays fall on the skin dehydro cholesterol is converted into Vitamin D. Hence, Vitamin D is called “Sunshine vitamin”.

Question 6.
Write any one function of the following minerals
a) Calcium
b) Sodium
c) Iron
d) Iodine
Answer:

Question 7.
Explain any two methods of food preservation.
Answer:

• SMOKING: Food products like Meat and Fish are exposed to smoke. The drying action of the smoke tends to preserve the food.
• Use of Inert gas: Nitrogen gas is filled in air tight packets of Potato wafers and other products. It prevents the growth of fungus and insects in them.

Question 8.
What are the effects of consuming adulterated food?
Answer:
Consumption of these adulterated foods may lead to serious health issues like fever, diarrhoea, nausea, vomiting, gastrointestinal disorders, asthma, allergy, neurological disorder, skin allergies, immune suppression, kidney and liver failure, colon cancer, and even birth defects.

X. Answer in detail :

Question 1.
How are vitamins useful to us? Tabulate the sources, deficiency diseases and symptoms of fat soluble vitamins.
Answer:

Question 2.
Explain the role of food control agencies in India.
Answer:
Food quality control agencies :
ISI, AGMARK, FPO, FCl and other health departments enforce minimum standards for the consumer products. FCI (Food Corporation of India) was set up in the year 1965 with the following objectives : ^

• Effective price support operations for safeguarding the interest of farmers.
• Distributing food grains throughout the country.
• Maintaining satisfactory levels of operational and buff er stock of food grains to ensure national security.
• Regulate the market price to provide food grains to consumers at reliable price.

XI. Higher Order Thinking Skills :

Question 1.
Look at the picture and answer the question that follows.

a) Name the process involved in the given picture.
b) Which diary food is preserved by this process?
c) What is the temperature required for the above process?
Answer:
(a) Pasteurization.
(b) Milk.
(c) 63°C for 30 minutes followed by sudden cooling.

Question 2.
The doctor advices an adolescent girl who is suffering from anaemia to include more leafy vegetables and dates in her diet; Why so?
Answer:
Iron deficiency is the most common nutrient deficiency in adolescent girls. Insufficient iron can lead to anaemia. Leafy vegetables and dates are rich in iron and other minerals. So the doctor advises to include more of these in the diet.

Question 3.
Sanj ana wants to buy an aim bottle in a grocery shop. What are the things she should observe on the label before purchasing it?
Answer:
She must look for the following details on the label of the jam bottle.

• Date of manufacture and date of expiry. She must make sure that the contents of the bottle must be conserved before the date of expiry.
• She must look for the FPO certification to ensure that the product has been certified by the quality agency and is safe for consumption.

9th Science Guide Nutrition and Health Additional Important Questions and Answers

I. Choose the best answers:

Question 1.
The maximum amount of energy provided by carbohydrate is …………………….
(a) 3 kcal
(b) 4 kcal
(c) 5 kcal
(d) 9 kcal
Answer:
(b) 4 kcal

Question 2.
……………….. is a polysaccharide.
(a) Glucose
(b) Sucrose
(c) Fructose
(d) Cellulose
Answer:
(d) Cellulose

Question 3.
There are ………………. essential amino acids required by the human body through the diet.
(a) 8
(b) 5
(c) 9
(d) 12
Answer:
(c) 9

Question 4.
…………………… is a trace element required by our body.
(a) Magnesium
(b) Iron
(c) Phosphorous
(d) Sodium
Answer:
(b) Iron

Question 5.
Pellagra is a deficiency disease, choose the vitamin related to it.
(a) Pyridoxine
(b) Cyanacobalamine
(c) Niacin
(d) Riboflavin
Answer:
(c) Niacin

Question 6.
Seafood is a source of …………………
(a) calcium
(b) potassium
(c) iodine
(d)chlorine
Answer:
(c) iodine

Question 7.
World Health Day is celebrated on ……………….
(a) 8th April
(b) 7th April
(c) 5th April
(d) 4th April
Answer:
(b) 7th April

Question 8.
World Food Day is celebrated on ………………
(a) 15th October
(b) 18th October
(c) 16th October
(d) 20th October
Answer:
(c) 16th October

Question 9.
Calcium carbide is used to ………………….
(a) Given colour to fruits
(b) Preserve Jams/Jellies
(c) Ripen bananas
(d) Adulterant in poultry feed
Answer:
(c) Ripen bananas

Question 10.
…………….. is an intentionally added adulterant in milk.
(a) Citric acid
(b) Hydrogen peroxide
(c) Starch
(d) Sucrose
Answer:
(b) Hydrogen peroxide

II. Fill in the blanks :

1. …………….. is an example of a monosaccharide.
Answer:
glucose

2. The lipids can provide a maximum of …………… of energy.
Answer:
9 kcal/gram

3. The term vitamin was introduced by ………..
Answer:
Dr. Funk

4. Swollen and bleeding gums is a symptom of _______
Answer:
scurvy

5. Delayed blood clotting is a symptom of deficiency of vitamin ______ in the body.
Answer:
K

6. Give an example of a substance used to protect food grains in the olden days
Answer:
Dried neem leaves/Turmeric

7. Smoking is a method of food preservation used for ……………
Answer:
meat/fish

8. The gas ……………. is filled in airtight packets of potato wafers.
Answer:
nitrogen

9. …………….. is a natural preservative used to increase the shelf life of fruit juices/squash.
Answer:
Sugar/Honey

III. Mention whether the following statements are true or false. If false, give the correct statements :

1. Carnauba wax is coated on apples to increase the taste.
Answer:
False.
Correct statement: Carnauba wax is coated on apples to give a shiny appearance.

2. Coffee power adulterated with tamarind powder floats in water.
Answer:
False.
Correct statement: Coffee powder adulterated with tamarind powder will not float but it will settle down at the bottom of the container.

3. Chalk powder is an adulterant used in common salt.
Answer:
True.

4. Louis Pasteur developed vaccination against Rabies and Anthrax.
Answer:
True.

5. In a food pyramid, fat and oil are placed at the bottom.
Answer:
False.
Correct statement: In a food pyramid, fat and oil are placed at the top of the pyramid

IV. Match the following :

Answer:
1-c, 2 – a, 3-b, 4-d

V. Assertion and Reason :

Question 1.
Assertion (A): Bananas are kept at room temperature.
Reason (R): In a refrigeration-bananas ripen fast.
(a) A and R are incorrect.
(b) A is correct and R is the explanation for A.
(c) A is correct but R is not the correct explanation.
(d) A is correct and R is wrong.
Answer:
(d) A is correct and R is wrong

Question 2.
Assertion (A): Fruits and vegetables are placed at the bottom of a food pyramid.
Reason (R): They must be consumed in more quantities for good health.
(a) A and R are incorrect.
(b) A is correct and R is the explanation for A.
(c) A is correct and R is incorrect.
(d) A is incorrect R is correct.
Answer:
(b) A is correct and R is the explanation for A

VI. Analogy :

Question 1.
(a) Vitamin A : ……………
(b) …………… : Sterility in rats.
Answer:
(a) Nyctalopia
(b) Vitamin E

Question 2.
(a) …………… : Anaemia
(b) Iodine : …………….
Answer:
(a) Iron
(b) Goitre

Question 3.
(a) Jams : ……………
(b) …………… : oil.
Answer:
(a) Honey
(b) Pickles.

VII. Answer the following in one or two sentences:

Question 1.
Name any two essential amino acids.
Answer:
Phenylalanine and lysine.

Question 2.
Name the major minerals required by the human body.
Answer:
Calcium, phosphorous, potassium, sodium, and magnesium.

Question 3.
Give two examples of trace elements required by the body.
Answer:
Iron, chlorine.

Question 4.
Name the processes involved in metabolism.
Answer:
Anabolism and catabolism.

Question 5.
What is a balanced diet?
Answer:
A diet containing essential nutrients in the right proportion (balanced diet) is required for normal growth and development and to prevent malnutrition.

Question 6.
Give examples of synthetic food preservatives.
Answer:
Citric acid, vinegar.

Question 7.
How are adulterants classified?
Answer:

• Natural adulterants
• Incidental/unintentionally added adulterants.
• Intentionally added adulterants.

Question 8.
Name the adulterants used in
(a) Tea leaves
(b) Chilli powder.
Answer:
(a) Coal tar dye
(b) Brick powder

VIII. Short answer questions :

Question 1.
What is goiter?
Answer:
It is a swelling of the region below the neck due to the enlargement of the thyroid gland. It is caused due to iodine deficiency.

Question 2.
Why do we need to preserve food?
Answer:

• Increase the shelf life of food.
• Retain the colour, texture, flavour and nutritive value.
• Increase food supply.
• Decrease the wastage of food.

Question 3.
What is pasteurization?
Answer:

• Pasteurization is a process of heat treatment of liquid products. E.g for the preservation of milk and beverages.
• This process also involves boiling of milk to a temperature of 63 °C for about 30 minutes and suddenly cooling to destroy the microbes present in the milk.

Question 4.
Why do we store bananas at room temperature?
Answer:
If bananas are kept in the refrigerator, the enzyme responsible for ripening becomes inactive. The enzyme responsible for browning and cell damage becomes more active and the skin colour changes to dark brown.

Question 5.
Why is the oil used as a preservative for pickles?
Answer:
The addition of oil in pickles prevents the contact of air with food. Hence microorganisms cannot grow and spoil the food.

Question 6.
List the methods of food preservation.
Answer:

• Drinking
• Smoking
• Irradiation
• Cold storage
• Freezing
• Pasteurization
• Canning.

Question 7.
Why is sugar used to preserve fruits and fruit products?
Answer:
The hygroscopic nature of sugar/ honey helps in reducing the water content of food and also minimizing the process of oxidation in fruits.

Question 8.
Give a simple technique to detect adulteration in milk.
Answer:
Place a drop of milk on a slanting polished surface. Pure milk flows slowly leaving a trail behind while the milk adulterated with water will flow fast without leaving a trail. This is the single technique to detect adulteration in milk.

IX. Long answer questions:

Question 1.
Write a note on food preservatives.
Answer:
Food can be preserved by adding natural and synthetic preservatives.
A. Natural preservatives:
Some naturally available materials like salt, sugar, and oil are used as food preservatives.
1. Addition of salt: It is one of the oldest methods of preserving food. The addition of salt removes the moisture content in the food by the process of osmosis. This prevents the growth of bacteria and reduces the activity of microbial enzymes. Meat, fish, gooseberry, lemon, and raw mangoes are preserved by salting. Salt is also used as a preservative in pickles, canned foods, etc.

2. Addition of sugar: Sugar/Honey is added as a preservative to increase the shelf life of fruits and fruit products like jams, jellies, squash, etc. The hygroscopic nature of sugar/honey helps in reducing the water content of food and also minimizing the process of oxidation in fruits.

3. Addition of oil: The addition of oil in pickles prevents the contact of air with food. Hence microorganisms cannot grow and spoil the food.

B. Synthetic preservatives:
Synthetic food preservatives like sodium benzoate, citric acid, vinegar, sodium meta bisulphate, and potassium bisulphate are added to food products like sauces, jams, jellies, packed foods, and ready-to-eat foods. These preservatives delay microbial growth and keep the food safe for a long duration.

Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus Samacheer Kalvi 9th Science Guide Pdf Chapter 16 Applied Chemistry Text Book Back Questions and Answers, Notes.

Samacheer Kalvi 9th Science Solutions Chapter 16 Applied Chemistry

9th Science Guide Applied Chemistry Text Book Back Questions and Answers

I. Choose the correct answer :

Question 1
One Nanometre is
(a) 10⁷metre
(b) 10^-8 metre
(c) 10^-6 metre
(d) 10^-9metre
Answer:
(d) 10-9 metre
Hint: 1 nanometre is also called one billionth of a metre

Question 2.
The antibiotic Penicillin is obtained from……………….
(a) plant
(b) microorganism ,
(c) animal
(d) sunlight
Answer:
(b) microorganism

Question 3.
1% solution of Iodoform is used as
(a) antipyretic
(b) antimalarial
(c) antiseptic
(d) antacid
Answer:
(c) antiseptic

Question 4.
The cathode of an electrochemical reaction involves ………………….
(a) oxidation
(b) reduction
(c) neutralisation
(d) catenation
Answer:
(b) reduction
Hint : It involves gain of electrons

Question 5.
The age of a dead animal can be determined by using an isotope of …………………
(a) carbon
(b) iodine
(c) phosphorous
(d) oxygen
Answer:
(a) carbon
Hint : C₆¹⁴ isotope is used

Question 6.
Which of the following does not contain natural dyes?
(a) Potato
(b) Beetroot.
(c) Carrot
(d) Turmeric
Answer:
(a) Potato

Question 7.
This type of food protect us from deficiency diseases.
(a) Carbohydrates
(b) Vitamins
(c) Proteins
(d) Fats
Answer:
(b) vitamins

Question 8.
Radiochemistry deals with
(a) oxidants
(b) batteries
(c) isotopes
(d) nanoparticles
Answer:
(e) isotopes

Question 9.
The groups responsible for the colour of an organic compound is called
(a) isotopes
(b) auxochrome
(e) chromogen
(d) chromophore
Answer:
(d) chromophore

Question 10.
Chlorinated hydrocarbons are used as
(a) fertilizers ,
(b) pesticides
(c) food colourants
(d) preservatives
Answer:
b) pesticides

II. Fill In the blanks:

1. ………….. is an electrochemical cell which converts electrical energy into chemical change
(Reaction).
Answer:
Electrolytic cell

2. Painkiller drugs are called ………………..
Answer:
Analgesics

3. Indigo is a …………… dye.
Answer:
Vat

4. ……………and……………..are macronutrients required for plant growth.
Answer:
Nitrogen, Phosphorous, and Potassium

5. _____ is a chemical used in fingerprint analysis.
Answer:
Ninhydrin

III. Match the following:

Question1.

Answer:

IV. Answer briefly :

Question 1.
What is Radio Carbon Dating?
Answer:
Radiocarbon dating is a method by which the age of fossil wood or animal is determined using the C-14 isotope.

Question 2.
What are called Anaesthetics? How are they classified?
Answer:
The drugs which cause loss of sensation are called Anaesthetics.
Types of Anaesthetics

General anesthetics: They are the agents, which bring about loss of all modalities of sensation, particularly pain along with ‘reversible’ loss of consciousness.
Local anesthetics: They prevent the pain sensation in localised areas without affecting the degree of consciousness.

Question 3.
What is the need for chemical fertilizers in crop fields?
Answer:
The need for chemical fertilizers In crop fields is to supply essential micro and macronutrients required for crop growth.

Question 4.
What is Forensic chemistry related to?
Answer:
Forensic chemistry applies scientific principles, techniques, and methods to the investigation of crime.

V. Answer in detail :

Question 1.
Explain the types of dyes based on their method of application.
Answer:
Dyes are classified in two ways, one, based on the method of application and others on their parent structure.
Based on the method of application:

• Acid dyes: These are acidic in nature and used for dyeing animal fibres and synthetic fibres. These can be used for protein fibre such as wool and silk. E.g. Picric acid, Naphthol yellow-s
• Basic dyes: These are basic dyes containing basic group (- NH₂,- NHR, – NR₂). They are used for dyeing animal fibres and plant fibres.
• Mordant dyes or Indirect dyes: These dyes have a poor affinity for cotton fabrics and hence do not dye directly. They require pretreatment of the fibre with a mordant. Mordant (latin: mordere = to bite) is a substance which can be fixed to the fibre and then can be combined with the dye to form an insoluble complex called lake. Aluminium, chromium, and iron salts are widely used as mordants. E.g. alizarin.
• Direct dyes: They have high affinity for cotton, rayon and other cellulose fibre. So they are applied directly as they fix firmly on the fabric. E.g. Congo red
• Vat dyes: It can be used only on cotton and, not on silk and wool. This dyeing is a continuous process and is carried out in a large vessel called vat. So it is called as vat dye. E.g. Indigo

Question 2.
Name various food additives and explain their functions.
Answer:

VI. Higher Order Thinking Skills :

Question 1.
Batteries that are used in mobile phone can be recharged. Likewise, can you recharge the batteries used in watches? justify your answer.
Answer:
The type of batteries used in watches is Primary cell. (Mercury-Oxide battery)
The type of batteries are used in mobile phone is Secondary cell. (Lithium -ion polymer battery)
The differences between primary and secondary cell are as follow:

Question 2.
Sudha met with a fire accident. What kind of drug(s), she must take?
Answer:
Analgesics are to be administered to reduce the pain followed by antibiotics to prevent infection by microbes.

Question 3.
The soil pH of cropland is 5. What kind of fertilizers should be used in that land?
Answer:

• p^H of 5 indicates the soil is Acidic.
• So alkaline fertilizers should be used.
  (e.g.,) Potash fertilizers, Nitrogen fertilizers.

Intext Activities

ACTIVITY – 1

With the help of your teacher, construct the galvanic cell using lemon and potato. Identify their anode, cathode and electrolyte.
Aim: To construct a galvanic cell using lemon (or) potato
Materials required :

1. A large fresh juicy lemon,
2. Zinc coated nail,
3. Small copper coin,
4. LED light,
5. Connecting wires

Procedure :

1. Insert the copper coin into the lemon.
2. Push a zinc-coated nail into the other side of the lemon.
3. The copper coin and zinc-coated nail are connected to a low voltage LED bulb.
4. Now observe the results, (happenings).

Observation:

1. Copper coin acts as the cathode, zinc-coated nail acts as Anode. Lemon juice acts as an electrolyte.
2. We observe glow of LED light, which confirms the electricity to flow through the lemon.

Conclusion: Galvanic cell usifi^lpmon is constructed.

9th Science Guide Applied Chemistry Additional Important Questions and Answers

I. Choose the correct answer :

Question 1.
Nanoparticles are unstable when they come in contact with ………………..
(a) air
(b) Hydrogen
(c) Oxygen
(d) all the above
Answer:
(c) Oxygen

Question 2.
Which is the incorrect statement in the following?
(a) The structure of nano material is in between an atom and bulk material.
(b) Nanomaterials exist in the corresponding bulk materials.
(c) Nanomaterials have the extremely large surface area to volume ratio.
(d) SEM is used analyse the surface properties of a nanoparticle with high resolution.
Answer:
(b) Nanomaterials exist in the corresponding bulk materials

Question 3.
Which anesthetic forms a toxic carbonyl chloride?
(a) Nitrous oxide
(b) Ether
(c) Chloroform
(d) Iodoform
Answer:
(c) Chloroform

Question 4.
Paracetamol is a …………….
(a) Analgesic
(b) Antiseptic
(c) Antimalarial
(d) Antipyretic
Answer:
(c) Antipyretic

Question 5.
The antiseptic used for cleansing the wounds is ………………..
(a) Phenol
(b) Iodoform
(C) Ether
(d) Hydrogen peroxide
Answer:
(d) Hydrogen peroxide

Question 6.
Antimalarial drug obtained from Cinchona bark is ……………………
(a) Quinine
(b) Morphine.
(e) Primaquine
(d) Pyrimethamine
Answer:
(a) Quinine

Question 7.
The drug that ¡s known as “Miracle drug” is ………………….
(a) Chloroquinine
(b) Penicillin
(C) Aspirin. .
(d) Paràcetamol
Answer:
(b) Penicillin

Question 8.
In Daniel cell, saturated solution of potassium chloride (KCl) acts as ……………..
(a) Anode
(b) Cathode
(c) Salt bridge
(d) Electrolyte
Answer:
(c) Salt bridge

Question 9.
The process of purifying metals by electrolysis ¡s known as ……………..
(a) Electroplating
(b) Electrorefining
(e) Electromanufacturing
(d) None of these
Answer:
(b) Electrorefining

Question 10.
Which one among the following statements is correct?
(a) Galvanic cell converts electrical energy into chemical energy.
(b) Reduction takes place at the anode.
(c) Oxidation reaction takes place at the cathode.
(d) None of these
Answer:
(d) None of these

Question 11.
Isotopes are atoms with different number of ………………………
(a) protons
(b) neutrons
(c) electrons
(d) None of these
Answer:
(b) neutrons

Question 12.
The radioisotope used for location of blood clot and circulation disorders is …………………..
(a) Na – 24
(b) I – 131
(c) Fe – 59
(d) Co – 60
Answer:
(a) Na – 24

Question 13.
The dye that can only be used on cotton is …………………….
(a) Mordant dye
(b) Vat dye
(c) Direct dye
(d) Basic dye
Answer:
(b) Vat dye

Question 14.
Which one of the following is a flavour enhancer?
(a) Sodium nitrite
(b) Sodium benzoate
(c) Cyclamate
(d) Monosodium Glutamate
Answer:
(d) Monosodium Glutamate

Question 15.
The compound that gets redUced ¡n the alcohol test is ……………………
(a) Silver nitrate
(b) Sulphuric acid
(C) Water
(d) Potassium dichromate
Answer:
(d) Potassium dichromate

II. Fill in the blanks:

1. Nanotechnology deals with materials which are smaller than …………………..
Answer:
100 nanometres

2. The metallic nanoparticles can be used as ………………….
Answer:
Very active catalysts

3. Nanoparticle substances are incorporated in fabrics to prevent …………………..
Answer:
the growth of bacteria

4. The word “drug” is derived from the French word “droque” which means a ………………..
Answer:
dry herb

5. …………… is the safest of the anesthetic drugs.
Answer:
Nitrus oxide

6. The Analgesics are also called as …………………
Answer:
Pain killer (or) Pain relievers

7. ………………. produce sleep and unconsciousness.
Answer:
Narcotics

8. Antiseptics are used internally to treat infections of the …………… and ……………..
Answer:
Intestine, Bladder

9. Malaria is a ……………… borne disease.
Answer:
vector

10. ………………. is used as an additive with other antimalarial drugs.
Answer:
Chloroquine

11. ……………. is extensively used for rheumatic fever, narrowing of the heart wall, bronchitis, and pneumonia.
Answer:
Penicillin

12. …………… is due to an imbalance in the acidity in the stomach.
Answer:
Burning sensation

13. The solution having ions is called ………………..
Answer:
Electrolyte

14. …………….. is the loss of electrons.
Answer:
Oxidation

15. The process of depositing a thin layer of one metal over another metal by the process of electrolysis is called …………………….
Answer:
Electroplating

16. When metals of a very high degree of purity are required,………………… is done.
Answer:
Electrorefining

17. The isotope used in Radiocarbon dating is …………………..
Answer:
C-14

18. The chromophore and auxochrome theory was proposed by ……………………
Answer:
Otto Witt

19. ……………… is one of the main criteria to be considered for the selection of crop (or) remediation of soil.
Answer:
Soil p^H

20. Vitamin C is also powerful ……………….. that prevents food from oxidising.
Answer:
Antioxidant

21. ……………. is one of the most important evidence in crime investigation.
Answer:
Fingerprint

III. Match the following:

Question 1.

Answer:

Question 2.

Answer:

Question 3.

Answer:

Question 4.

Answer:

IV. State whether true or false. If false, correct the statement:

1. Nanoparticles are easy to synthesis, isolate, and apply.
Answer:
False,
Correct statement: Nanoparticles are difficult to synthesis, isolate, and apply.

2. When cancer occurs, cells are reproduced in a controlled manner.
Answer:
False.
Correct statement: When cancer occurs, cells are reproduced in an uncontrolled manner.

3. General anaesthetics cause pain along with ‘reversible’ loss of consciousness
Answer:
False.
Correct statement: General anaesthetics relieve pain along with reversible loss of consciousness.

4. Malaria decreases body temperature.
Answer:
False.
Correct statement: Malaria increases the body temperature

5. High concentration of antibiotics is needed for Effective action.
Answer:
False. .
Correct statement: Low concentration of antibiotics is needed for effective action.

6. Antacids provide relief from burning sensation in the stomach.
Answer:
True,

7. In Daniel’s cell, Zinc metal acts as the cathode, and Copper metal acts as Anode.
Answer:
False.
Correct statement: In Daniel’s cell, Zinc metal acts as Anode, and Copper metal acts as Cathode.

8. Radioisotopes can be easily detected and estimated quantitatively.
Answer:
True.

9. Dyes are aromatic compounds originated from plants and insects.
Answer:
True.

10. Dye should be fast to light.
Answer:
True.

11. Vinegar is used as an antioxidant.
Answer:
False.
Correct statement: Vinegar is used as a preservative.

12. Reduction of alcohol results in oxidation of dichromate to chromic ion.
Answer:
False.
Correct statement: Oxidation of alcohol results in a reduction of dichromate to chromic ion

V. Assertion and Reason type:

Mark the correct choice as:
(a) If both assertion and reason are true and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.
(b) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
(c) If assertion is true but reason is false.
(d) If assertion is false but reason is true.

Question 1.
Assertion (A) : Nanoparticles interact with impurities.
Reason (R) : Nanoparticles are less reactive.
Answer:
(c) Assertion is true but the reason is false
Reason (R) : Nanoparticles are highly reactive.

Question 2.
Assertion (A) : Antiseptic is a substance that prevents infections caused by disease-causing pathogens.
Reason (R) : Antiseptics either kill the microorganism or prevent their growth.
Answer:
(a) Both assertion and reason are true and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion

Question 3.
Assertion (A) : After eating fruits (or) vegetables, one may feel uncomfortable due to a burning sensation.
Reason (R) : Burning sensation is due to an imbalance in the acidity of the stomach.
Answer:
(d) Assertion is false but the reason is true
Assertion (A) : After eating oily and spicy foods, one may feel uncomfortable due to a burning sensation.

Question 4.
Assertion (A) : Metals like iron are electroplated with chromium.
Reason (R) : Electroplating is done to protect chromium from rusting.
Answer:
(c) Assertion is true but reason is false
Reason (R) : Electroplating is done to protect iron from rusting.

Question 5.
Assertion (A) : It is possible to detect alcohol drunken drivers.
Detection is done through the electrochemical redox reaction of alcohol.
Answer:
(a) Both assertion and reason are true and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion

Question 6.
Assertion (A) : Our retinal print can be forged.
Reason (R) : Our retinal print is unique.
Answer:
(d) Assertion is false but reason is true
Assertion ( A) : Our retinal print cannot be forged.

VI. Very short answer type :

Question 1.
What are the specific qualities of nanoparticles?
Answer:

• Larger surface area
• High surface energy.
• Spatial confinement
• Reduced imperfections.

Question 2.
List out the instruments used to analyse nanoparticles.
Answer:

• Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)
• Tunneling Electron Microscope (TEM).
• Atomic Force Microscope (AFM).

Question 3.
What is antipyretics?
Answer:
Antipyretics are the compounds used to reduce fever, (i.e.) lowering the body temperature to normal.

Question 4.
How are antiseptics used?
Answer:
External use: To cleanse wounds.
Internal use: To treat infections of the intestine and bladder.

Question 5.
Mention the uses of Penicillin.
Answer:
Penicillin is used for

• Rheumatic fever,
• Narrowing of the heart wall.
• Bronchitis,
• Pneumonia.

Question 6.
What are the main sources of Antibiotics?
Answer:
Main sources of Antibiotics are

• Bacteria
• Fungi and
• Actinomycetes.

Question 7.
Name any five natural antibiotics.
Answer:

• Honey
• Garlic
• Ginger
• Neem
• Turmeric.

Question 8.
What is an Electrochemical cell?
Answer:
A device that makes use of a chemical change to produce electricity (or) electricity to produce chemical change is called an Electrochemical cell.

Question 9.
What is a Daniel cell?
Answer:
Daniel cell is a type of galvanic cell in which zinc metal acts as anode and copper metal as cathode.

Question 10.
What is radioactive decay?
Answer:

• The unstable isotopes of elements lose their energy in the form of radiation to become stable.
• This phenomenon is called radioactive decay.

Question 11.
What is Vermicompost?
Answer:
Vermicompost is one of the natural fertilizers produced from domestic wastes.

Question 12.
What is a balanced diet?
Answer:
A diet that contains all the three foods such as (i) Bodybuilding foods, (ii) Energy giving foods, and (iii) Protective foods in the right proportion are called a Balanced diet.

Question 13.
Mention the use of a Biometric system.
Answer:
The biometric system compares the body prints to the specimen data stored in the system to verify the identity of a person.

VII. Answer briefly :

Question 1.
What is called as Applied Chemistry?
Answer:
Application of chemical principles and theories to various fields in order to achieve specific results or to solve real-world problems is called applied chemistry.

Question 2.
Write short notes on nanochemistry.
Answer:

• Nanochemistry is a branch of nanoscience, that deals with the chemical applications of nanomaterials in nanotechnology.
• It involves the synthesis and manipulation of materials at the atomic and molecular level.

Question 3.
Mention medical applications of Nanorobotics.
Answer:

• Nanorobotics is used in medicine and space technology.
• It plays important role in Bio-medicine in the treatment of cancer.

Question 4.
Define Drug.
Answer:
According to the World Health Organisation (WHO),
Drug is a substance or product that is used or intended to be used to modify or explore physiological systems or pathological states for the benefits of the recipient.

Question 5.
What is an Analgesics? How is it useful?
Answer:

• Analgesics are compounds which relieve all sorts of pains without the loss of consciousness.
• It is useful to treat
  (a) Headaches
  (b) Myalgia and
  (c) arthralgia.

Question 6.
What is known is Antibiotics?
Answer:
Many microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, and molds) produce certain chemicals which inhibit the growth (or) metabolism of some other disease-causing microorganism. Such chemical compounds are known as Antibiotics.

Question 7.
Write brief notes on processes involved in cell reactions.
Answer:
An electrochemical cell involves two reactions simultaneously.

• Oxidation : Oxidation is the loss of electrons, that takes place at the anode.
  Metal → Metal ion + electron(s)
• Reduction: Reduction is the gain of electrons, that takes place at the cathode.
  Metal ion + electron(s) → Metal.

Question 8.
How does a galvanic cell produce electricity?
Answer:

• At the anode, oxidation takes place which releases electrons.
• These electrons are attracted by the cathode.
• Thus electrons flowing from anode to cathode produce electricity.

Question 9.
Mention the applications of electroplating with an example.
Answer:
Applications of Electroplating :

• Electroplating is done to protect the metal from corrosion, (e.g) chrome -plating.
• Electroplating is done to beautify the surface of a metal, (e.g) Gold plating.
• Broken parts of machinery require electrodeposition of metal between broken parts.

Question 10.
List out the characteristics of Dye.
Answer:
Characteristics of Dye:

• Dye should have a suitable colour.
• Dye should be able to fix itself.
• Dye should be fast to light,
• Dye should be resistant to the action of water, dilute acids, and alkalies.

Question 11.
Define Pesticides.
Answer:
According to the World Health Organisation (WHO),
Pesticides are chemical compounds that are used to kill pests including insects, rodents, fungi, and unwanted plants (weeds).

Question 12.
How can Fingerprints be identified?
Answer:

• Fingerprints on smooth surfaces can be identified by the application of light or dark powder.
• Occult (hidden) Fingerprints are made visible by the use of Ninhydrin, which turns purple.
• Fingerprints can be made visible by high powered laser light.

Question 13.
How is alcohol consumption detected?
Answer:

• The person being tested blows through a tube, which bubbles the breath through a solution containing Sulphuric acid, Potassium dichromate, water and silver nitrate.
• Oxidation of alcohol results in the reduction of dichromate to chromatic ions with a change in color from orange to green.

Question 14.
What is Chemotherapy?
Answer:
Treatment of certain diseases by destroying the invading organism without damaging the cells of the host, by the use of certain organic compounds is known as chemotherapy. It is widely used for treating cancer.

VIII. Answer in detail :

Question 1.
Draw the cell diagram of Daniel cell. Give its reactions.
Answer:

Question 2.
Daniel cell
Answer:

Question 3.
List the applications of Nanochemistry.
Answer:
Applications of Nanochemistry :

• The metallic nanoparticles can be used as very active catalysts.
• Chemical sensors form nanoparticles and nanowires enhance the sensitivity and sensor selectivity.
• Nanocoatings and nanocomposites are found useful in making a variety of products such as sports equipment, bicycles, and automobiles etc.
• Nanotechnology is being applied in the die production of synthetic skin and implant surgery.
• Nanomaterials that conduct electricity are being used in electronics as minute conductors to produce circuits for microchips.
• Nanomaterials are used in the preparation of cosmetics, deodorants, and sunscreen lotion. They are used to improve moisturizers, without making them too oily.
• Nanoparticle substances are incorporated in fabrics to prevent the growth of bacteria.

Question 4.
Mention the drawbacks of Nanomaterials in chemistry.
Answer:
Drawbacks of nanomaterials in chemistry :

• Nanoparticles are unstable when reacting with oxygen.
• Their exothermic combustion with oxygen can easily cause an explosion.
• Because nanoparticles are highly reactive, they inherently interact with impurities as well.
• Nanomaterials are usually considered biologically harmful and toxic.
• It is difficult to synthesis, isolate and apply them.
• There are no hard-and-fast safe disposal policies for nanomaterials.

Question 5.
Account the role of Radioactive isotopes in Diagnosis and treatment in the Medical field?
Answer:
Radioisotopes are very useful to diagnose and treat many diseases. . Some of them are given below:

Question 6.
Give a comparative account of various drugs with their application and examples.
Answer:

Question 7.
What are the applications of electrochemistry?
Answer:
Applications of electrochemistry :

• It has been used to discover important technical processes for the production and purification of non-ferrous metals, and for the electro- synthesis of organic compounds.
• Electrochemistry has been used to predict whether a particular reaction will occur or not.
• The detection of alcohol in drunken drivers is possible through the electrochemical redox reaction of ethanol.
• Production of metals like aluminum and titanium from their ores involves electrochemical reactions.
• Diabetes blood sugar meters measure the amount of glucose in the blood through its redox potential.
• Lead-acid batteries, lithium-ion batteries, and fuel cells are based on electrochemical cells.
• A fuel cell is used to bring about the direct conversion of chemical energy into electrical energy.

Question 8.
Explain very briefly about various fields of Applied Chemistry.
Answer:
Various Fields of Applied Chemistry:

• Nanochemistry: It is a branch of nanoscience that deals with the chemical applications of nanomaterials in nanotechnology.
• Nanometre = 1/1,000,000,000 metre.
• Pharmaceutical chemistry: It deals with the preparation of drugs and the study of the chemical composition, nature, behaviour, structure, and influence of the drug in an organism.
• Electrochemistry: It deals with the relation between electrical energy and chemical change.
• Radiochemistry: It is the study of the chemistry of radioactive and non-radioactive isotopes.
• Dye chemistry: It is the study of dyes.
• Agricultural chemistry: It deals application of chemical and biochemical knowledge to agricultural production, the processing of raw products into foods and beverages, and environmental monitoring and remediation.
• Food chemistry: It involves the analysis, processing, packaging, and utilization of materials.
• Forensic chemistry: It applies scientific principles, techniques, and methods to the investigation of crime.

Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus Samacheer Kalvi 9th Science Guide Pdf Chapter 22 World of Microbes Text Book Back Questions and Answers, Notes.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 9th Science Solutions Chapter 22 World of Microbes

9th Science Guide World of Microbes Text Book Back Questions and Answers

I. Choose the correct answer :

Question 1.
Which of the following is transmitted through air?
(a) Tuberculosis
(b) Meningitis
(c) Typhoid
(d) Cholera
Answer:
(a) Tuberculosis

Question 2.
One of the means of indirect transmission of a disease is
(a) sneezing
(b) coughing
(c) vectors
(d) droplet infection
Answer:
(c) vectors

Question 3.
Diptheria affects the
(a) lungs
(b) throat
(c) blood
(d) liver
Answer:
(b) Throat

Question 4.
The primary organ infected during tuberculosis is
(a) bone marrow
(b) intestine
(c) spleen
(d) lungs
Answer:
(d) lungs

Question 5.
Microbes that generally enter the body through nose are likely to affect
(a) gut
(b) lungs
(c) liver
(d) lymph nodes
Answer:
(b) lungs

Question 6.
The organ affected by jaundice is
(a) liver
(b) lungs
(c) kidney
(d) brain
Answer:
(a) liver

Question 7.
Poliomyelitis virus enters the body through
(a) skin
(b) mouth and nose
(c) ears
(d) eye
Answer:
(b) mouth and nose

II. Fill in the blanks:

1. …………….. break down organic matter and animal waste into ammonia.
Answer:
Decomposers

2. Typhoid fever is caused by ………………
Answer:
salmonella typhi

3. H1N1 virus causes……………..
Answer:
swine flu

4. …………….. is a vector of viral disease dengue.
Answer:
Aedes aegypti mosquito

5. …………….. vaccine gives considerable protection against tuberculosis.
Answer:
BCG

6. Cholera is caused by…………….. and malaria is caused by………………
Answer:
bacteria (Vibrio cholera), protozoa (plasmodium)

III. Expand the following:

1. ORS – Oral Rehydration Solution.
2. HIV – Human Immunodeficiency Virus.
3. DPT – Diphtheria Pertussis Tetanus.
4. WHO – World Health Organisation.
5. BCG – Bacillus Calmette Guerin.

IV. Pick out the odd one :

1. AIDS, Retrovirus, Lymphocytes, BCG, – BCG.
2. A bacterial disease, Rabies, Cholera, Common cold, and Influenza – Cholera.

V. State whether True or False. If false, correct the statement:

1. Rhizobium, associated with root nodules of leguminous plants fixes atmospheric nitrogen.
Answer:
True.

2. Non-infectious diseases remain confined to the person who develops the disease and do not spread to others.
Answer:
True.

3. The process of vaccination was developed by Jenner.
Answer:
True.

4. Hepatitis B is more dangerous than Hepatitis A.
Answer:
True.

VI. Match the following :

Answer:

VII. Define the following:

1. Pathogen
2. Bacteriophages
3. Vaccines
4. Prions
Answer:
1. Pathogen – A pathogen is a biological agent that causes disease due to its host E.g. Bacteria, Virus, etc.,
2. Bacteriophages – Virus that infect bacterial cells E.g. T4 bacteriophage.
3. Vaccines – Preparation of antigenic proteins of pathogens (weakened or killed) which on inoculation into a healthy person provides temporary / permanent immunity against a particular disease.
4. Prions – Prions are viral particles which contain only proteins. They do not contain nucleic acid.

VIII. Answer very briefly :

Question 1.
Distinguish between Virion and Viroid.
Answer:
Virion

1. Simple vims particle.
2. Grow and multiply in living cells.

Viriod

1. The protein-free pathogenic RNA of vims.
2. Found in plant cells and causes disease in plants.

Question 2.
Name the vector of the malarial parasite. Mention the species of malarial parasite which cause malignant and fatal malaria.
Answer:
The vector of the malarial parasite is the female Anopheles mosquito.
Malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum is malignant and fatal.

Question 3.
What is triple antigen? Mention the disease which can be prevented by using the antigen.
Answer:
Triple antigen : It is combination of three vaccines (DPT).
Preventable diseases : Diptheria, Pertussis (Whooping cough) and Tetanus.

Question 4.
Name the chronic diseases associated with respiratory system.
Answer:
Chronic diseases associated with the respiratory system are; Diptheria, Whooping Cough, Tuberculosis.

Question 5.
Name the organism causing diarrhoeal disease and give one precaution against it.
Answer:

1. Rotavirus.
2. Precaution : Proper sanitation and hygiene.

Question 6.
Name two common mosquitoes and the diseases they transmit.
Answer:
Anopheles mosquito and Aedes aegypti mosquito are common mosquitoes that transmit malaria, Chikungunya and Dengue.

IX. Answer briefly :

Question 1.
Give an account of classification, of bacteria based on the shape.
Answer:
Bacteria are microscopic, single-celled prokaryotic organisms without a nucleus and other cell organelles. Although the majority of bacterial species exist as single-celled forms, some appear to be filaments of loosely joined cells. The size varies from less than 1 to 10 µm in length and 0.2 to 1 µm micrometer in width.
Based on the shapes, bacteria are grouped as:

1. Spherical shaped bacteria called cocci (or coccus for a single cell).
2. Rod-shaped bacteria called bacilli (or bacillus for a single cell).
3. Spiral shaped bacteria called spirilla (or spirillum for single cell)

Question 2.
Describe the role of microbes in agriculture and industries.
Answer:
Microbes in Agriculture :
Microbes play an important role in agricultrue as biocontrol agents and biofertilizers.
(i) Biocontrol agents :
Microorganisms used for controlling harmful or pathogenic organisms and pests of plants are called as biocontrol agents Biopesticides.
(E.g) Bacillus Thuringiensis.(Bt) is a species of bacteria that produces a protein called as ‘cry’ protein.

(ii) Biofertilizers:

• Microorganisms which enrich the soil with nutrients are called as biofertilizers.
• Bacteria, cyanobacteria and fungi are the main sources of biofertilizers .
• Atomspheric nitrogen has to be converted to available form of nitrogen.
  Example: Azotobacter, Nostoc (free living), Symbiotic microbes like Rhizobium, Frankia.

Microbes in Industries
Microorganisms play an important role in the production of wide variety of valuable products for the welfare of human beings.

Production of fermented beverages: Beverages like wine are produced by fermentation of grape fruits by Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Curing of coffee beans, tea leaves and tobacco leaves : Beans of coffee and cocoa, leaves of tea and tobacco are fermented by the bacteria Bacillus megaterium. This gives the special aroma.

Production of curd : Lactobacillus sp. converts milk to curd.

Production of organic acids, enzymes and vitamins : Oxalic acid, acetic acid and citric acid are produced by fungus Aspergillus niger. Enzymes like lipases, invertase, proteases, and glucose oxidase are derived from microbes. Yeasts are rich source of vitamin-B complex.

Question 3.
Explain the various types of viruses with examples.
Answer:
Viruses are categorised as :
1. Plant virus : Virus that infect plants.
E.g. Tobacco mosaic vims, Potato vims, Cauliflower mosaic virus.

2. Animal virus : Vims that infect animals.
E.g. Adenovims, Retrovims (HIV), Influenza vims, Polio vims.

3. Bacteriophages : Vims that infect bacterial cells.
E.g.T4 bacteriophage.

Question 4.
Suggest the immunization schedule for a new born baby till 12 months of age. Why it is necessary to follow the schedule?
Answer:
The immunization schedule must be followed so that the vaccines administered will protect the children in the future from infectious and life-threatening diseases.

Immunization Schedule for Children

X. Assertion and Reason :

Mark the correct statement as:
(a) If both A and R are true and R is correct explanation of A.
(b) If both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c) If A is true but R is false.
(d) If both A and R are false.

Question 1.
Assertion : Chicken pox is a disease indicated by scars and marks in the body.
Reason : Chicken pox cenlses rashes on face and further spreads throughout the body.
Answer:
(a) Both A and R are true and R is correct explanation of A

Question 2.
Assertion: Dengue can be treated by intake of antibiotics.
Reason : Antibiotics blocks the multiplication of viruses.
Answer:
(d) Both A and R are false

XI. Higher Order Thinking Skills :

Question 1.
Suggest precautionary measures you can take in your school to reduce the incidence of infectious disease.
Answer:

• Clean and hygienic environment should be maintained inside and outside the school.
• Enough first aid medicines should be kept in the school.
• Proper awareness about healthy diet and health instructions should be instructed to the students.
• If a student is identified with disease, it must be properly communicated to the students and nearby health authorities.
• The infected student / person must be kept away from other students in order to avoid the spread of infection.

Question 2.
Tejas suffered from typhoid while, Sachin suffered from tuberculosis. Which disease could have caused more damage and why?
Answer:
Tuberculosis is more dangerous than typhoid.
Reason : Tuberculosis (TB) primarily affects lungs and also affect intestines, bones, and joints and other tissues of body. Severe cases may lead to death.

Intext Activities

ACTIVITY – 1

Take the root nodules of any pulse or leguminous plant available in your locality. Wash it thoroughly with water. Crush the nodules on a clean glass slide. Add a drop of distilled water to the crushed material on the glass slide. Observe the preparation under compound microscope.

Observation of Symbiotic microbes.

Aim : To observe symbiotic bacteria shape on a clean glass plate.

Materials Required :
1. Root nodules of leguminous plant, Clean glass slides, Water, Distilled water.

Procedure :

1. Take the root nodules of the leguminous plant.
2. Wash it thoroughly with water.
3. Crush the nodules on a clean glass slide.
4. Add a drop of distilled water to the crushed material on the glass slide.

Observation:

Conclusion :
The structure of symbiotic bacteria is observed in a clean glass plate.
[End of the activity]

ACTIVITY – 2

Observe the mosquitoes that are active during the day time. Catch them using an insect net and observe their body and legs. What do you observe? Why are cases of Dengue reported in large numbers during post-monsoon season?

Observation :
Body and legs of Aedes aegypti :
We can find black and white stripes on the bodies and leg.
The white marking in the leg is in the form of a lyre.

High Dengue cases during post-monsoon

1. Due to the rainy season, conditions like stagnant water favours the mosquitoes to grow in large number.
2. Thus, a sharp rise in dengue cases are reported. [End of the activity]

9th Science Guide World of Microbes Additional Important Questions and Answers

I. Choose the correct answer :

Question 1.
Which one of the following is a symbiotic bacteria?
(a) Azospirillum
(b) Azotobacter
(c) Rhizobium
(d) None of these
Answer:
(c) Rhizobium

Question 2.
The shape of Vibrio cholerae is
(a) Spherical
(b) Spiral
(c) Rod
(d) None of these
Answer:
(b) Spiral

Question 3.
……………are the site of protein synthesis in bacteria.
(a) Ribosomes
(b) Chromosomes
(c) Plasmid
(d) Nucleus
Answer:
(a) Ribosomes

Question 4.
Fungi reproduce through …………..
(a) binary fission
(b) budding
(c) spore formation
(d) all of these
Answer:
(d) all of these

Question 5.
Which one of the following is not an antibiotic derived from Bacteria?
(a) Cephalosporin
(b) Erythromycin
(c) Bacitracin
(d) Streptomycin
Answer:
(a) Cephalosporin

Question 6.
AIDS is’ a …………… disease.
(a) Endemic
(b) Epidermic
(c) Pandemic
(d) Sporadic
Answer:
(c) Pandemic

Question 7.
Fever, sore throat, and choking of air passage are symptoms of ……………
(a) influenza
(b) diphtheria
(c) whooping cough
(d) typhoid
Answer:
(a) influenza

Question 8.
Myxovirus is the causative agent for …………… disease.
(a) common cold
(b) measles
(c) influenza
(d) diarrhoea
Answer:
(c) influenza

Question 9.
The symptoms of measles is ……………
(a) eruption of small rashes in skin
(b) redness of eye
(c) pneumonia
(d) all the above
Answer:
(d) all the above

Question 10.
The stages of malarial parasite are developed in the …………… of mosquito
(a) respiratory tract
(b) gastrointestinal tract
(c) intestinal tract
(d) none of these
Answer:
(b) gastrointestinal tract

Question 11.
Incubation period of the virus for chikungunya is usually . ……………
(a) 2-12 days
(b) 2-7 days
(c) 4-8 days
(d) 3-9 days
Answer:
(a) 2-12 days

Question 12.
The disease that displays Nocturnal periodicity ……………
(a) swine flu
(b) dengue
(c) filaria
(d) influenza
Answer:
(c) filaria

Question 13.
Nasal spray vaccine can be administered to ……………patients.
(a) chikungunya
(b) dengue
(c) influenza
(d) swine flu
Answer:
(d) swine flu

Question 14.
Human Immuno deficiency Virus (HIV) was first isolated by …………..
(a) Robert Koch
(b) Robert Gallo
(c) Ronald Ross
(d) Louis Pasteur
Answer:
(b) Robert Gallo

Question 15.
The disease that is eliminated totally by the vaccination process is …………….
(a) chicken pox
(b) Filaria
(c) smallpox
(d) None of these
Answer:
(c) small pox

Question 16.
Among the following, which is belongs to water-borne diseases?
(a) Hepatitis A
(b) Hepatitis B
(c) Influenza
(d) Dengue
Answer:
(a) Hepatitis A

Question 17.
Measles vaccine can be administered to the child at the age of ……………
(a) 18-24 months
(b) 15-18 months
(c) 9-12 months
(d) 14th week
Answer:
(c) 9 – 12 months

Question 18.
Mycology is the branch of biology that deals with the study of ……………
(a) algae
(b) virus
(c) bacteria
(d) fungi
Answer:
(d) fungi

Question 19.
The major constituent of vinegar is ……………
(a) citric acid
(b) acetic acid
(c) oxalic acid
(d) hydrochloric acid
Answer:
(b) acetic acid

Question 20.
Bacteria involved in curd formation is ……………
(a) Lactobacillus acidophilus
(b) Nitrosomonas
(c) Bacillus ramous
(d) none of the above
Answer:
(a) Lactobacillus acidophilus

Question 21.
The most fetal form of malaria is caused by ……………..
(a) Plasmodium ovale
(b) Plasmodium falciparum
(c) Plasmodium malariae
(d) Plasmodium vivax
Answer:
(b) Plasmodium falciparum

Question 22.
Syphilis is caused by ………………….
(a) Treponema pallidum
(b) Leptospira
(c) Pasteurella
(d) Vibrio cholerae
Answer:
(a) Treponema pallidum

Question 23.
Mosquito-borne viral diseases are …………………
(a) malaria and yellow fever
(b) dengue and chikungunya
(c) filariasis and typhus
(d) kala-azar and diphtheria
Answer:
(b) dengue and chikungunya

Question 24.
Which one of the following is a pair of viral disease?
(a) Filariasis, AIDS
(b) Common cold, AIDS
(c) Dysentery, Common cold
(d) Typhoid, Tuberculosis
Answer:
(b) Common cold, AIDS

Question 25.
Which of the following disease is spread by animal bite?
(a) Pneumonia
(b) Tuberculosis
(c) Cholera
(d) Rabies
Answer:
(d) Rabies

II. Fill in the blanks :

1. Bacterial cell was covered by a strong cell wall made up of ……………
Answer:
peptidoglycan

2. In bacteria, a small extra chromosomal circular DNA called ………….. is found in the cytoplasm.
Answer:
plasmid

3. ………………bacteria live on dead organic matter.
Answer:
Saprophytic

4. Viruses are non-cellular, …………………… parasites.
Answer:
self-replicating

5. Adenovirus is………………….virus.
Answer:
animal

6. The cell wall of fungi is made up of ……………… and …………….
Answer:
cellulose, hemicellulose

7. Prions do not contain …………………..
Answer:
Nucleic acid

8. ‘Cry’ protein is produced by the bacteria………………….
Answer:
Bacillus Thuringiensis

9. Yeasts are rich source of …………………..
Answer:
vitamin – B complex

10. Vaccines stimulate the body to produce …………………. against the …………………. in the microbes.
Answer:
antibodies, antigen

11. Cholera is a ………… disease
Answer:

12. The interval between infection and first appearance of the diseases is called …………………..period.
Answer:
incubation

13. …………. is the Father of Bacteriology
Answer:
Robert Koch

14. The causative agent (bacteria) of whooping cough is ………….
Answer:
Bordetalla pertussis

15. Inflammation of nasal mucosa and pharynx are the symptoms of ………….
Answer:
influenza

16. The most vulnerable age of polio is between ………… years
Answer:
3 – 6

17. Use of ………… drugs kills the stages of malaria parasite.
Answer:
Quinine

18. Dengue is known as ………… fever.
Answer:
Break bone

19. Nilavembu kudineer is known to increase…………
Answer:
blood platelet count

20. The process of vaccination was introduced by ……………….
Answer:
Edward Jenner

21. The hyphae with branches form a complex network called ……………
Answer:
mycelium

22. First antibiotic …………… was developed by ……………
Answer:
penicillin, Alexander Fleming

23. Baker’s yeast is …………….
Answer:
the yeast used in baking bread

24. The two non-symbiotic nitrogen fixing bacteria are ……………and ……………
Answer:
cyanobacteria, Azotobacter

III. Match the following :

I.

Answer:
1 – c, 2 – d, 3 – a, 4 – b II.

II.

Answer:
1 – b, 2 – d, 3 – a, 4 – c

III.

Answer:
1 – c, 2 – a, 3 – b, 4- d

IV.

Answer:
1 – b, 2 – a, 3 – d, 4- c

V.

Answer:

IV. State whether True or False. If false write the correct statement

1. Virions are the smallest among the infective agents.
Answer:
True.

2. Viruses are devoid of cellular organelles like ribosomes^ mitochondria, etc.
Answer:
True.

3. Prions are found in neurons and are cone-shaped.
Answer:
False.
Correct statement: Prions are found in neurons and are rod-shaped.

4. In human beings, antibodies are used to cure infectious diseases like cholera, typhoid, etc.
Answer:
False.
Correct statement: In human beings, antibodies are used to control infectious diseases like cholera, typhoid, etc.

5. An infection develops when these pathogens enter the human body.
Answer:
True.

6. Airborne diseases are caused by fungi.
Answer:
False.
Correct statement: Airborne diseases are caused by bacteria and viruses.

7. Influenza commonly occurs during adult age.
Answer:
False.
Correct statement: Influenza commonly occurs during childhood.

8. Malaria is caused by the fungal parasite plasmodium.
Answer:
False.
Correct statement: Malaria is caused by the protozoan parasite Plasmodium.

9. Filaria is transmitted by the bite of an infected Culex mosquito.
Answer:
True.

10. Swine flu spreads through the air by an acute respiratory virus.
Answer:
True.

11. Hepatitis A causes cirrhosis of the liver.
Answer:
False.
Correct statement: Hepatitis B causes cirrhosis of the liver.

12. Oral polio vaccine is a killed vaccine.
Answer:
False
Correct statement: Oral polio vaccine is a Live vaccine.

13. Glycogen and oil globules are stored forms of food in fungi.
Answer:
True.

14. One of the differences between virus and viroid is the presence of protein coat in viroid and its absence in the virus.
Answer:
False.
Correct statement: One of the differences between virus and viroid is the presence of protein coat in vim:: and its absence in viroid.

V. Assertion and Reason :

Mark the correct answer :
(a) If both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.
(b) If both Assertion and Reason are true but the reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
(c) If Assertion is true but Reason is false.
(d) If Assertion is false but Reason is true.

Question 1.
Assertion: Some bacteria may be non-motile.
Reason: Bacteria have a special structure called flagella which are found on cell surfaces.
Answer:
(d) Assertion is false but Reason is true

Question 2.
Assertion : Bacillus Thuringiensis is a biocontrol agent.
Reason : It produces a protein called ‘cry protein’ which kills insect larva.
Answer:
(a) Both assertion and reason are true and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion

Question 3.
Assertion : Cancer is a non-infectious disease.
Reason : Cancer is caused by external factors like pathogens invading the body.
Answer:
(c) Assertion is true but Reason is false
Reason : Cancer is caused by internal factors like the malfunctioning of organs.

Question 4.
Assertion : An infection develops when pathogens enter the human body.
Pathogen enters the human body through contaminated air, water, food, soil, physical contact etc.
Answer:
(a) Both assertion and reason are true and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion

Question 5.
Assertion : Chikungunya is transmitted in humans by the bite of infected Aedes aegypti mosquito during the day time.
Reason : Chikungunya is caused by Rotavirus.
Answer:
(c) Assertion is true but Reason is false]
Reason : Chikungunya is caused by a single-stranded RNA virus.

VI. Expand the following :

1. CJD
2. TT
3. OPV
4. HAY
5. AIDS
6. MMR

Answer:

1. CJD – Creutzfeldt -Jakob Disease
2. TT – Tetanus Toxoid
3. OPV – Oral Polio Vaccine
4. HAV – Hepatitis A Virus
5. AIDS – Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome
6. MMR – Mumps, Measles, Rubella

VII. Define the following :

1. Disease, 2. Infection, 3. Antibiotics, 4. Toxin, 5. Vector
Answer:
1. Disease:
The disease can be defined as an impairment or malfunctioning of the normal state of the living organism that disturbs or modifies the performance of vital functions of the body.

2. Infection:
Infection is the entry, development, or multiplication of an infectious agent in the human body or animals.

3. Antibiotics:
Antibiotics are metabolic products of microorganisms whose very low concentrations are inhibitory or detrimental to other microbes.

4. Toxin :
The poisonous substances secreted by pathogens that cause diseases are called toxins.

5. Vector:
Vector is an agent that acts as an intermediate carrier of the pathogen.

VIII. Answer in one or two sentences :

Question 1.
What is bacteria?
Answer:
Bacteria are microscopic, single-celled prokaryotic organisms without a nucleus and other cell organelles. >

Question 2.
Differentiate Parasites and Saprophytes.
Answer:
Parasites :
Fungi living on living hosts.

Saprophytes :
Fungi living on dead organic matter.

Question 3.
What is the incubation period?
Answer:
1. The interval between infection and the first appearance of the diseases is called the incubation period.
2. It may vary from few hours to several days.

Question 4.
Differentiate Exotoxins and Endotoxins.
Answer:
Exotoxins :
There are directly secreted by the pathogens.

Endotoxins :
There are released by the disintegration of pathogens.

Question 5.
Why is dengue also known as break-bone fever?
Answer:
The name break bone fever was given because contortions caused intense joint and muscle pain.

Question 6.
What is an immunization?
Answer:
Immunization is a process of developing resistance to infections by administration of antigens (or) antibodies. .

Question 7.
What is TAB?
Answer:
TAB is a combined vaccine for Typhoid, Paratyphi A and Paratyphi B.

Question 8.
Name two diseases transmitted by Aedes aegypti mosquito?
Answer:

1. Chikungunya,
2. Dengue.

Question 9.
What is known as reservior of infection? Give two example.
Answer:
Reservoir of infection are breeding ground for pathogens. E.g. Water, soil.

Question 10.
Differentiate signs and symptoms of disease.
Answer:
Signs :
Signs of disease provide information about particular disease.

Symptoms :
Symptoms are recognizable signs of infectious disease.

Question 11.
Name one disease that is transmitted by houseflies. Mention their causative pathogen.
Answer:
Cholera – Vibrio cholerae (pathogen)

Question 12.
Name the scientist who first discovered penicillin antibiotic. Can you name any other known antibiotic?
Answer:

1. Penicillin was discovered by Alexander Fleming.
2. Other known Antibiotic – Tetracycline.

Question 13.
A baby is suffering from diarrhoea, while other babies in the same locality do not.
Mention the possible causes that you think. What would be the possible solutions for this? »
Answer:

1. Cause for Diarrhoea: Contaminated food (or) water.
2. Possible solutions: Hygienic sanitary condition, Use of Oral Rehydration Solution (ORS).

Question 14.
Sanjay had an attack of chickenpox and has just recovered. The health officer of his locality says that the disease would not occur again for him. What would be the reason for this?
Answer:
While Chicken Pox attacks the first time, it develops immunity for the rest of life.

IX. Short answer questions :

Question 1.
Briefly explain the reproduction of fungi using a flow chart.
Answer:

Question 2.
What is an epidemic disease?
Answer:
Epidemic disease is a disease that breaks out and affects large number of people in a particular geographical region and spreads at the same time. E.g. Influenza.

Question 3.
Differentiate between Infectious and Non-Infectious disease.
Answer:
Infections Disease

1. They are communicable diseases. .
2. They are caused by external factors. Invading of pathogens such as bacteria, virus, vectors, parasites etc.
   E.g. Cholera, Malaria, Chickenpox.

Non-infectious disease

1. They are non-communicable diseases
2. They are caused by internal factors.
   • Malfunctioning of organs,
   • Genetic causes,
   • Hormonal imbalance and
   • Defective Immune system
     E.g. Cancer, Diabetes.

Question 4.
What causes illness?
Answer:
An illness is casual due to a specific infectious agent, capable of being directly or indirectly transmit infection from person to person, animal to animal or from the environment (air, water & food) and insects.

Question 5.
How are respiratory tract infections acquired?
Answer:
Respiratory tract infections are acquired by inhaling air containing the pathogen that is transmitted through droplets caused by cough (or) sneeze, dust, spores, etc.

Question 6.
Name the different species of protozoa plasmodium.
Answer:
The different species of plasmodium are –

1. Plasmodium vivax
2. Plasmodium malariae
3. Plasmodium falciparum
4. Plasmodium ovale.

Question 7.
List the precautionary measures to avoid Avian Influenza.
Answer:
Prevention and Control:

• Avoid open-air markets where infected birds are sold.
• Avoid contact and consumption of infected birds.
• Proper cleaning and cooking of poultry.

Question 8.
Mention the symptoms of poliomyelitis.
Answer:
Symptoms of poliomyelitis :

• Paralysis of limbs and muscles.
• Difficulty in walking.

Question 9.
When Malar, who is suffering from high fever, muscle, and joint pain, undergoes a blood test, it was found that her blood platelet was decreased.
a. What disease is Malar infected with?
b. How is the disease transmitted?
c. How can it be treated?
Answer:
a. Dengue fever.
b. Dengue was caused by a virus which is transmitted by the Aedes aegypti mosquito.
c. Treatment:

• Administer paracetamol to reduce fever and body ache.
• Increase intake of fluid to increase immunity.
• Complete rest for rehabilitation.

Question 10.
How is typhoid prevented and treated?
Answer:
Prevention:

• Contaminated food by flies-and dust should be prevented.
• Basic sanitation and hygienic practices should be improved.

Treatment:
Typhoid should be treated with antibiotic drugs.

Question 11.
We are advised to take bland and nutritious food when we are sick. What is the reason?
Answer:

• Bland and nutritious food are soft, less spicy and low in fibre.
• They are easy digestable and energy giving food. . . .
  Thus, sick person can restore his immunity through bland and nutritious food.

Question 12.
How will you differentiate Hepatitis A from Hepatitis B?
Answer:

X. Long Answer question : 

Question 1.
Enumerate the living and non-living characters of virus.
Answer:
1. Living characters of viruses:

• They have nucleic acid DNA or RNA i.e., the genetic material that can replicate.
• They can multiply in the living cells of the host.
• They can attack specific hosts.

2. Non-living characters of viruses:

• Viruses remain as inert material outside their hosts.
• They are devoid of the cell membrane and cell wall.
• They are devoid of cellular organelles like ribosomes, mitochondria, etc.
• They can be crystallised.

Question 2.
Discuss how diseases are categorised.
Answer:
Disease can be catagorized on the basis of:

(i) Extent of occurrence
(ii) Infectious nature
(iii) Type of pathogen
(iv) Transmitting Agent

(i) Extent of occurrence :

• Endemic diseases – Found in the certain geographical area affects the fewer number of people, E.g. Goitre in sub = Himalayan region.
• Epidemic diseases – Disease which breaks out and affects a large number of people in a particular geographical region and spreads at the same time. E.g. Influenza.
• Pandemic disease – Widely distributed on a global scale. E.g. AIDS.
• Sporadic disease – Occasional occurrence of a disease. E.g. Cholera and malaria.

(ii) Infectious nature:

1. Infectious disease are communicable diseases. Caused by external factors pathogenic organisms. E.g. Chickenpox and malaria.

2. Non-Infectious disease:

• Non-communicable diseases.
• Caused by internal factors like :
• Malfunctioning of organs and genetic causes. Hormonal imbalance and immune system defect. E.g. Diabetes, coronary heart diseases, obesity, cancer, goitre etc.

(iii) Types of pathogen :

• Bacterial diseases
• Viral diseases
• Fungal diseases
• Protozoan diseases

(iv) Transmitting agent:

• Airborne diseases: Due to continuous inhalation of contaminated air.
  E.g. Tuberculosis.
• Waterborne diseases: Microbes present in the contaminated water cause various infectious diseases.
  E.g. Cholera, typhoid, etc.
• Vector-borne diseases: Vector is an agent that acts as an intermediate carrier of the pathogen.
  E.g. Malaria, filaria, chikungunya.

Question 3.
Discuss the strategies to adopt to prevent diseases transmitted through mosquitoes.
Answer:

• Prevention of mosquito bites by using mosquito nets mosquito screens, mosquito repellents, and ointments.
• Providing adequate sanitation, underground wastewater disposable system, and drainage of stagnant water to eliminate the breeding places.
• Avoid the collection of water in any uncovered container such as water tanks, pots, flowers, discarded tyres, etc.
• Spraying oil on stagnated water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
• Adult mosquitoes can be killed by spraying insecticides.
• Application of citronella oil (or) eucalyptus oil on the exposed skin.

Question 4.
Amal, a thirteen-year-old boy is suffering from fever, headache, body pain, vomiting, and diarrhoea. He finds it difficult to breathe.

1. Diagnose the disease.
2. What is the causative agent?
3. What prevention and control measures can be taken?

Answer:

1. Diagnosed Disease: Swine flu.
2. Causative agent: InfluerKa virus H1N1
3. Prevention and control:
   • Administration of nasal spray vaccine.
   • Avoiding close contact with a person suffering from the flu.
   • Intake of water and fruit juices will help prevent dehydration.
   • Plenty of rest will help the body fight infection.
   • Always wash hands regularly and practice good hygiene.

Question 5.
Name the causative agent of typhoid in humans. How does the pathogen gain entry into the human body? Write the diagnostic symptoms and mention the organ that is affected in severe cases.
Answer:

• Causative agent of typhoid: Salmonella Typhi (Bacteria)
• The entry of Pathogen: Food and water contaminated by the faeces of an infected person through houseflies.
• Diagnostic symptoms: Fever, weakness, and vomiting.
• Affected organ: Small Intestine.

Question 6.
Some human diseases are transmitted only when the blood of a patient comes in close contact with the blood of a healthy person. In one such disease, there is a progressive decrease in WBC of the patient.

1. Name the disease and its causative agent.
2. Name the type of WBC affected during infection.
3. How does the blood of a patient come in contact with the blood of a healthy patient?
4. Suggest three methods that help in preventing such infection.

Answer:

1. Disease Name Causative agent: AIDS (Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome).
2. Affected WBC type: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
3. Contact of blood: Lymphocytes (T-lymphocytes)
4. Prevention methods: Transfusion of unscreened blood (blood contact).
   • Usage of disposable syringes and needles.
   • Screening of blood before blood transfusion.
   • Avoid sharing shaving blades/razors.

Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus Samacheer Kalvi 12th English Guide Pdf Supplementary Chapter 3 The Hour of Truth (Play) Text Book Back Questions and Answers, Summary, Notes.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 12th English Solutions Supplementary Chapter 3 The Hour of Truth (Play)

12th English Guide The Hour of Truth (Play) Text Book Back Questions and Answers

Textual Questions:

1. Rearrange the following sentence in a meaningful sequence and write the summary of the play: (Text Book Page No. 106)

a. Baldwin who returned home after meeting Gresham, informed his family that Gresham had offered a hundred thousand, if he would utter the words ‘I don’t remember in court, during the trial’.
b.The family members tried to justify Gresham’s act and enticed Baldwin into accepting the money.
c. Thus ‘The Hour of Truth’ had dawned relieving Baldwin of the heavy burden and guilt.
d. Baldwin was an honest and upright man, working under John Gresham, in a bank.
e. To save Baldwin, Mr. Marshall, President of the Third National, visited him and informed him that Gresham had confessed his crime, in order to free him from betraying his trusted friend and testifying painfully against him.
f. Gresham and Baldwin had been thick friends for over 30 years and Baldwin had even named his son after Gresham.
g. Baldwin felt disgusted with himself and the attitude of his family members.
h. Gresham had been arrested for misappropriation of money at the bank and Baldwin was to testify against him.
i. Mr. Marshall also offered Baldwin job in his bank, to reward him for his honesty and integrity.
j. The family members who were initially against Gresham, changed their mind on hearing the huge sum offered by him.

Answer:

1. d
2. f
3. a
4. h
5. i
6. j
7. g
8. e
9. b
10.  c

Summary:
Baldwin was an honest and upright man, working under John Gresham, in a bank. Gresham and Baldwin had been thick friends for over 30 years and Baldwin had even named his son after Gresham. Baldwin who returned home after meeting Gresham, informed his family that Gresham had offered a hundred thousand, if he would utter the words ‘I don’t remember’ in court, during the trial.

Gresham had been arrested for misappropriation of money at the bank and Baldwin was to testify against him. The family members who were initially against Gresham, changed their mind on hearing the huge sum offered by him. The family members tried to justify Gresham’s act and enticed Baldwin into accepting the money. Baldwin felt disgusted with himself and the attitude of his family members.

To save Baldwin, Mr. Marshall, president of the Third National, visited him and informed him that Gresham had confessed his crime, in order to free him from betraying his trusted friend and testifying painfully against him. Mr. Marshall also offered Baldwin job in his bank, to reward him for his honesty and integrity. Thus ‘The Hour of Truth’ had dawned relieving Baldwin of the heavy burden and guilt.

2. Answer the following questions in one or two sentences each: (Text Book Page No. 107)

Question a.
Why did Baldwin meet Gresham?
Answer:
Baldwin met Gresham because he had asked to see him before the trial slotted the following day.

Question b.
What made Martha withdraw her money from the bank?
Answer:
Martha felt that Baldwin did not say much about his business affairs and he wouldn’t tell her to draw her money out from the bank as it was not loyal to Mr. Gresham. This made Martha withdraw her money from the bank.

Question c.
How is Martha’s strong conviction in Baldwin’s integrity revealed?
Answer:
During the family conversation, Martha defends Mr. Baldwin’s integrity like a tigress. She told her son John Gresham Baldwin and Evie that their father was upright and had no hand in the wrecking of the bank.

Question d.
What had Donovan told John?
Answer:
Donovan told John that nobody had any idea that there was anything wrong until the crash came. He also told that he had been there for eight years.

Question e.
John feels Gresham deserves punishment, why?
Answer:
John had a feeling that his dad was paid only 60 dollars per week for the past 20 years. Gresham had become very rich during the same period. He deserved punishment for underpaying his staff.

Question f.
What was Baldwin’s advice to Gresham?
Answer:
Baldwin advised Gresham not to misappropriate the money of depositors and told him to make good for the people, if not he would have to close the bank.

Question g.
What did Gresham want Baldwin to do? Gresham wanted Baldwin not to witness against him by saying ‘I don’t remember’.
Answer:
Gresham wanted Baldwin to say three words “I don’t remember’ in the court when the lawyer (or) judge asked him the technical details and dates. If he did so, Gresham will not be indicted. In turn, Baldwin will get one hundred thousand dollars.

Question h.
Explain the significance of the words ‘I don’t remember’.
Answer:
The word ‘I don’t remember is more important than the story that Join Gresham wanted Baldwin to have an attack of poor memory when the trial came in court. He persuaded him just to say only his guilt and planned not to go to jail due to the lack of evidence. Therefore, the word ’ I don’t remember plays a vital role.

Question i.
Why does John turn wild on hearing that Gresham had offered his father money?
Answer:
John goes wild trying to convince Mr. Baldwin that it was not wrong to take the offered money. He justified it as a help to a friend who had the name his son shared. When a person with his own name is jailed, he feels that his reputation may also be spoiled.

Question j.
What does John consider a technicality?
Answer:
John never wanted Gresham to go to jail because of his father’s evidence. According to him, Gresham did not do anything wrong and what he did was just a technicality, that was a minor detail or a mistake as far as Gresham was considered.

Question k.
When would Baldwin part company with Gresham?
Answer:
John says what Gresham had done would not amount to any crime because not a depositor would lose a cent. It is just a technicality that he used for increasing his gains.

Question l.
Why was John filled with shame?
Answer:
John was filled with shame because he is named after Baldwin’s friend Gresham. So he will be put to shame for bearing the name of a criminal.

Question m.
How much did Gresham offer to pay Baldwin for saving his skin and how did he justify that?
Answer:
Gresham offered Baldwin one hundred thousand dollars. He justified the money as a difference of salary he had received and he ought to have received.

Question n.
What was Mr.Marshall’s offer to Baldwin?
Answer:
Mr.Marshall offered Baldwin a job at his bank, the third international for his honesty and uprightness.

Question o.
How was Baldwin’s honesty rewarded?
Answer:
The following morning, the whole world knows the integrity of Baldwin as Gresham had confessed.

3. Based on your understanding of the play, complete the Graphic Organiser given below: (Text Book Page No. 108)

Title:
The Hour of Truth

Author:
Percival Wilde

Setting:
The play takes place in parlour of a little cottage where a family waits for the return of the head. Mr. Baldwin weather is reported flash of lightening, dark sky.

Characters:
Robert Baldwin – Evie, Martha – Mr. Marshall?, John

Theme:
Study on the corrupting influence of money on people.
Greed and its effects. The good gets reward and the bad gets punishment. How easily people forget their morals and values before money.

Plot:
Mr. Robert Baldwin works in the bank with Mr. Gresham who is now in police custody for misappropriation of money. He offers 100000/- dollars as a bribe to say three words. I don’t remember” at the time of the trial. The reaction to this offer from his family members is the main plot of the play.

Climax:
At the end of the story, Mr.Gresham had admitted his guilt, as he knew that Baldwin, being an honest and upright man, would never give false testimony, and thereby Mr. Marshall offers Baldwin a job at his bank. The third international for his honesty.

Values highlighted in the play:

1. Honesty
2. Loyalty
3. Uprightness
4. Straightforwardness
5. Faithfulness.

4. Answer in a paragraph of about 150 words each: (Text Book Page No. 108)

Question a.
Trace the bond of friendship between Baldwin and Gresham, Explain why Baldwin wished to attribute some credit to his friend.
Answer:
Baldwin and Gresham were boyhood chums. They went to school together. Their friendship flowered into lifetime bondage as it was sustained for thirty-five years. When Baldwin’s son was being baptized in the church, Gresham was present. Baldwin expressed his wish that his son John Gresham Baldwin grew up to Gresham’s standard in life. Baldwin was paid only 60 dollars a week for working as a Governor of the private bank founded by Gresham. Accidentally, Baldwin found out how Gresham was siphoning money very cleverly from the deposits technically without really causing any loss to the depositors. But Baldwin was loyal to Gresham only as long as he was honest. Once he parted ways with honesty, Baldwin would also part ways with Gresham. By the force of his upright character, Baldwin advised him to close the bank and return the deposit to the customers.

Third National Bank was ready to help the reorganization of the bank. Meanwhile, Gresham was arrested. The court could not nail Gresham as there was not a shred of evidence to prove his guilt. If Baldwin testified, the court would indict him. Just before being arrested Gresham offered him one hundred thousand dollars to just say “I don’t remember”. The three words to let him off the hook. He claimed it was the difference between the salary he had been paid and what he ought to have received. Had it been someone else, Baldwin would have slapped him. But it was Gresham who understood his body language and did not press the matter further. He was proud of the fact that Gresham understood how he could not compromise with his conscience. His family members Martha, Evie, and John felt that it was a compliment that cost him one hundred thousand dollars. Baldwin said that Gresham’s compliment about his uprightness was worth a hundred thousand dollars.

Question b.
How did Martha and John, react when they came to know that Baldwin had rejected the generous offer made by Gresham.
Answer:
Baldwin-returned home-meeting-Gresham-offered a hundred thousand dollars-court-trial-hearing- Martha and John-happy-huge sum from Gresham Baldwin-rejected-Gresham-justified-Baldwin-an employment-anywhere-Martha-john reacted-generous offer.

Baldwin who returned home after meeting Gresham informed his family that Gresham had offered a hundred thousand dollars if he would utter the words I don’t remember’ in court during the trial. On hearing both Martha and John were very happy to get a huge sum from Gresham so that their family would also grow rich to some extent. When they came to know that Baldwin had rejected the generous offer made by Gresham and justified Gresham’s act of offering money, stating that it was compensation for his low salary.

So, they started convincing Baldwin to accept the bribe. John also accused Baldwin of betraying his dear friend Gresham. He also told that Baldwin will not get employment anywhere, as he will be considered a traitor. Baldwin felt ashamed of the greed of his family. John compelled Baldwin to accept the money offered by Gresham. Thus Martha and John reacted in an unjust way when Baldwin had rejected the generous offer made by Gresham.

Question c.
Is Baldwin really honest or does he maintain his honest fearing criticism? Why do you say so?
Answer:
Baldwin lived the life of an upright and honest man. Though he was paid just 60 dollars a week in the private bank of Gresham, he never complained. The small increments he had been given were not because he had asked but because Gresham had given them. He was frugal and he was worshipped as a hero by his family members (i.e.) wife Martha, son John Gresham Baldwin and daughter Evie.

Baldwin deeply believed that he had been a role model to his children that is more valuable than money. He admitted to his son that he was disturbed that he would lose the respect of his own family members if he stooped even once in his life even if the bait is one hundred thousand dollars. No doubt he was upright. The three words “I don’t remember” would choke him. Only during the momentary explosion of frustration, it appears that he feared criticism. But his natural reflex on the offer was denial. His agony on the contradictory expectation of worldly-wise family members is obvious. He did not even have to articulate his feelings to Gresham who intuitively understood that his uprightness can’t be purchased with even one hundred thousand dollars.

Question d.
Sketch the character of
(i) Robert Baldwin
(ii) John Gresham.
Answer:
i) Robert Baldwin:
Robert Baldwin is the protagonist of this play. He leads a simple life with his wife Martha and his son John and his daughter Evie. He is working as the secretary of the national bank. He is a man of principles. He is an honest, diligent, and hardworking employee. He has been working in the bank for more than 35 years. He keeps a good relationship with his family members. Though he is a middle-aged man, he is a man of virtues. He is kind and loyal to others.

He is not ready to make any kind of compromise with his morality. When his friend John Gresham was arrested for the misappropriation in the bank account, Baldwin was not ready to make any kind of compromise. He is not upset when Gresham offers a bribe of 10,000 dollars to say in the court ”1 don’t remember”. It is only because of his deep-rooted morality and honesty, he is also getting a promotion at the Third International.

ii) John Gresham:
Mr. Gresham is the president of the National bank. He is corrupt from the beginning. He is really a true representative of the new American. He has a strong attachment to money. He misappropriates money from his own bank. His attitude towards money is really selfish. He is ready to do anything for hiding his corrupted nature. He is ready to give and take bribes. But he is changing in the end with the powerful and truthful attitude of his friend Baldwin. He becomes a new man. This shows that he has a will to be a man of honesty.

Question e.
Who do you think exhibits true friendship Baldwin of Gresham? Justify your answer.
Answer:
This is a typical question for which much can be said on both sides. Both Baldwin and Gresham exhibit true friendship from their respective sides. Baldwin is rich in great virtues like loyalty, honesty, frugality, and valuing human relationships. He is loyal to Gresham with a thirty-five-year-old friendship. But the moment Gresham parts ways with honesty, Baldwin would part ways with him. The greatest compliment ever paid to Baldwin is not from Martha, Evie, or John but Gresham. Gresham meets Marshall and confesses that Baldwin is an honest man whose honesty cannot be purchased even with one hundred thousand dollars.

He is poor earning just 60 dollars a week, now even that is gone as the bank is closed. He is richer than Gresham in terms of uprightness and honesty. Baldwin, being a friend, shows Gresham the right path even when he realizes that his friends would be at stake. Thiruvalluvar says, “Friendship is not meant for just laughing and having fun but to criticize a friend when he is wrong.” Likewise, it is Baldwin who compels Gresham to close the bank and ensure the deposits through honest means. He doesn’t want to support friendship when a friend parts ways with honesty. He doesn’t openly articulate his unwillingness to accept the bait but his uncomfortable silence says it all. Thus both exhibit true friendship towards one another.

Paragraph:

Introduction:
The play “The Hour of Truth” by Percival Wilde is an intense psychological study on the corrupting influence of money on people.

Life of Baldwin:
Robert Baldwin is a family man who has a wife, son, and daughter. He was a very honest and upright man. Baldwin has been working under John Gresham in a bank. He is actually a personal secretary to John Gresham. John Gresham and Baldwin have been thick friends for over 30 years and Baldwin has even named his son after Gresham.

Bank Crash:
One day Baldwin informed his family that Gresham had offered a hundred thousand if he would say the words “I don’t remember” in court during the trial. Because Gresham had been arrested for misappropriation of money at the bank and being the secretary of Gresham, Baldwin was to testify against him.

Greed of the family members:
The family members who were initially against Gresham changed their mind on hearing the huge sum offered by him. The family members tried to justify Gresham’s act and induced Baldwin to accept the money offered by Gresham. The attitude of his family members made him sad and felt disgusted.

Honesty – Rewarded:
Mr. Marshall, President of the Third National Bank, informed Baldwin that Gresham had confessed his crime in order to free him from betraying his trusted friend. Mr. Marshall also offered Baldwin a job in his bank in order to reward him for his honesty and integrity.

Conclusion:
Thus “The Hour of Truth” had dawned relieving Baldwin of the heavy burden and guilt.

5. Idioms:
Now match the idioms under column A with their meanings in column B: (Text Book Page No. 109)

Answers:

1. to protect oneself from difficulty
2. manage one’s expenses within one’s income
3. a sudden unexpected event or news
4. to exit the world
5. to be the most powerful
6. viewed with suspicion and distrust

Speaking:

Question a.
Imagine you are Baldwin and your partner is Gresham. Try your best to persuade your partner to confess the truth. Build a conversation describing how both of you would react in such a situation. Work in pairs: (Text Book Page No. 109)
Answer:
Baldwin: My dear Gresham, please confess in the court. You may be pardoned.
Gresham: No, Baldwin. I’ll lose my fame among the clients.
Baldwin: No. Honesty is the best policy. Our clients will definitely sympathize with you when they understand the situation.
Gresham: Look here! you’ve nothing to lose by helping me. After all, I will make up the loss without anybody’s knowledge.
Baldwin: Gresham, it is a different thing. By confessing, you will be held in high esteem.
Gresham: I doubt it.
Baldwin: Please, listen to me. We have been thick friends for the past 30 years. You have done the wrong thing because of the forces of circumstances. I know you are a good man. Believe me. You will never lose your fame.
Gresham: Ok. I’ll consider and meet you tomorrow.
Baldwin: Hope you will take the right decision.

Question b.
‘A friend in need is a friend indeed’. Does this hold good in all situations? Share your views with your class.
Answer:
No, this doesn’t hold good in all situations. When we meet physically tight corners, our friends will try their best to help us. They will take risks also. But when we face financial problems, they may hesitate. This is because their parents may not support them.

Circumstances compel them to act in their own ways. So we should not expect our friends to help us in all situations. Realising their inability, we should not hesitate to appreciate them. Without friendship, our life journey will not be interesting.

ஆசிரியரைப் பற்றி:

பெர்சிவெல் வைல்டு (Percival Wilde) (1887-1953) அமெரிக்காவை சார்ந்த கதாசிரியர் மற்றும் நாடக எழுத்தாளர் (playwright). இவர் புதினம் (novels), சிறுகதைகள் மற்றும் தனிநபர் நாடகம் ஆகியவற்றை எழுதியுள்ளார். The theatre arts என்னும் தலைப்பில் பாடபுத்தகத்தையும் வடிவமைத்துள்ளார். தன் சொந்த ஊரைவிட்டுவிட்டு New York City ல் உள்ள Columbia University ல் 1906 ம் ஆண்டு தன் பட்டப்படிப்பை முடித்தார்.

சில காலம் வங்கியாளராக (Banker) பணியாற்றினார். 1912 முதல் நாடகங்களை எழுதத் தொடங்கினார். வைல்டுவின் நாடகங்கள் மிகவும் புகழ் (popular) பெற்றவை. இவரின் படைப்புகள் அனைத்தும் வாழ்க்கையில் மதிப்பீடுகளை பிரதிபலிப்பதாகவும் தனி மனித வாழ்க்கையில் ஒளியேற்றுவதாகவும் அமைக்கப்பட்டு இருக்கும்.

The Hour of Truth இவரின் படைப்பிற்கு ஒரு சான்று. இதில் நாடகத்திற்கு தேவையான நேரம், இடம், நிகழ்வு ஆகியவை பின்பற்றப்பட்டுள்ளன. நாடகத்தின் உச்சக்கட்டம் மகிழ்ச்சி நிறைந்த வியப்பில் முடிகிறது.

கதையைப் பற்றி:

இக்கதையில் இராபர்ட் பால்ட்வின் மற்றும் ஜான் கிரஸ்ஹாம் 35 ஆண்டுகளாக நண்பர்கள். பால்ட்வின் தன் மகனுக்கு தன் நண்பரின் பெயரைச் சூட்டினார். இருவரும் ஒரு வங்கியில் பணிபுரிகின்றனர். கிரெஷம் வங்கியில் மிகப்பெரிய தொகையை கையாடல் செய்ததால் கைது செய்யப்படுகிறார்.

வழக்கு விசாரணைக்கு அடுத்த நாள் இருந்தது. பால்ட்வின் முக்கிய சாட்சி. அவர் நீதிமன்றத்தில் “எனக்கு நினைவு இல்லை என்று சொல்வதற்கு கிரஸ்ஹாம் நூறு ஆயிரம் டாலர்கள் தருவதாக கூறினார். ஆனால் பால்ட்வின் உண்மையை விட்டு விலகவில்லை. ஆகவே அவர்கள் வேலையை செய்த வங்கி மூடப்பட்டது. வேலையையும் இழந்தான் பால்ட்வின்.

அவரின் மனைவியும் மகனும் பணம் வாங்க கட்டாயப்படுத்திய போதும் அவர் அச்செயலை செய்யவில்லை. மற்றொரு வங்கியான Third National Bank ன் தலைவர் திரு. மார்ஷல் பால்ட்வின் வீட்டிற்கு வந்தார். அவர் கிரஸ்ஹாம் தன் குற்றத்தை ஒப்புக் கொண்டதாக சென்னார். பின் அவரின் நேர்மைக்கு வெகுமதி அளிக்கும் விதமாக அவரின் வளங்கியில் வேலையும் வழங்கினார். எப்படி பாஸ்ட்வின் தன் நெருக்கடியிலிருந்து காப்பாற்றப்பட்டார் என்று விரிவாகக் காண்போம்.

The Hour of Truth (Play) Summary in Tamil

அது ஒரு சூடான (hot) மற்றும் புழுக்கமான (sultry) ஞாயிறு பிற்பகல், சூரியன் செங்குத்தாக தலைக்குமேல் இருந்தது மற்றும் காலுக்கு கீழ் இருக்கும் மண்ணானது இரக்கமற்று (merciless) காணப்பட்டது. தொலைவில், மேகங்கள் தங்களுடைய வெப்பத்திலிருந்து குறைந்து வருவதை உறுதிபடுத்தின. மற்றும் அந்த சிறிய கூடாரத்தின் ஜன்னல் அருகே பால்ட்வின் குடும்பத்தினர் அவரின் வருகைக்காக ஆவலுடன் காத்திருந்தனர்.

ஜான், பால்ட்வினின் மகன், 27 வயது மதிக்கத்தக்க ஒரு சாதாரண வாலிபன், ஒரு குழாயை புகைத்து (smoking a pipe) கொண்டு, இந்த நாள் வேறு எந்த நாளையும் விட முக்கியமானது போல் உணர்ந்தான். ஆனால், மார்த்தா, அவனுடைய அம்மா, கடந்த அரை-மணி நேரமாக ஏதோ செய்ய தொடங்கிவிட்டாள்.

மேலும் ஈவ், பால்ட்வினின் மகள், அவளுடைய பதட்டத்தை குறைக்க எந்த முயற்சியும் எடுக்கவில்லை. இதை பார்க்கும் போது, வீட்டில் உள்ள அமைதியான சூழ்நிலையை மாற்ற யாரும் முன்வரவில்லை. பத்து நிமிடங்களில் பத்தாவது முறையாக ஈவ் ஜன்னலுக்கு சென்று அந்த புழுக்கமான சாலையை பார்த்து கொண்டிருந்தாள்.

காட்சி : பால்ட்வின் வீடு:

மார்த்தா : அவர் வீட்டில் இருக்க வேண்டிய நேரம், இது.
ஈவ் : ஆமாம், அம்மா.
மார்த்தா : அவர் குடையை மறந்து வந்திருக்க மாட்டார் என நான் நம்புகிறேன், அவருக்கு அதை பின்னால் வைத்து விட்டு வரும் பழக்கம் இருந்தது.
ஈவ் : ஆமாம், அம்மா.
மார்த்தா : கண்டிப்பாக மழை வரும். நீ அப்படி நினைக்கவில்லையா ஈவ்?
ஈவ் : (சிறிய அமைதிக்கு பின்) அம்மா (அங்கு பதில் ஏதுமில்லை அம்மா! (திருமதி.பால்ட்வின் மெல்ல திரும்பினாள்) இவரிடம் இருந்து திரு. கிரஸ்ஹாம்-க்கு என்னதான் வேண்டுமாம்? அவர் ஏதேனும் தவறு செய்துவிட்டாரா?
மார்த்தா : (பொறுமையாக) உங்க அப்பாவா? இல்லை, ஈவ்.
ஈவ் : பின்பு ஏன் திரு. கிரஸ்ஹாம் இவரை வரச் சொல்லிருந்தார்?

நாம் இன்னும் அதிகமாக தெரிந்து கொள்வோம்:
வங்கியில் தவறு செய்ததற்காக சந்தேகத்தின் பேரின் கிரஸ்ஹாமை கைது செய்திருக்கின்றனர் என்பதை மார்த்தா மற்றும் ஈவ் கேள்விபட்டிருந்தனர். அந்த செய்தியை கேட்டதும் இருவரும் கோபமும் மற்றும் அதிர்ச்சியும் அடைந்தனர்.

மார்த்தா : அவர் இவரிடம் பேச வேண்டும் என சொன்னார்.
ஈவ் : எதைப் பற்றி? திரு. கிரஸ்ஹாம் கைதாகிவிட்டார். நாளைக்கு, அவர்கள் அவரை சிறையில் அடைத்துவிடுவர். அவருக்கு அப்பாவிடம் இருந்து என்னதான் வேண்டும்?
மார்த்தா : உன்னுடைய அப்பா தான் சாட்சி சொல்ல வேண்டும்.
ஈவ் :ஆனால், இவர் திரு. கிரேஸ்ஹாமுக்கு எதிராக அல்லவா சாட்சி சொல்ல போகிறார். ஏன் திரு.கிரேஸ்ஹாம் இவரை பார்க்க வேண்டும்?
மார்த்தா : எனக்கு தெரியாது, ஈவ், உங்க அப்பா, அவருடைய தொழில் சம்பந்தபட்ட விஷயத்தை சொல்ல மாட்டார் என்பது உனக்கு தெரியும் (அவர் மொளனமாக இருந்தாள்).

வங்கியில் தவறு நடந்ததை செய்திதாளில் பார்க்காதிருந்தால் எனக்கும் தெரிந்திருக்காது. உன் அப்பா என்னுடைய பணத்தை எடு என்று சொன்னதே கிடையாது. அது திரு. கிரேஸ்ஹாம்க்கு விசுவாசமாக இருக்காது என அவர் எண்ணினார். (ஈவ் தலையசைத்தாள்). அவருடைய விருப்பத்திற்கு மாறாகத்தான் நான் இதை செய்தேன், என நான் சந்தேகிக்கிறேன்.

ஈவ் : (சிறிய அமைதிக்கு பின்) அதை…. அதை வைத்துக் கொண்டு அப்பா எதுவும் செய்யவில்லை என நீங்கள் நினைக்கிறீர்கள் (அவள் அதைப்பற்றி பேச விரும்பவில்லை).
மார்த்தா : வங்கியின் திவால் ஆன நிலை என்ன? உனக்கு அதைவிட அவரை நன்றாக தெரியும், ஈவ்.
ஈவ் : ஆனால், என்ன நடந்து கொண்டிருக்கின்றது என்பது அவருக்கு தெரியாது. அல்லவா?
மார்த்தா : (சிறிய அமைதிக்கு பின்) ஈவ், உன்னுடைய அப்பா அவருடைய வாழ்க்கையில் இதுவரை எந்த தவறும் செய்ததாக நான் நம்பவில்லை , ஏனென்றால் அது தவறு என்று அவருக்கு தெரியாமல் கூட இருந்திருக்கலாம். அவர் தற்செயலாக இதை கண்டுபிடித்துள்ளார். திரு.கிரஸ்ஹாம் என்ன செய்து கொண்டிருந்தார் என கண்டுபிடித்துள்ளார்.
ஈவ் : உங்களுக்கு எப்படி அது தெரியும்?
மார்த்தா : எனக்கும் தெரியாது. அவர் சொன்ன சிலவற்றை வைத்து சந்தேகிக்கிறேன். இங்க பாரு ஈவ், அவர் எந்த தவறும் செய்திருக்க மாட்டார்.

ஈவ் : (மெதுவாக) இல்லை. அவர்கள் அவரை குற்றம் சாட்டவில்லை. ஏனென்றால் திரு. கிரஸ்ஹாம்க்கு எதிராக சாட்சி சொல்ல வேண்டும் என்று அவர் நினைக்கிறார்கள். அதுதான், கொஞ்சம் ஆறுதலாக இருக்கிறது,
அம்மா.
ஜான் : இங்க பாருங்க அம்மா, கிரஸ்ஹாம்க்கு நம் தலைவரிடத்தில் என்ன வேண்டும்?
ஈவ் : நானும் அதைப்பற்றி தான் கேட்டு கொண்டு இருக்கிறேன்.
மார்த்தா : எனக்கு தெரியவில்லை, ஜான்.
ஜான் : நீங்கள் அவரிடம் கேட்கவில்லையா?
மார்த்தா : ஆமாம் அவரிடம் கேட்டேன், அவர் எதுவும் சொல்லவில்லை , ஜான் (ஆர்வத்துடன்) அவருக்கு அதைப்பற்றி தெரிந்திருக்கும் என நான் நினைக்கவில்லை.
ஜான் : (ஒரு சிறிய சிந்தனைக்கு பின்) நேற்று, நான் அங்குள்ள உதவி காசாளரிடம் பேசிக்கொண்டிருந்தேன்.
ஈவ் : டோனோவன்?
ஜான் : ஆமாம், டோனோவன் நான் அவரை தடகள சங்கத்தில் சந்தித்தேன். அந்த வியந்து வரும் வரை யாருக்கும் எந்த சிந்தனையும் இல்லை என அவர் சொன்னார். எட்டு வருடங்களாக, டோனோவன் அங்கு தான் வேலை செய்கிறார். தன்னுடைய பாதி வாழ்க்கை இந்த வேலை பார்த்து கொள்ளும் என நினைத்திருந்தார். இதை வைத்து திருமணமும் செய்து கொண்டார். அதற்கு பின், காலையில் கதவை தட்டும் சத்தம் கேட்டது. அது ஒரு இன்ப அதிர்ச்சியாக இருந்தது.

திரு. கிரஸ்ஹாம் கைதுக்கு அப்புறம், டோனோவன் என்ற மற்றொரு வங்கி ஊழியரும் தன்னுடைய வேலையை இழந்துவிட்ட செய்தியை ஈவ் மற்றும் மார்த்தா கேள்விபட்டனர்.

ஈவ் : அப்பாவும்.
ஜான் : தலைவருக்கும் இது தெரிந்திருக்கும் என அவர் சொன்னார். அவர் உறுதியாக சொல்வார் வேறுயாரும் செய்திருக்க மாட்டார் என்று. இங்க பாருங்க, மற்றவர்களைவிட அப்பா, கிரஸ்ஹாம் உடன் நெருக்கமாக இருந்தார். அது தான் அவரை ஒரு நல்ல இடத்தில் வைத்தது, இல்லையா?
மார்த்தா : நீ என்ன சொல்கிறாய், ஜான்?
ஜான் : ஜான் கிரஸ்ஹோமுக்கு எதிராக இருக்கும் ஒரே சாட்சி அப்பாதான், அவருடைய அடுத்த பெயர் தான் எனக்கும் வைக்கப்பட்டது! உங்களுக்கு சேவை செய்ய தான் இந்த ஜான் கிரஸ்ஹாம் பால்ட்வின்!
மார்த்தா : உங்க அப்பா அவருடைய வேலையை செய்வார் ஜான், அதனால் என்ன வந்தாலும் பரவாயில்லை.
ஜான் : (உடனடியாக) அது எனக்கும் தெரியும். எது சரி என்று என்னால் உறுதியாக சொல்ல முடியவில்லை. (இருவரும் அவனை ஏதோ கேள்வி கேட்பதை போல் பார்த்தனர்). இருபது வருடத்தில் பணக்காரரான ஜான் கிரஸ்ஹாம் இருக்கிறார், மற்றும் அவருக்கு செயலாளராக இருந்தது, நம் தலைவர் வாரம் அறுபது டாலர் பெறுகிறார்!

மார்த்தா : உன்னுடைய அப்பா ஒருபோதும் குறை சொல்லியதில்லை.
ஜான் : இல்லை, அது அவர் மீது கொண்ட இரக்கத்தினால் இருக்கும். அவர் குறை சொல்லியதில்லை. நன்று, அவருடைய வாய்ப்பு நாளை இருக்கின்றது. அவர் அந்த கூண்டிற்கு செல்வார் மற்றும் அவர் சொல்வதை வைத்து, இனிமேல் வேறயாரையும் காயப்படுத்த முடியாத ஓரிடத்தில் அவரை வைத்துவிடுவர். தன்னுடைய ஊழியர்களுக்கு குறைந்த ஊதியம் கொடுத்தும் திருப்தியடையாதவர், தன்னுடைய பங்குதாரர்களை சூறையாடி நினைப்பவர் நல்லது!
(அங்கே இருக்கும் latch key-ல் சத்தம் கேட்டது. ஈவ் கதவை நோக்கி நடந்தாள்).
ஜான் : ஹலோ, அப்பா!
பால்ட்வின் : என்னுடைய குழந்தாய்? நீ எப்படி இருக்கிறாய்? (ஜானுடன் தன் கையை குலுக்கினான்) ஈவ்…. (அவர் அவளை முத்தமிட்டார்).
ஜான் : நல்லது, அப்பா? நீங்கள் எங்களிடம் ஏதாவது சொல்ல வேண்டிய நேரம் இது என்று நீங்கள் நீனைக்கிறீர்களா? பால்ட்வின் : ஏதாவது சொல்ல வேண்டுமா? எனக்கு ஒன்றும் புரியவில்லை, ஜான்.
ஜான் : மக்கள் உங்களைப் பற்றி பேசிக் கொண்டிருக்கிறார்கள். இந்த விஷயங்களை பேசுகின்றனர்.

இன்னும் நிறைவாக நாம் புரிந்து கொள்வோம்:
வங்கியில் வேலை பார்க்கும் இன்னொரு மூத்த நபர், பால்ட்வின், ஜான் மற்றும் ஈவின் தந்தை, மேலும் மார்த்தாவின் கணவர், இருப்பினும் நேர்மையானவராக நம்பப்படுகிறது.

பால்ட்வின் : எந்த மாதிரியான விஷயம், ஜான்?
ஜான் : நீங்களே கற்பனை செய்து பாருங்கள், அந்த விஷயத்தைப் பற்றி. என்னால் அவர்கள் கூறுவதை மறுத்து பேச முடியவில்லை.
பால்ட்வின் : ஏன் முடியாது, ஜான்?
ஜான்: ஏனென்றால் எனக்கும் தெரியாது?
பால்ட்வின் : உனக்கு அதைப்பற்றி தெரிய வேண்டுமா? உன் தந்தையைப் பற்றி அறிந்து கொண்டது இதுதானா?
ஜான் : (சிறிய அமைதிக்கு பின்) நான் உங்களிடம் மன்னிப்பு கேட்கிறேன், ஐயா.
பால்ட்வின் : இந்த சம்பவம் நடப்பதற்கு ஒரு நாள் முன்னாடி தான் கிரஸ்ஹாம் என்ன செய்து கொண்டிருந்தார்
என்பதை கண்டு பிடித்தேன். (அவர் அமைதியாய் இருந்தார். அவர்கள் தீவிரமாக கேட்டுக் கொண்டிருந்தனர்). நான் அவரிடம் நல்லது செய்ய வேண்டும் என்று சொன்னேன். அவர் முடியாது என்று கூறிவிட்டார்.

ஈவ் : அதற்கு அப்புறம் என்ன நடந்தது?
பால்ட்வின் : முடிந்த அளவிற்கு நல்லதை செய்யுங்கள் என்று நான் அவரிடம் சொன்னேன். முதல் வேலையாக இந்த வங்கியை மூடுங்கள் ஆனால் அவர் அதை செய்யவில்லை.
மார்த்தா : ஆனால் அவர் அதை செய்திருக்கிறார்.
பால்ட்வின் : நான் தான் அதை செய்ய சொன்னேன். அவர் கோபமாக, மிகவும் கோபமாக இருந்தார், ஆனால் அவருடைய பிடி என் கையில் இருந்தது.
ஈவ் : அது செய்திதாளில் வரவில்லை.
பால்ட்வின் : அவர்களுக்கு சொல்ல வேண்டிய அவசியமில்லை என்று நான் நினைக்கவில்லை.
மார்த்தா : ஆனால், உங்கள் மேலும் சந்தேகம் வந்துள்ளது. பால்ட்வின் : நாளை அது சரியாகி விடும், இல்லையா! (அவர் அமைதி காத்தார்). இன்று, கிரஸ்ஹாம் என்னை வரச் சொல்லிருந்தார். அந்த சோதனை இன்னும் 24 மணி நேரத்தில் தொடங்கிவிடும். அவருக்கு எதிராக இருக்கக்கூடிய சாட்சி நான் மட்டும் தான். அது என்னவென்று உங்களால் கணிக்க முடியுமா…. என்று அவர் கேட்டார்.
ஜான் : (கோபத்துடன்) அவரை காப்பாற்றி கொள்ள உங்களை பொய் சொல்ல சொல்லிருக்கிறார். அவர் உங்களையே பொய் சாட்சி சொல்ல கேட்டு கொண்டாரா?
பால்ட்வின் : அது தேவையிருக்காது ஜான். அவர் என்னுடைய ஞாபக சக்தியை பற்றித்தான் கேட்டிருந்தார். எனக்கு
தெரிந்த எல்லாவற்றையும் நான் சொன்னால், ஜான் கிரஸ்ஹாம் சிறை சென்று விடுவார். அப்புறம் இந்த பூமியில் இருக்க கூடிய எந்த சக்தியாலும் அவரை அதிலிருந்து காப்பாற்ற முடியாது. ஆனால் அவர் என்னிடமிருந்து சில முக்கியமான விஷயத்தை மட்டும் கொஞ்சம் மறந்திடுங்கள் என கேட்டு கொண்டார். அவர்கள் என்னிடம் கேள்வி கேட்கும் போது நான் சொல்லவேண்டிய பதில், “எனக்கு ஞாபகமில்லை ”. எனக்கு தெரியும் என்பதை அவர்களால் நிருபிக்கவும் முடியாது. அங்குதான் நீங்கள் இருக்கின்றீர்கள்.

ஜான் : அது ஒரு பொய்யாகும், அப்பா!
பால்ட்வின் : (சிரித்து கொண்டு) ஆமாம். ஆனால் அது ஒவ்வொரு நாளும் செய்யக் கூடியது தானே. அவர்களால் என்னை தொடவும் முடியாது. அவரை குற்றவாளி என்று சொல்லவும் முடியாது.
மார்த்தா : (கோபத்துடன்) எவ்வளவு தைரியம் அவருக்கு, எவ்வளவு தைரியம் இருந்தால் அவர் இப்படி கேட்டிருப்பார்?
ஈவ் : நீங்கள் என்ன சொன்னீங்க, அப்பா?
பால்ட்வின் : (சிரித்து கொண்டே, ஜானை நோக்கி தன் கண்களை உயர்த்தினார்). நன்று மகனே, நீயாக இருந்திருந்தால் என்ன சொல்லியிருப்பாய்.

ஜான் : சிறைக்கு செல்லுங்கள் என்று நான் சொல்லியிருப்பேன்.
பால்ட்வின் : நானும் அதைத்தான் செய்தேன்…. ஆனால் நீ சொன்ன உன்னுடைய வார்த்தையை நான் பயன்படுத்தவில்லை, ஜான் அவர் என்னுடைய பழைய நண்பர். எவ்வாறாயினும் எந்த விஷயத்தை பற்றியும் நான் சொல்லவில்லை. நான் என்ன நினைக்கிறேன் என்பதை அவர் புரிந்து கொண்டார். ஈவ் : அதற்கு அப்புறம் அவர் என்ன சொன்னார்?
பால்ட்வின் : சொல்வதற்கு அங்கே வேறொன்றுமில்லை. இங்க பாரு, அவர் அதற்கு ஆச்சரியப்படவும் இல்லை.
என்னை 35 வருடங்களாக அவருக்கு தெரியும். (எளிய பெருமையோடு. முற்பதைந்து வருடங்களாக என்னைப்பற்றி தெரிந்து கொண்ட யாரும் உன்னுடைய மனசாட்சி எதிராக இதை செய் என்று எதிர்பார்க்க மாட்டார்கள்.

கிரஸ்ஹாம் தவிர வேறு யாராக இருந்தாலும், அவனுடைய முகத்தில் அடித்தவாறு சொல்லியிருப்பேன். ஆனால் கிரஸ்ஹாமும், நானும் சிறுவர்கள் முதல் ஒன்றாக இருக்கிறோம், ஒன்றாக வேலை செய்தோம். மேலும், முன்பு தனக்காக ஆரம்பத்தில் ஒரு வங்கியில் இந்நாள் வரை ஒரு ஊழியராக பணியாற்றி வருகிறேன். அவர் நம்பிக்கையை இழந்துவிட்டார் — அவர் என்ன செய்கிறார் என்று அவருக்கு தெரியவில்லை – இல்லையென்றால் அவர் எனக்கு பணம் கொடுத்திருக்க மாட்டார்.

நாம் இன்னும் அதிகமாக தெரிந்து கொள்வோம் கிரஸ்ஹாம், பால்ட்வின்னை தனக்கு எந்த உண்மையும் தெரியாது என்று சொல்லுமாறு அழுத்தம் கொடுத்தார், ஆனால் பால்ட்வின் அதை செய்ய மறுத்துவிட்டார்.

ஜான் : சீற்றம் கொண்டு பணம் கொடுத்தாரா? அப்பா
பால்ட்வின் : அவர் அவசரத்துக்கு தேவைப்படும் என்று ஒதுக்கி வைத்திருக்கிறார். அவர்கள் அவரை குற்றவாளி இல்லை என்று சொல்லிவிட்டால், அவர் அதை எனக்கு கொடுத்துவிடுவார். சட்டம் அவரை சும்மாவிடாது. ஆனால், நான் நாளை வரை உயிரோடு இருந்தால், அவர்கள் அவனை குற்றவாளி என சொல்லிவிடுவர்! பெருமூச்சு விட்டார்). அவருக்கு தண்டனை கிடைப்பதற்கு எனக்கு எந்த ஒரு பங்கும் தேவையில்லை என்பதை கடவுள் மட்டும் அறிந்திருந்தார்.

(அவர் நிறுத்திவிட்டார். ஈவ் மெதுவாக அவளுடைய கையை கொடுத்தாள்). இளைஞர்களே மற்றும் வயதானவர்களே, நான் அவருடன் வேலை செய்திருக்கிறேன் அல்லது என் வாழ்க்கையின் சிறந்த பகுதியும் அவருக்காகத்தான். நான் அவருக்கு உண்மையுள்ளவனாக இருக்க வேண்டும். நான் எப்போதும் அவருக்கு விசுவாசமாக இருக்க வேண்டும். ஆனால் எப்போது ஜான் கிரஸ்ஹாம் ஒரு நேர்மையானவராக இல்லையோ ஜான் கிரஸ்ஹாம் மற்றும் நான் பிரிந்து செல்வோம்.

மார்த்தா : மெதுவாக அழுகிறாள்) ராபர்ட்! ராபர்ட்!
பால்ட்வின் : நான் வாழ இன்னும் சில வருடங்கள் தான் இருக்கிறது, ஆனால் என்னுடைய பாதி வாழ்க்கைய எப்படி வாழ்ந்தேனோ! அப்படித்தான் வரும் நாட்களையும் வாழப்போகிறேன். நான் என்னுடைய கல்லறைக்கு சென்று விடுவேன்.
ஜான் : அப்பா….. கிரஸ்ஹாம் உங்களுக்கு என்ன கொடுத்தார்?
பால்ட்வின் : (சாதரணமாக) பத்தாயிரம் டாலர்கள்.
ஈவ் : என்ன ?

பால்ட்வின்னை மயக்கும் பொருட்டு, கிரஸ்ஹாம் மிகப்பெரிய தொகையான நூறு ஆயிரம் டாலர்களை லஞ்சமாக கொடுத்தார், ஆனால் பால்ட்வின் அதை மறுத்து விட்டார்.

மார்த்தா : ராபர்ட்!
பால்ட்வின் : அவர் அதை யாருக்கும் தெரியாமல் எனக்காக ஒதுக்கி வைத்தார். அது அவருடைய தனிப்பட்ட விஷயம்.
அது அவருடைய வாடிக்கையாளர்கள் பணம் இல்லை. அதில் எந்தவொரு வித்தியாசமும் இல்லை.
ஈவ் : (சந்தேகத்தோடு அவர் நூறு ஆயிரம் டாலர் உங்களுக்கு கொடுத்தாரா?
பால்ட்வின் : ஆம் என்ற ஒற்றை வார்த்தைக்காக அது எனக்கு கிடைத்திருக்கலாம் அல்லது என்னுடைய தலையை அசைப்பதற்கு அல்லது?
ஜான் : அவர் அதைத்தான் நினைக்கிறார் என்று உங்களுக்கு எப்படி தெரியும்?
பால்ட்வின் : அவருடைய வார்த்தையில் தெளிவு இருந்தது.

ஜான் : இப்போ கூடவா?
பால்ட்வின் : அவர் ஒருபோதும் என்னிடம் பொய் பேசியது கிடையாது, ஜான் (நிறுத்தினார்). நான் உணராத ஒன்றை
என் கண்கள் காட்டி கொடுத்திருக்கலாம். அதை அவர் கவனித்தார். அவர் ஒரு பெட்டியை திறந்து மற்றும் அந்த நூறு ஆயிரத்தை என்னிடம் காண்பித்தார்.
ஜான் : பணமாகவா?
பால்ட்வின் : ஆயிரம் டாலரில், அது உண்மையானது, நான் அதை பரிசோதித்தேன்.
ஜான் : (மெதுவாக) அதற்காகத்தான் உங்களை “எனக்கு ஞாபகமில்லை” என்று சொல்லுமாறு கேட்டிருக்கிறார்.
பால்ட்வின் : அதற்காகத்தான், மூன்று வார்த்தைகள் மட்டும்
ஜான் : ஆனால் உங்களால் முடியாதா?
பால்ட்வின் : (தலையை அசைத்து கொண்டு. நான் அதை சொல்ல முயற்சி செய்தால், அந்த வார்ததைகள் என்னை
கொன்று விடும். ஒருவேளை, சில மனிதர்களுக்கு அது சாதாரணமாக இருக்கலாம். ஆனால் எனக்கு? என்னுடைய கடந்த காலங்கள் எல்லாம் எழுந்து வந்து என் முகத்தில் அடிக்கும். நான் இத்தனை வருடங்கள் ஒரு பொய்யான வாழ்க்கையைத்தான் வாழ்ந்து கொண்டிருந்திருக்கிறேன் என்று இந்த உலகம் நினைக்கும்.

நான் முன்பு இருந்த மாதிரி கௌரவமான மனிதர் அல்ல என நினைத்தேன். ஜான் கிரஸ்ஹாம் பணத்தை கொடுக்கும் போது, நான் கோபப்பட்டேன், ஆனால் அதை நான் மறுத்தபோது, அவர் ஆச்சரியப்படவில்லை, பின்பு தான் அமைதியானேன். இது ஒரு வெகுமானம் தான், நீங்கள் அப்படி நினைக்கிறீர்களா?

இந்த நேரத்தில், லஞ்சம் வாங்குவதற்கு பால்ட்ன்னை சமாதானப்படுத்துவது முடியுமா என்று பால்ட்வின் புரிந்து கொண்டார்.

ஜான் : (மெதுவாக) மாறாக இது விலை உயர்ந்த பரிசு தான்.
மார்த்தா : ம்ம்?
ஜான் : ஒரு நூறு ஆயிரம் டாலரை பரிசாக கொடுத்து இருக்கிறார்.
பால்ட்வின் : நூறு ஆயிரம் மதிப்புள்ள ஒரு வெகுமானம். என்னுடைய வாழ்க்கையில் , அவ்வளவு பெரிய தொகை என்னிடம் இருந்திருக்க முடியாது, ஆனால் என்னிடம் இருந்தால், நான் அதை செலவழிக்க ஒரு சிறந்த வழியைக் கூட என்னால் கற்பனை செய்ய முடியவில்லை.
ஜான் : (மெதுவாக) ஆமாம், நானும் அதைத்தான் நினைக்கிறேன்.
மார்த்தா : (ஒரு சிறிய தாமதத்திற்கு பிறகு வாடிக்கையாளர்களுக்கு அதிக நஷ்டம் ஏற்படுமா ராபர்ட்.
பால்ட்வின் : (உறுதியாக) நூறு சதவீதம், வாடிக்கையாளர்கள் எதுவும் இழக்கமாட்டார்கள். நானும் மற்றும் கிரஸ்ஹாம்
அந்த அழிவு நேரத்தில் சிலவற்றை சேமித்து வைத்தோம். நான் எதிர்பார்த்ததை விட சற்று அதிகமாகத்தான் இருந்தது. கிட்டதட்ட இரண்டு மடங்கு அதிகம்-கிரஸ்ஹாம் வைத்திருப்பதும் போதுமானதாகும்.
ஈவ்: அந்த நூறு ஆயிரம் இல்லாமலா? (பால்ட்வின் பதில் பேசவில்லை).
ஜான் : (விடாப்பிடியாக) கிரஸ்ஹாம் உங்களுக்கு தனியாக எடுத்து வைத்தது இல்லாமலா?

பால்ட்வின் : ஆமாம், இன்று வரை, அந்த நூறு ஆயிரம் இருக்கிறது என்று எனக்கு தெரியாது. கிரஸ்ஹாம் என்னிடம்
சொல்லவில்லை. அது இல்லாமல் தான் நாங்கள் கணக்கிட்டோம்.
ஈவ் ஜான் : எது நடந்தாலும் சந்திக்க தயாராகிவிட்டீர்களா?
பால்ட்வின் : மிகவும் எளிதாக. (சிரித்தார். திரு.மார்ஷல் என்பவர் மறுசீரமைப்பை நடத்துகிறார். மூன்றாவது தேசிய
தலைவர் திரு. மார்ஷல் அது நன்றாக வரும் என்பதில் குறைந்த மதிப்பு வைத்திருந்தார். (அங்கே அமைதி காணப்பட்டது.

ஜான் மற்றும் ஈவ் கிரஸ்ஹாம் கொடுக்கும் மிகப்பெரிய தொகைக்கு ஆசைப்பட்டனர். அவர்கள் பால்ட்வின்னுக்கு லட்சம் கொடுப்பதை நியாயப்படுத்த முயற்சி செய்தனர்.

ஜான் : அவர்கள் கிரஸ்ஹாமை தண்டிக்க போகிறார்கள். அவர்கள் இல்லையா?
பால்ட்வின் : எனக்கும் அதைப்பற்றி பயம் உள்ளது.

ஜான் : எதற்காக?
பால்ட்வின் : பணத்ைைத தவறாக பயன்படுத்தியதற்காக……
ஜான் : (குறுக்கிட்டான்) ம்ம்… எனக்கு அது தெரியும், ஆனால் அவர் என்ன குற்றம் செய்துவிட்டார்?
பால்ட்வின் : அதுதான் குற்றம், ஜான்.
ஈவ் : ஆனால், யாரும் அதனால் எதுவும் இழக்கவில்லை.
பால்ட்வின் : இருப்பினும் அது ஒரு குற்றம்.
ஜான் : அதற்காகத்தான், அவரை தண்டிக்க போகிறார்கள்.
ஈவ் : (தயக்கத்துடன்) இது ஒரு பயங்கரமான விஷயமா? அப்பா, நீங்கள் அவரை விட்டுவிட்டாள்.
பால்ட்வின் : (சிரித்து கொண்டு நானும் அதைத்தான் விரும்புகிறேன், ஈவ் ஆனால், நான் நீதிபதி அல்ல.
ஈவ் : இல்லை, ஆனால்…. அவருக்கு எதிரான ஒரே சாட்சி நீங்கள் தான்.
ஜான் : (மௌனமாய்) ஈவ்!

உங்கள் நண்பரான கிரஸ்ஹாம் பெயரைத் தான் எனக்கு வைத்தீர்கள், ஒரு குற்றவாளியின் பெயரை தனக்கு வைத்ததிற்கு அவன் வெட்கப்படுவான்.

ஜான் : அவள் சொல்வது சரிதான், தலைவரே.
பால்ட்வின் : ஜான், நீயுமா?
ஜான் :கிரஸ்ஹாமை சிறையில் அடைத்தால், அது ஒரு மோசமான குழப்பத்தை உண்டு பண்ணும் அவருடைய பெயரைத்தான் உங்களுடைய சொந்த மகனுக்கு வைத்துள்ளீர்! அது எனக்கும் ரொம்ப இனிமையாக இருக்கும்! ஜான் கிரஸ்ஹாம் பால்ட்வின்.
மார்த்தா : (சிறிது நேரம் கழித்து) ராபர்ட், நீங்கள் முன்பு என்ன சொன்னீர்கள் என்று என்னால் புரிந்து கொள்ள முடியவில்லை. திரு கிரஸ்ஹாம் நீங்கள் என்ன செய்ய வேண்டும் என்று விரும்புகிறார்?
பால்ட்வின் : நாளை அவரை வெளியேற்ற வேண்டும். மார்த்தா : உங்களால் அதை செய்ய முடியாதா?

பால்ட்வின்: முடியும்.
மார்த்தா: எப்படி?
ஜான் : அவர்கள் என்னிடம் ஆபத்தான கேள்வியை கேட்கும் போது, எனக்கு ஞாபகம் இல்லை’ என்று பதில் கூற வேண்டும். மார்த்தா : அப்படியா! மேலும் உங்களுக்கு ஞாபகம் இருக்கிறதா?
பால்ட்வின் : ஆமாம், கிட்டதட்ட எல்லாமே.
ஜான் : அவர்கள் என்ன கேட்டாலும் பரவாயில்லையா.
பால்ட்வின் : நான் எப்போதுமே என்னுடைய நினைவை புதிப்பித்து கொண்டிருப்பேன். இங்க பாருங்க, என்னிடம் குறிப்புகள் உள்ளது.
ஜான் : ஆனால் அந்த குறிப்புகள் இல்லாமல் உங்களால் ஞாபகப்படுத்த முடியாது.
பால்ட்வின் : என்ன சொல்ற, ஜான்?
ஜான் : உண்மையில் ஒரு விஷயம் என்னவென்றால், நீங்கள் முற்றிலும் குறிப்புகளை சார்ந்துதான் இருக்கிறீர்கள், அல்லவா? பால்ட்வின் : எல்லோரும் ஒரே விஷயத்தைத் தான் செய்கிறார்கள்.
ஜான் : ‘எனக்கு ஞாபகம் இல்லை’? என்று நீங்கள் சொன்னால், அது சத்தியத்திலிருந்து முற்றிலும் வேறுபட்டு இருக்காது. மார்த்தா : திரு.கிரஸ்ஹாம் உங்களிடம் இருந்து அதிகமாக கேட்கவில்லை என நான் பார்க்கிறேன்.
பால்ட்வின் : மார்த்தா!
மார்த்தா : ராபர்ட் ! நானும் உங்களை போல் நேர்மையானவள் தான்……

மார்த்தா : பழைய நண்பரை சிறைக்கு அனுப்புவது எனக்கும் சரியாகப்படவில்லை. ராபர்ட், நானும் அதைத்தான் நினைத்து கொண்டிருக்கிறேன். ஜானுக்கு ஞானஸ்தானம் கொடுத்த நாளன்று திரு.கிரஸ்ஹாம் அவனுக்கு ஆதரவாக இருந்தார், நமக்கெல்லாம் எவ்வளவு பெருமையாக இருந்தது ! நாம் தேவாலயத்திலிருந்து திரும்பிய பின், நீங்கள் என்ன சொன்னீர்கள் என்று ஞாபகம் இருக்கிறதா, ராபர்ட்?
பால்ட்வின் : இல்லை, என்ன அது?
மார்த்தா : நம் மகன் எப்பொழுதும் நாம் அவனுக்கு வைத்த பெயருடனே வாழ வேண்டும் என்று சொன்னீர்கள்! அது ஞாபகம் இருக்கிறதா?

பால்ட்வின்னின் மனைவி, மார்த்தா, பால்ட்வின், அவருடைய நெருங்கிய நண்பரை காட்டி கொடுத்துவிடுவார் என உணர்ந்தாள் மற்றும் ஜானுக்கு மனஉளைச்சல் எற்படும் என உணர்ந்தாள்.

பால்ட்வின் : ஆமாம் – கொஞ்சம்
ஜான் : ஹா ! கொஞ்சம்தானா, தலைவரே?
பால்ட்வின் : நீ என்ன சொலகிறாய், ஜான்?
மார்த்தா : (ஜானுக்கு பதில் சொல் எந்த வாய்ப்பும் கொடுக்கவில்லை அது சோகமாக இருக்கும் – மிகவும் சோகமாக.
ஜான் கிரஸ்ஹாம் என்ற பெயரால், நம் மகனுடைய பெயருக்கு, உங்கள் மூலம் துயரம் வந்துவிடும், ராபர்ட்.
பால்ட்வின் : மார்த்தா, ஜான் கிரஸ்ஹாம் கொடுத்த அந்த லஞ்ச பணத்தை என்னை நீ வாங்க சொல்கிறாயா?
மார்த்தா : ஏன் நீங்கள் அதை லஞ்ச பணம் என்று சொல்ல வேண்டும், அப்பா?
பால்ட்வின் : (கடுமையானது) நிஜமாகவா? அதற்கு ஜான் கிரஸ்ஹாம் அழகான பெயர் வைத்து இருக்கிறார். கடந்த
வருடங்களில் உனக்கு நான் குறைவான சம்பளம் கொடுத்திருக்கிறேன் என்று சொன்னார். உனக்கு தெரியும், வாரத்திற்கு அறுபது டாலர் தான். நான் வாங்கி கொண்டிருந்தேன். இந்த சம்பவம்
நடந்தபோது. : (பொறுமையின்றி) ஆமா ! ஆமாம்? அந்த நூறு ஆயிரம், அவர் எனக்கு என்ன பணம் கொடுத்து கொண்டிருந்தார் என்பதையும் மற்றும் அவர் மீது உண்மையில் நான் வைத்திருக்கும் மதிப்பையும் வேறுபடுத்தி காட்டிவிடும்.
மார்த்தா : அது உண்மையைவிட குறைவானதாக இல்லை, ராபர்ட் உண்மையாக, அவருக்கு நீங்கள் வேலை செய்துள்ளீர்கள். பால்ட்வின் : அவர் சொன்னார், நான் எனக்கு என்ன கொடுத்திருக்க வேண்டும் என்பதை கொடுத்திருந்தால், இப்பொழுது இந்த நூறு ஆயிரத்தை விட அதிகமாக கொடுத்திருப்பேன் என்றார்.
ஜான் : அதனால் தான், இல்லையா, அப்பா?
பால்ட்வின் : யாருக்கு தெரியும்? என் சம்பளத்தை உயர்த்த வேண்டும் என்று ஒருபோதும் கேட்டதில்லை. அவர் சம்பளத்தை உயர்த்தினால், அது அவரது தனிப்பட்ட விஷயம். (அங்கே அமைதி நிலவியது, அவர் சுற்றி பார்த்தார்) நன்று, இதைப் பற்றி என்ன நினைக்கிறாய், ஈவ்?
ஈவ் : (தயக்கத்துடன்) நாளைக்கு, உங்களுடைய நிலைப்பாட்டை பொருத்துதான்…..

உங்களுடைய குறைவான ஊதியத்துக்கான இழப்பீடு என்று பால்ட்வினுக்கு கிரஸ்ஹாம் கொடுக்கும் பணத்தை மார்த்தாலும் நியாயப்படுத்தினாள். பால்ட்வின்னை அந்த லஞ்ச பணத்தை வாங்குமாறும் கட்டாயப்படுத்தினாள்.

பால்ட்வின் : நிஜமாகவா?
ஈவ் : மேலும், ஜான் கிரஸ்ஹமை சிறையில் அடைத்ததும் மக்கள் என்ன சொல்வார்கள்!
பால்ட்வின் : நான் என்னுடைய வேலையை செய்துவிட்டேன் என்று அவர்கள் சொல்வார்கள், ஈவ் குறைவாகவும் மற்றும் அதிகமாகவும் இருக்காது.
ஈவ் : அவர்கள் சொல்வார்களா?
பால்ட்வின் : ஏன், அவர்கள் அப்படி என்ன சொல்வார்கள்.
ஈவ் : அதைப்பற்றி நான் ஏதும் நினைக்கவில்லை. நிச்சயமாக, ஆனால் வேறு சிலர், நீங்கள் உங்களுடைய சிறந்த நண்பனுக்கு துரோகம் செய்துவிட்டீர்கள் என்று சொல்வர்.
பால்ட்வின் : நீ அப்படி நினைக்கவில்லை, தானே ஈவ்!

ஈவ் : அவர்கள் எந்த பணத்தையும் இழக்கவில்லை என்று அவர்கள் கண்டு பிடிக்கும் போதும் ஜான் கிரஸ்ஹாம், எல்லா பணத்தையும் திரும்ப கொடுத்து விடுவேன் என்று அவர்களிடம் சொல்லிய போது, பின் அவர் சிறைக்கு செல்ல வேண்டும் என்று அவர்கள் விரும்பமாட்டார். அவருக்காக அவர்கள் வருத்தப்படுவர்.
பால்ட்வின் : ஆமா, நானும் அதை நம்புகிறேன். நானும் நம்புகிறேன்.
ஜான் : தங்களுக்கு உதவுபவரை சிறையில் அடைக்கும் மனிதனை இரக்கமுள்ளவனாக உணர மாட்டார்கள்.
மார்த்தா : தன் பழைய நண்பனுக்கு எதிராக செய்துவிட்டான் என சொல்வார்கள், ராபர்ட்.

ஜான் : நீங்கள் நீதிமன்றத்தில் உங்களுடைய குறிப்புகளை வெளியே எடுத்தால், அவரை நிச்சயமாக சிறைக்கு அனுப்பிடுவார்கள்! (அவர் ஒரு கோபத்தோடு நிறுத்துகிறான்).
ஈவ் : திரு. கிரஸ்ஹாம் உண்மையில் தவறு எதையும் செய்யவில்லை.
ஜான் : அது ஒரு தொழில்நுட்பமாகும், அது என்னவென்றால் யாரும் ஒரு சதவீதம் கூட இழக்கவில்லை. அவன்
தண்டிக்கப்படுவதை யாரும் பார்க்க விரும்பவில்லை.
ஈவ் : அப்பா, உங்களை தவிர.
ஜான் : ஆமாம், யாருடைய பெயரை உங்கள் மகனுக்கு வைத்தீர்களோ! அந்த மனிதனை சிறையில் அடைக்க நீங்கள் தயாராக இருக்கிறீர்கள்.
மார்த்தா : இரக்கம் காட்டுவீர்கள் என நான் நம்புகிறேன், ராபர்ட்.
பால்ட்வின் : இரக்கமா?

மார்த்தா : திரு. கிரஸ்ஹாம் எப்பொழுதும் தங்களுக்கு நல்லதே செய்துள்ளார். (அங்கே மறுபடியும் அமைதி அவர்கள் ஒவ்வொருவரும் மற்றவர்கள் கண்களை பார்க்க முடியாமல் இருக்கிறார்கள்). நன்று இப்ப என்ன செய்ய போகிறீர்கள், ராபர்ட்? பால்ட்வின் : நீ என்ன நினைக்கிறாய்?
மார்த்தா : வங்கி மூடிய நாளிலிருந்து வேலையில்லாமல் நீங்கள் இருக்கிறீர்கள்.
பால்ட்வின் : (அவரது தோள்களை உயர்த்துகிறார்) நான் ஒரு இடத்தை கண்டுப்பிடிப்பேன்.

தன்னுடைய நெருங்கிய நண்பரை கிரஸ்ஹாமை காட்டி கொடுப்பதற்கு, ஜான் பால்வினை குற்றம் சாட்டினான். மேலும், பால்ட்வினுக்கு எங்கும் வேலை கிடைக்காது, அதே சமயத்தில் அவன் ஒரு துரோகி என்று நினைப்பார்கள்.

மார்த்தா : (தலையை அசைத்து கொண்டு இந்த வயதிலா?
பால்ட்வின் : முடியாதவன் தான் காரணம் சொல்வான்.
மார்த்தா : ஆமாம், ஒரு மாதத்திற்கு முன்பு அதைத்தான் நீங்கள் சொன்னீர்கள்.
ஜான் : நானும் டோனோவனிடமிருந்து கேள்வி பட்டேன்.
பால்ட்வின் : (உடனடியாக) நீ என்ன கேள்விப்பட்டாய்?
ஜான் : அவர் மூன்றாவது பணக்காரனோடு சென்று விட்டார், உங்களுக்கு தெரியுமா?
பால்ட்வின் : ஆமாம், அவர் மறுசீரமைப்புக்கு உதவுகிறார்.
ஜான் : அங்கே, அவர்கள் உங்களை கூப்பிடவில்லையா.
பால்ட்வின் : அவர்கள் ஊழியர்கள் அதிகமாக இருக்கிறார்கள். எனக்கு கணக்காளர் வேைைலயை அவர்களால் கொடுக்க முடியாது.
ஜான் : அதுதான் அவர்கள் சொன்னார்கள்…… ஜான் கிரஸ்ஹாம் மாதிரி குற்றம் செய்த ஒருவரை தன்னால் வேளையில் அமர்த்த முடியாது என்ற திரு.மார்ஷல் சொன்னார்.
பால்ட்வின் : ஆனால், நான் குற்றம் செய்யவில்லை.
ஜான் : அது யாருக்கு தெரியும்?
பால்ட்வின் : நாளை, அனைவருக்கும் தெரியும்.
ஜான் : அவர்கள் உங்களை நம்புவார்களா? அல்லது உங்களை நீங்களே காப்பாற்றி கொண்டுள்ளீர்கள் என நினைப்பார்களா? பால்ட்வின் : அந்த நிகழ்வு நடப்பதற்கு ஒருநாள் முன்னால் தான் அதை கண்டுபிடித்தேன்.

ஜான் : அதை யார் நம்புவார்கள்?
பால்ட்வின் : அவர்கள் நம்பித்தான் ஆக வேண்டும்.
ஜான் : எப்படி அவர்களை நம்பவைப்பீர்கள்? தலைவரே நீங்கள் எங்கு சென்றாலும் உங்களுக்கு எதிராகத்தான் கண்டுபிடித்தீர்கள் என எனக்கு பயம் வருகிறது. ஜான் கிரஸ்ஹாம்க்கு எதிராக சாட்சி சொல்வதால் வேறு எந்த நல்ல விஷயமும் நடக்காது. உங்களுக்கு வேலையே கிடைக்கவில்லையென்றால், அது அவரால் தான் (இது பால்ட்வின்னுக்கு ஆச்சரியத்தை ஏற்படுத்தும் ஒரு திடுக்கிடும் யோசனை). கிரஸ்ஹாம் சிறைக்கு செல்லாவிட்டால், அவர் மறுபடியும் தொழிலை தொடங்கிவிடுவார், அவர் செய்யமாட்டாரா? மேலும் ஒரு பங்குதாரரை தவிர அவர் வேற ஏதும் உங்களுக்கு தரப்பட மாட்டாது.
பால்ட்வின் : ஒரு பங்குதாரராகவா?
ஜான் : (அர்த்தத்தோடு அந்த நூறு ஆயிரம் பணத்தை நீங்கள் ஒரு தொழிலில் போடலாம் அப்பா.
பால்ட்வின் : ஜான்! ஒவ்வொரு முகத்தையும் கூர்மையாக பார்த்தார், அவர்கள் பார்க்கவில்லை). நீ இந்த பணத்தை நான் வாங்க வேண்டும் என்று நீங்கள் விரும்புகிறீர்களா? (அங்கு பதில் ஏதும் இல்லை. யாராவது ‘ஆமாம்’ (இன்னும் பதிலில்லை) அல்லது ‘இல்லை’ என்று யாராவது சொல்லுங்கள். (நீண்ட அமைதிக்கு பின்) கிரஸ்ஹாமுடன் கூட்டாளியாக செல்ல மாட்டேன்.
மார்த்தா : (உடனடியாக) எதற்கு.
பால்ட்வின் : மக்கள் அவரை நம்பமாட்டார்கள்.

ஜான் : பின், வேறு யாருடனாவது தொழில் தொடங்க செல்லுங்கள். நூறு ஆயிரம் என்பது ஒரு அதிகமான தொகை, அப்பா. பால்ட்வின் : (ஜன்னலை நோக்கி நடந்தார். வெளியே பார்த்தார்) கடவுளுக்கு தெரியும் இந்நாள் வரும் என்று! நான் ஒருபோதும் நினைத்ததில்லை. எனக்கு தெரியும் – எனக்கு தெரியும், அதற்கு என்ன காரணம் சொன்னாலும் எனக்கு கவலையில்லை. எனக்கு தெரியும் நான் இந்த பணத்தை எடுத்தால், நான் நேர்மைக்கு மாறாக ஒரு விஷயத்தை செய்கிறேன். மேலும் உங்களுக்கு அது தெரியுமா! நீ, மற்றும் நீ, மற்றும் நீ! நீங்கள் அனைவரும்! வாருங்கள், வந்து ஒப்புக் கொள்ளுங்கள்.
ஜான் : (தயக்கமின்றி) ஒருவரும் அதைப்பற்றி கேள்விபட்டதில்லை.
பால்ட்வின் : ஜான், ஆனால் நமக்கு மத்தியில்! இந்த உலகத்திற்கு நாம் யாராகயிருந்தாலும் நாம் ஒருவருக்கொருவர்
உண்மையாக இருக்க வேண்டும், நாம் நால்வரும்! (அவனுடைய பார்வை ஜானிடமிருந்து, ஈவிடம் சென்றது, அவள் தலை குனிந்திருந்தாள், அவளிடமிருந்து தன்னுடைய மனைவிக்கு, அவர் தைப்பதில் ஆர்வமாக இருந்தாள். மார்த்தாவின் தலையை உயர்த்தினான், அவளுடைய கண்களை பார்த்தான். அவன் நடுங்கினான்) பொய்யானவர்கள் ! போலியானவர்கள் ! திருடர்கள் ! உங்களில் யாரேனும் நல்லவர் உள்ளனரா! நாங்கள் எங்கள் ஆத்துமாக்களை நிர்வானமாக்கினேன், அவர்கள் சர்வவல்லவர் ! நன்று! ஏன் பதில் சொல்லாமல் இருக்கிறீர்கள்?

தன் குடும்பத்தினரின் பேராசை பால்ட்வினை வெட்கப்பட வைத்தது. அவருடைய கண்ணை நேராக பார்க்கும் தைரியம் ஜானுக்குத் தான் இருந்தது. கிரஸ்ஹாம் கொடுத்த பணத்தை ஏற்றுக்கொள்ளுமாறு பால்ட்வினை வலியுறுத்தினான்.

மார்த்தா : (சரணடைந்தாள்) அது ஒன்றும் தவறவில்லை , ராபர்ட்
பால்ட்வின் : அது சரியானதில்லை.
ஜான் : (அவனை நேராக நிலை நிறுத்திக்கொண்டான்). ஒரு நூறு ஆயிரம் என்பது எவ்வளவு பெரிய தொகை, அப்பா. பால்ட்வின் : (மெதுவாக தலையாட்டினார்) என் மகனே, இப்பொழுது நீ என்னுடைய கண்களை பார், உன்னால் முடியாதா? ஜான் : (நகராமல்) அப்பா, நீங்கள் ஏன் மறுத்தீர்கள்? அது இல்லை ஏனென்றால் நாங்கள் என்ன சொல்வோம் என்று நீங்க பயப்பட்டீர்கள்?
பால்ட்வின் : (நீண்ட நேர அமைதிக்கு பின்). ஆமாம், ஜான். ஜான் : நன்று, அது யாருக்கும் ஒருபோதும் தெரியாது.
டால்ட்வின் : நம் நால்வரை தவிர்த்து.
ஜான் : ஆமாம், அப்பா. (திடீரென்று அவர்கள் பிரிந்தனர். ஈவ் மெதுவாக அழுதாள். மார்த்தா, உணர்ச்சிவசப்படாமல், தன்னுடைய மூக்கை சத்தமாக சீந்திக் கொண்டு மற்றும் தன்னுடைய பின்னலை விடாமல் இழுந்தாள். ஜான் கோபத்துடன் ஜன்னலருகே சென்றார் மற்றும் பால்ட்வின், நெருப்பிடம் பக்கத்தில், தன்னுடைய கைகளை பிசைந்து கொண்டிருந்தார்) யாரோ வந்து கொண்டிருந்தார்.

பால்ட்வின் தன்னை நினைத்து வெட்கப்பட்டு கொண்டார். திரு. மார்ஷல், மூன்றாம் பணக்காரர், இன்னொரு வங்கியின் தலைவர், ஒரு முக்கிய செய்தியை சொல்ல பால்ட்வின் வீட்டிற்கு வந்திருந்தார்.

மார்த்தா : (தன்னுடைய தலையை உயர்த்தி கொண்டு யாரது?
ஜான் : என்னால் பார்க்க முடியவில்லை (சற்று பயத்துடன்) திரு. மார்ஷல் மாதிரி தெரிகிறது.
பால்ட்வின் : திரு. மார்ஷல்? (அந்த காலிங்பெல் அடித்தது. வாசலை பார்த்து பேசிக்கொண்டே, அவர் ஜன்னல் பக்கம் சென்றார்).
பால்ட்வின் : இதுதான் திரு. மார்ஷல்.
மார்த்தா : மூன்றாவது தேசிய தலைவர்?
பால்ட்வின் : ஆமாம், அவருக்கு, இங்கு என்ன வேண்டும்?
ஈவ் : நான் அவரை உள்ளே அனுப்பலாமா, அப்பா?
பால்ட்வின் : ஆம், ஆம், எல்லா வகையிலும். (ஈவ் வெளியே செல்கிறாள்).
டும் நேர்மையான மற்றும் செம்மையான மனிதராக இருக்கும் பால்ட்வின், தனக்கு ஒருபோதும் பொய் சான்று கொடுக்கமாட்டார் என தெரிந்து, கிரஸ்ஹாம் தன்னுடைய குற்றத்தை ஒப்பு கொண்டார் என்று திரு.மார்ஷல், பால்ட்வினிடம் சொன்னான்.

மார்த்தா : (அவரை வேகமாக கடந்தாள்) ராபர்ட் ! நீங்கள் என்ன சொல்ல போகிறீர்கள் என்பதில் கவனமாக இருங்கள், நாளைக்கு நீங்கள் தான் நிற்க வேண்டும்.
பால்ட்வின் : (பயத்துடன்) ஆமா, ஆமா, நான் அதைப் பார்த்து கொள்கிறேன். (மார்ஷல்க்காக கதவை திறந்து கொண்டு, ஈவ் உள்ளே வருகிறாள்).
மார்ஷல் : (அறைக்குள் வருகிறார்) நல்லது, நல்லது, மதிய வேளையை உள்ளே கழிக்கிறீர்கள்? எப்படி இருக்கிறீர்கள், திருமதி. பால்ட்வின்? (அவர் தன் கையை குலுக்குகிறார்) பால்ட்வின், நீங்க?
மார்த்தா : நாங்க வெளியே செல்கிறோம், வா.. ஈவ்.
மார்ஷல் : நான் வந்ததால் நீங்கள் வெளியே செல்ல வேண்டாம். நான் என்ன சொல்ல போகிறேன் என்பதை நீங்களும் கேட்கலாம். (அவர் குடும்பத் தலைவர் பக்கம் திரும்புகிறார், பால்ட்வின் இந்த வாரத்தில் எப்போதாவது Third National பக்கம் வர வேண்டும் என நீங்கள் உணர்ந்தால், உங்களுக்காக காத்து கொண்டிருக்கும். ஒரு பதவியை காணலாம்.
பால்ட்வின் : (இடி விழுந்தது போல்) நீங்கள் என்ன சொல்கிறீர்கள்? திரு. மார்ஷல்.
மார்ஷல் : (சிரித்து கொண்டு எனக்கு வேண்டாமென்றால் நான் சொல்லியிருக்கவே மாட்டேன். (அவர் தீவிரமாக
தொடர்ந்தார்) இன்று மதியம் கிரஸ்ஹாம்யை பார்க்க சென்றேன். அவர் உங்களுக்கு கொடுத்த பணத்தைப்பற்றி என்னிடம் சொன்னார். நீ அதை தவறு என நினைக்கிறாயோ, அதை எந்த பணத்தாலும் உங்களை செய்ய தூண்ட முடியாது என்பதை அவரும் அறிந்திருந்தார். பால்ட்வின் உங்களுக்கு மிகப்பெரிய தொகையை பரிசாக அளித்தார், அவருக்கு எதிராக உங்களை சோதனைப்படுத்துவதற்கு பதிலாக விசாரணைக்கு செல்வதே மேல் என நினைத்து, அவர் குற்றத்தை ஒப்புக்கொண்டார். பால்ட்வின் : (நாற்காலி மீது அமருகிறார்) குற்றத்தை ஒப்புக் கொண்டாரா!
மார்ஷல் : எல்லா விஷயத்தையும் சொன்னார். (மார்த்தா பக்கம் திரும்பினார்) நாளை அனைத்து மனிதரும் என்ன சொல்வார்களோ, அதை மட்டும் தான் உன்னிடம் சொல்கிறேன். நான், எவ்வளவு உயர்வாக, மரியாதையாக, உங்கள் கணவரை மதிக்கிறேன்! அவ்வளவு உண்மையாக.

நேர்மையாக இருந்ததிற்கு, திரு. மார்ஷல் தன்னுடைய The Third International வங்கியில் பால்ட்வின்னுக்கு வேலை கொடுத்தார்.
மார்த்தா : (அவருடைய கையை இரக்கத்தோடு பற்றிக் கொண்டாள்) அவர் அழுவதை நீங்கள் பார்க்கவில்லையா? (திரை மெதுவாக கீழே விழுந்தது) – (சற்று தழுவப்பட்டது).

Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus Samacheer Kalvi 9th Science Guide Pdf Chapter 24 Environmental Science Text Book Back Questions and Answers, Notes.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 9th Science Solutions Chapter 24 Environmental Science

9th Science Guide Environmental Science Text Book Back Questions and Answers

I. Choose the correct answer:

Question 1.
All the factors of biosphere which affect the ability of organisms to survive and reproduce are called as ………………
(a) biological factors
(b) abiotic factors
(c) biotic factors
(d) physical factors
Answer:
(c) biotic factors

Question 2.
The ice sheets from the north and south poles and the icecaps on the mountains, get converted into water vapour through the process of ………………..
(a) evaporation
(b) condensalion
(c) sublimation
(d) infiltration
Answer:
(c) sublimation

Question 3.
The atmospheric carbon dioxide enters into the plants through the process of ………………..
(a) photosynthesis
(b) assimilation
(c) respiration
(d) decomposition
Answer:
(a) photosynthesis

Question 4.
Increased amount of ……………….. in the atmosphere, results in greenhouse effect and global warming.
(a) carbon monoxide
(b) sulphur dioxide
(c) nitrogen dioxide
(d) carbon dioxide
Answer:
(d) carbon dioxide

II. Match the following:

Question 1.

Answer:

III. Say true or false. Correct the false statements :

1. Nitrogen is a greenhouse gas.
Answer:
False.
Correct statement: Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas.

2. Poorly developed root is an adaptation of mesophytes.
Answer:
False,
Correct statement: Poorly developed root is an adaptation of Hydrophtes.

3. Bats are the only mammals that can fly.
Answer:
True

4. Earthworms use the remarkable high frequency system called echoes.
Answer:
False.
Correct statement: Buts use the remarkable high frequency system called echoes.

5. Aestivation is an adaptation to overcome cold condition.
Answer:
False.
Correct statement: Aestivation is an adaptation to overcome condition.

IV. Give reason for the following.

Question 1.
Roots grow very deep and reach the layers where water is available. Which type of plants develop the above adaptation? Why?
Answer:
Xerophytes have well developed roots.
Reason: They grow in dry habitat where water is scarcely available.

Question 2.
Why steamlined bodies and presence of setae is considered as adaptations of earthworm?
Answer:

• Streamlined bodies of earthworm helps to live in narrow burrows underground and for easy penetration into the soil.
• Seine helps earthworm to move through the soil and provide anchor in the burrows.

Question 3.
Why is it impossible for all farmers to construct farm ponds it in their fields?
Answer:

• Farm ponds reduce water flow to other tanks and ponds situated in lower-lying areas.
• Ponds occupy a large portion of farmer’s lands.

V. Answer briefly:

Question 1.
What are the two factors of biosphere?
Answer:
The biosphere is the part of the earth where life exists. All resources of the biosphere can be grouped into two major categories namely:

1. Biotic or living factors which include plants, animals and all other living organisms.
2. Abiotic or non-living factors which include all factors like temperature, pressure, water, soil, air and sunlight which affect the ability of organisms to survive and reproduce.

Question 2.
How do human activities affect nitrogen cycle?
Answer:
Human activities,

• alters the biodiversity
• changes the food web structure
• destroys the general habitat.

Question 3.
What is adaptation?
Answer:
Any feature of an organism or its part that enables it to exist under conditions of its habitat is called adaptation.

Question 4.
What are the challenges faced by hydrophytes in their habitat?
Answer:
Challenges faced by hydrophtes:

• More water availability than needed.
• Damaging of water body by water current.
• Regular change of water level.
• Maintenance of buoyancy in water.

Question 5.
Why is it important to conserve water?
Answer:
Importance of water conservation:

• It creates a more efficient use of water resources.
• It ensures that we have enough usable water.
• It helps in decreasing water pollution.
• It helps in increasing energy saving.

Question 6.
List some of the ways in which you could save water in your home and school?
Answer:
We could save water by

• Using low flow taps.
• Using recycled water for lawns.
• Repairing the leaks in the taps.
• Recycling (or) reusing water wherever it is possible.

Question 7.
What are the uses of recycled water?
Answer:
Uses for recycled water:
Agriculture, Landscape, Public parks, Golf course irrigation, Cooling water for power plants and oil refineries, Toilet flushing, Dust control, and Construction activities.

Question 8.
What is IUCN? What is the vision of IUCN?
Answer:
IUCN: International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources.
VISION: A just world that values and conserves nature.

VI. Answer in detail:

Question 1.
Describe the processes involved in the water cycle.
Answer:
Water cycle or hydrological cycle is the continuous movement of water on earth. In this process, water moves from one reservoir to another, from river to ocean or from ocean to the atmosphere by processes such as evaporation, sublimation, transpiration, condensation, precipitation, surface runoff and infiltration, during which water converts itself to various forms like liquid, solid and vapour.

• Evaporation: Water evaporates from the surface of the earth and water bodies such as the oceans, seas, lakes, ponds and rivers turn into water vapour.
• Sublimation: Ice sheets and ice caps from north and south poles, and icecaps on mountains get converted into water vapour directly, without converting into liquid.
• Transpiration: Transpiration is the process by which plants release water vapour to atmosphere through small pores in leaves and stems.
• Condensation: At higher altitudes, the temperature is low. The water vapour present there condenses to form very tiny particles of water droplets. These particles come close together to form clouds and fog.
• Precipitation: Due to change in wind or temperature, clouds combine to make bigger droplets, and pour down as precipitation(rain). Precipitation includes drizzle, rain, snow and hail.
• Runoff: As the water pours down, it runs over the surface of earth. Runoff water combines to form channels, rivers, lakes and ends up into seas and oceans.
• Infiltration: Some of the precipitated water moves deep into the soil. Then it moves down and increases the groundwater level.
• Percolation: Some of the precipitated water flows through soil and porous or fractured rock. Infiltration and percolation are two related but different processes describing the movement of water through soil.

Question 2.
Explain carbon cycle with the help of a flow chart.
Answer:

Question 3.
List out the adapatations of xerophytes.
Answer:
The conditions that lead to adaptation of plants in a dry habitat are;

1. To absorb as much water as they can get from their surroundings.
2. To retain water in their organs for a very long time.
3. To reduce the transpiration rate.
4. To reduce the consumption of water.

Adaptations of xerophytes:

1. They have well-developed roots. Roots grow very deep and reach the layers where water is available as in Calotropis.
2. They store water in succulent water-storing parenchymatous tissues, e.g. Opuntia, Aloe vera.
3. They have small-sized leaves with a waxy coating, e.g. Acacia. In some plants, leaves are modified into spines, e.g. Opuntia.
4. Some of the xerophytes complete their life cycle within a very short period when sufficient moisture is available.

Question 4.
How does a bat adapt itself to its habitat?
Answer:
Adaptations of BAT:

• Mostly, bats live in caves, which provide protection during the day from most predators and maintain a stable temperature.
• Bats are active at night. This, is a useful adaptation for them, as flight requires a lot of energy during day.
• By Hibernation, bats reduce body temperature with lowered metabolic rate during winter.
• Bats let their internal temperature reduce during rest.
• Bats use echolocation (High frequency ultrasonic sound waves) to identify and locate the prey.

Question 5.
What is water recycling? Explain the conventional wastewater recycling treatment?
Answer:
Water Recycling: Water recycling is reusing treated wastewater for beneficial purposes
such as agricultural and land irrigation, industrial processes, etc.
Conventional wastewater recycling treatment : Conventional wastewater treatment consists of combination of physical, chemical and biological processes involving the following stages.

Intext Activities

ACTIVITY – 1

Create your own water cycle.

Take a small container and place it in the middle of the large bowl. Fill water in the large container and cover it with plastic wrap. Fasten the plastic wrap around the rim of the large container with the rubber band. Place a stone on the top of the plastic wrap. Keep this under sun for few hours. Record your observation.

Aim :
To understand utilisation and recycling of water.

Materials:
A large transparent bowl, plastic wrap, a stone, a smaller container and a rubber band. Procedure:

1. The small container is placed in the middle of the large bowl. Water is filled in the large container and it is covered with plastic wrap.
2. The plastic wrap is fastened around the rim of the large container with the rubber band.
3. The stone is placed on the top of the plastic wrap.
   This is placed under the sun for few hours.

Observation :

1. When we have a close look at the plastic wrap, water droplets would be formed in the surface of plastic wrap. Thus, can conclude there is condensation process.
2. The level of the water in bowl is reduced. It suggests that a part of water is evaporated.
3. After sometime, the droplets on the plastic wrap drip into the bowl which indicates the phenonmenon of Precipitation.

Conclusion :
In this activity, the processes such as condensation, evaporation and precipitation have been demonstrated.
[End of the activity]

9th Science Guide Environmental Science Additional Important Questions and Answers

I. Choose the correct answer :

Question 1.
Which of the following is not an adaptation of hydrophytes?
(a) poorly developed root system
(b) reduced plant body
(c) water storing parenchymatous tissues
(d) finely divided submerged leaves
Answer:
(c) water storing parenchymatous tissues

Question 2.
In some xerophytes, leaves are modified into spines as an adaptation ……………..
(a) to reduce transpiration rate
(b) to store water
(c) to reduce consumption of water
(d) all of the above
Answer:
(d) all of the above

Question 3.
Identify the incorrect statement with respect to adaptations of earthworm.
(a) Earthworm has a steam lined body with no antennae or fins.
(b) Each segment of earthworm has setae.
(c) Many earthworms become inactive in a process called hibernation, during winter season.
(d) Earthworms remain in its burrow during day time, to avoid sunlight.
Answer:
(c) Many earthworms become inactive in a process called hibernation during, winter season

Question 4.
Which of the following is one of the strategies to conserve water?
(a) Water recycling %
(b) Using large overhead watSr tanks
(c) Increasing the number of bore wells
(d) Watering the plants using hose.
Answer:
(a) Water recycling

Question 5.
Specific constituents such as nitrogen, phosphorus, suspended solids and heavy metals found in the wastewaer are removed during …………….. treatment of water recycling process.
(a) primary
(b) secondary
(c) tertiary
(d) none of the above
Answer:
(c) tertiary

Question 6.
Free-living soil bacteria such as Pseudomonas sp. are responsible for the ……………..process in the nitrogen cycle.
(a) ammonification
(b) nitrogen fixation
(c) nitrification
(d) denitrification
Answer:
(d) denitrification

Question 7.
Environmental science provides holistic knowledge about ……………..
(a) Natural processes
(b) Effects of human interventions
(b) Solutions to environmental issues
(d) All the above
Answer:
(d) All the above

Question 8.
Which one the following is not an abiotic factor?
(a) water
(b) air
(c) soil
(d) None of these
Answer:
(d) None of these

Question 9.
The process of water cycle that related with the plants is called …………………
(a) Percolation
(b) Evaporation
(c) Transpiration
(d) Precipitation
Answer:
(c) Transpiration

Question 10.
Rain is due to the process of ………………..
(a) Condensation
(b) Precipitation
(b) Sublimation
(d) Run off
Answer:
(b) Precipitation

Question 11.
…………… is the primary nutrient, important for survival of all living organisms.
(a) Nitrogen
(b) Carbon
(c) Hydrogen
(d) Oxygen
Answer:
(a) Nitrogen

Question 12.
The bacteria present in the root nodules of leguminous plants is .
(a) Nitrobacter
(b) Rhizobium
(c) Pseudomonas sp
(d) Nitrosomonas
Answer:
(b) Rhizobium

Question 13.
In the Nitrification process, the ammonium compounds are oxidised to soluble……………………….
(a) Ammonia
(b) Urea
(c) Nitrites
(d) Nitrates
Answer:
(d) Nitrates

Question 14.
The atmospheric carbon dioxide enters into the plants through the process of
photosynthesis to form
(a) Proteins
(b) Carbohydrates
(c) Water
(d) Carbon monoxide
Answer:
(b) Carbohydrates

Question 15.
Carbon dioxide is also returned to atmosphere through ……………………..
(a) Decomposition of dead organic matter
(b) Burning fossil fuels
(c) Volcanic activities
(d) All the above
Answer:
(d) All the above

Question 16.
The plants that has air chambers is ……………..
(a) Wolffia
(b) Opuntia
(c) Eichhomia
(d) Acacia
Answer:
(c) Eichhornia

Question 17.
Which plant is called as “Cindrella of the plant kingdom”?
(a) Hydrilla
(b) Water hyacinth
(c) Calotropis
(d) Aloevera
Answer:
(b) Water hyacinth

Question 18.
Root caps is a characteristic adaptation of ………………….
(a) Xerophytes
(b) Hydrophytes
(c) Mesophytes
(d) All the above
Answer:
(c) Mesophytes

Question 19.
The presence of ………….. in leaves traps the moisture and lessens water loss inMesophytes.
(a) Waxy Cuticle
(b) stomata
(c) stalk
(d) None of these
Answer:
(a) Waxy Cuticle

Question 20.
…………………. supports and controls movements during flight of a bat.
(a) Forelimbs
(b) Hind limbs
(c) Tail
(d) Muscles
Answer:
(c) Tail

Question 21.
Find the incorrect statement
(a) Vermicompost is prepared by using earthworms
(b) Vermicompost decomposes the plant and animal waste
(c) Vermicompost is an inorganic compound
(d) Vermicompost contains water soluble nutrients.
Answer:
(c) Vermicompost is an inorganic compound

Question 22.
World Water Day is celebrated on …………………..
(a) 22nd February
(b) 22nd March
(c) 5th June
(d) 03rd December
Answer:
(b) 22nd March

Question 23.
Which one of the following is not an advantage of farm ponds?
(a) Reduce soil erosion
(b) Recharge ground water
(c) Reduce water flow to other parts
(d) Improve drainage
Answer:
(c) Reduce water flow to other parts

Question 24.
Biological oxidation is the method is used in ……………….
(a) Primary Treatment
(b) Secondary Treatment.
(c) Tertiary Treatment
(d) None of these
Answer:
(b) Secondary Treatment

Question 25.
The wastes removed in tertiary treatment are ………………
(a) Suspended solids
(b) Biodegradable organic matter
(c) Inorganic substances
(d) All of these
Answer:
(c) Inorganic substances

Question 26.
India accounts for …………………% of all recorded species.
(a) 2-4%
(b) 5-6%
(c) 6-7%
(d) 7-8%
Answer:
(d) 7 – 8%

II. Fill in the blanks :

1. …………………is the study of patterns, processes in the natural world and their modifications
by human activities.
Answer:
Environmental Science

2. Biosphere is a …………………. and …………………and system.
Answer:
dynamic, stable

3. Cyclic flow of nutrients between non-living and living factors of the environment are termed as ……………. cycle.
Answer:
Biogeochemical

4. …………………is the reverse of vapourisation.
Answer:
Condensation

5. Atmosphere is a rich source of ………………….
Answer:
Nitrogen

6. The blue-green algae that take part in nitrogen fixation is also called ………………..
Answer:
Cyanobacteria

7. …………………….. animals convert plant proteins into animal proteins.
Answer:
Herbivorous

8. Carnivorous animals synthesize …………………….. from their food.
Answer:
Protein

9. Charcoal, diamond and graphite are …………………….. forms of carbon.
Answer:
Elemental

10. All living organisms are made up of carbon-containing molecules like …………………….. and ………………………
Answer:
Proteins, nucleic acids

11. Floating leaves have long …………………….. to enable the leaves move up and down in response to changes in water level.
Answer:
Leaf stalks

12. …………………….. is the plant in which leaves are modified into spines.
Answer:
Opuntia

13. The function of stomata in leaves of mesophytes is to prevent ………………………
Answer:
Transpiration

14. In bats, the excessive heat absorption dining the day is caused by ……………………..
Answer:
Patagium

15. In bats modified forelimbs serve as ……………..
Answer:
Wings

16. …………………….. of hind limbs in bat provides a tight grasp when the animals are suspended upside down.
Answer:
Tendons

17. Bats are …………………….. blooded animals
Answer:
warm

18. Earthworm belongs to Phylum . ……………………..
Answer:
Annelida

19. Moist skin in earthworm helps in …………………….. of blood.
Answer:
Oxygenation

20. The theme for World Water Qay 2018 is ………………………
Answer:
Nature for water

21. The microorganism used in file secondary treatment must be separated from treated wastewater by ……………………..
Answer:
Sedimentation

22. There are …………………….. globally identified biodiversity hotspots in India.
Answer:
Four

23. IUCN was founded on …………………….. at Gland, Switzerland.
Answer:
5th October 1948

III. Match the following :

Question 1.

Answer:

Question 2.

Answer:

Question 3.

Answer:

Question 4.

Answer:

IV. Say true or false. Correct the false statements :

1. Sublimation is conversion of solid into liquid.
Answer:
False.
Correct statement: Sublimation is conversion of solid into Gas.

2. Nitrogen is an essential component of protein, DNA and chlorophyll.
Answer:
True.

3. Plant proteins are excreted in theTorm of urea, uric acid or ammonia.
Answer:
False.
Correct statement : Animal proteins are excreted in the form of urea, uric acid or ammonia %

4. During respiration, plants and animals release carbon into the atmosphere in the form of carbon monoxide.
Answer:
False.
Correct statement : During respiration, plants and animals release carbon into the atmosphere in the form of Carbon dioxide

5. Bats are not blind.
Answer:
True.

6. Earthworm come out of their burrow during summer season.
Answer:
False.
Correct statement: Earthworm come out of their burrow during rainy season.

7. Earthworm reacts positively to brighter light.
Answer:
False.
Correct statement: Earthworm reacts negatively to brighter light.

8. Clean and Fresh water is essential for every human activity.
Answer:
True.

9. Nicobar island is one of the biodiversity hotspots in India.
Answer:
True.

V. Assertion and Reason type questions :

Mark the correct choice as :
(a) If both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.
(b) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
(c) If assertion is true but reason is false.
(d) If assertion is false but reason is true.

Question 1.
Assertion (A) : Biosphere is a dynamic and stable system.
Reason (R) : There is a constant interaction between biotic and abiotic components in the biosphere.
Answer:
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion

Question 2.
Assertion (A) : Infiltration and Percolation are two related but different processes.
Reason (R) : They describe the movement of water through atmosphere.
Answer:
(c) Assertion is true but reason is false
Reason (R): They describe the movement of water through Soil.

Question 3.
Assertion (A) : Plants and animals can utilize atmospheric nitrogen.
Reason (R) : Atmosphere is a rich source of nitrogen.
Answer:
(d) Assertion is false but reason is true
Assertion (A) : Plants and animals cannot utilise atmospheric nitrogen.

Question 4.
Assertion (A) : By increasing the amount of carbon dioxide, earth becomes warmer.
Reason (R) : Carbon dioxide is a green house gas.
Answer:
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion

Question 5.
Assertion (A) : The moist skin in earthworm helps in oxygenation of blood.
Reason (R) : The slippery skin of earthworm is kept moist.
Answer:
(b) Both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion
Reason (R) : The slippery skin of earthworm is kept moist as it respires through the skin. Moist skin helps in oxygenation of blood.

VI. Very Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Name three Biogeochemical cycles.
Answer:
Some of the important Biogeochemical cycles are :

1. Water cycle
2. Nitrogen cycle
3. Carbon cycle.

Question 2.
List the forms of Precipitation.
Answer:
Precipitation includes

• Drizzle
• Rain
• Snow
• Hail.

Question 3.
Mention the excretory forms of Animal proteins.
Answer:

• Urea
• Uric acid
• Ammonia

Question 4.
What are the effects of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere?
Answer:

• Green house effect
• Global warming.

Question 5.
How are plants classified on the basis of water availability?
Answer:
On the Basis of water availability, plants have been classified as:

• Hydrophytes
• Xerophytes
• Mesophytes.

Question 6.
How are bats important to humans?
Answer:

• Bats reduce insect population.
• They help to pollinate plants.

Question 7.
What is the Ideal temperature range of earthworm?
Answer:
The Ideal temperatures range is 60-80°F.

VII. Answer briefly :

Question 1.
Define : Environmental Science.
Answer:
Environmental science is defined as the study of patterns, processes in the natural world and their modifications by human activities.

Question 2.
What is biogeochemical cycle?
Answer:
The cyclic flow of nutrients between non-living and living factors of the environment are termed as Biogeochemical cycles.

Question 3.
How are clouds and fogs formed?
Answer:

• At higher altitudes, the temperature is low. The water vapour present there condenses to form very tiny particles of water droplets.
• These particles come close together to form clouds and fog.

Question 4.
How is carbon dioxide returned to atmosphere? :
Answer:
Carbon dioxide is returned to the atmosphere through

• decomposition of dead organic matter,
• burning fossil fuels
• volcanic activities.

Question 5.
Explain briefly the role of earth-worm in soil atmosphere, (or) soil health?
Answer:

• Earthworm facilitates aeration, water infiltration.
• It produces organic matter to increase crop growth.

Question 6.
What is worm castings? How is it useful?
Answer:

• The faecal wastes of earthworm are called worm castings.
• They are rich in nitrogenous content which adds fertility to the soil.

Question 7.
Point out the importance of water conservation.
Answer:

• Water conservation creates more efficient use of the water resources.
• It ensures enough usable water.
• It helps to decrease water pollution.
• It helps in increasing energy saving.

Question 8.
According to you, which process of water cycle is adversely affected by human activities?
Answer:
Transpiration by which plants release water vapour through small pores in leaves and stems.
Reason : Human activities such as Deforestation, urbanisation.

Question 9.
Identify the given plant. How does it adapt itself to its habitat?

Answer:
Hydrilla:

• Poorly developed Root.
• Narrow (or) finely divided submerged leaves.

Question 10.
What is grey water? %
Answer:
Grey water is reusable waste water from residential, commercial and industrial bathroom sinks, bath tub, shower drains and washing of clothes.

VIII. Answer in detail :

Question 1.
Draw a neat flow chart of Nitrogen cycle. Briefly explain the various processes involved in nitrogen cycle.
Answer:

Process involved in nitrogen cycle are explained below :

1. Nitrogen Fixation:
Process : Conversion of atmospheric Nitrogen (inert) into reactive compounds.
Agents : Bacteria and Bluegreen algae (cyanobacteria), (microorganism), Rhizobium.
Occurrence : Root nodules of leguminous plants peas, beans, etc.

2. Nitrogen Assimilation:
Process : Plants absorb nitrate ions and made into organic matter like proteins and nucleic acids.
Agents : Plants, animals.

3. Ammonification :
Process: Decomposition of nitrogenous waste into ammonium compounds.
Micro organism : Putrefying Bacteria, and fungi.
End Products : Urea, Uric acid (or) Ammonia.

4. Nitrification
Process: Ammonium compounds are oxidised to soluble nitrates.
Bacteria : Nitrification is caused by nitrifying bacteria.

5. Denitrification:
Process: Reduction of nitrate ions of soil into gaseous nitrogen which enters into the atmosphere.
Bacteria : Pseudomonas sp.

Question 2.
Write the adaptations of mesophytes.
Answer:

• The roots of mesophytes are well developed with root caps.
• They have straight as well as branched stems.
• Broad and thin leaves with waxy cuticles.
• Waxy cuticles traps the moisture and lessens water loss.
• Leaves have stomata which close in extreme heat and wind to prevent transpiration.

Question 3.
Discuss the adaptations of earthworm with its applications.
Answer:
adaption : of Earthworm :
1. Stream-lined body:
Adaptation : Earthworm has cylindrical, elongated and segmented body.
Application : 1. To live in burrows, 2. Easy penetration into soil.

2. Skin: .
Adaptation : Mucus covers skin, 2. slippery moist skin.
Application : 1. It does not allow soil particle to stick on the skin.
2. Respiration through skin and oxygenation of blood.

3. Burrowing:
Adaptation : 1. Circular and longitudinal muscles in body.
2. Each segment of the lower surface of the body has number of bristles called setae.
Application: 1. Movement and subsoil burrowing.
2. To move through the soil and provide anchor in the burrows.

4. Aestivation
Adaptation : 1. During dry (or) hot condition, Earthworms moves deep into the soil and become inactive.
2. It secrets mucus and lowers metabolic rate.
Application: To reduce water loss.

5. Nocturnality:
Adaptation : Earthworm sense light through light-sensitive cells in the skin.
Remains in burrow during day.
Application : To detect light and changes in light intensity.

Question 4.
Describe layout of a Farm pond.
Answer:
1. Farm pond is a dugout structure with definite shape and size.
2. They have proper inlet and outlet structures for collecting the surface run off flowing from the farm area.
3. The size and depth of the pond depend upon

• The amount of land available.
• The type of soil
• Water requirement of farmers
• The cost of excavation

4. The stored water is used forinigation.

Question 5.
What are all the strategies used to support water conservation?
Answer:
Water conservation strategies

• Rain water harvesting.
• Improved Irrigation techniques.
• Use of traditional water harvesting structures.
• Minimising domestic water consumption.
• Awareness on water conservation.
• Construction of farm ponds.
• Recycling of water.

Question 6.
List out any five advantages of Farm ponds.
Answer:
The advantages of farm ponds are-

• They provide water to growing crops, without waiting for rainfall.
• They reduce soil erosion.
• They recharge ground water.
• They improve drainage.
• The excavated soil can be used to enrich soil in fields and levelling lands.
• They promote fish rearing.
• They provide water for domestic purposes and livestock.

Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus Samacheer Kalvi 11th Maths Guide Pdf Chapter 6 Two Dimensional Analytical Geometry Ex 6.3 Text Book Back Questions and Answers, Notes.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 11th Maths Solutions Chapter 6 Two Dimensional Analytical Geometry Ex 6.3

Question 1.
Show that the lines 3x + 2y + 9 = 0 and 12x + 8y – 15 = 0 are parallel lines.
Answer:
The equations of the given lines are
3x + 2y + 9 = 0 ——- (1)
12x + 8y – 15 = 0 ——- (2)

m₁ = m₂
∴ The given lines are parallel.

Question 2.
Find the equation of the straight line parallel to 5x – 4y + 3 = 0 and having x – intercept 3.
Answer:
The equation of any line parallel to 5x – 4y + 3 = 0 is
5x – 4y + k = 0 ……….. (1)
The x – intercept of line (I) is obtained by putting
y = 0 in the equation.
(1) ⇒ 5x – 4(0) + k = 0
5x = – k ⇒ x = \(-\frac{k}{5}\)
Given that the x – intercept in 3
∴ \(-\frac{k}{5}\) = 3 ⇒ k = – 15
∴ The equation of the required line is
5x – 4y – 15 = 0

Question 3.
Find the distance between the line 4x + 3y + 4 = 0 and a point
(i) (- 2, 4)
(ii) (7, – 3)
Answer:
(i) The distance between the line ax + by + c = 0 and the point (x₁, y₁) is d = \(\frac{a x_{1}+b y_{1}+c}{\sqrt{a^{2}+b^{2}}}\)
Here (x₁, y₁) = (- 2, 4) and the equation of the line is 4x + 3y + 4 = 0

(ii) Given point (x₁, y₁) = (7, – 3)
Given line 4x + 3y + 4 = 0

Question 4.
Write the equation of the lines through the point (1, – 1)
(i) Parallel to x + 3y – 4 = 0
(ii) Perpendicular to 3x + 4y = 6
Answer:
(i) Any line parallel to x + 3y – 4 = 0 will be of the form x + 3y + k = 0.
It passes through (1,-1) ⇒ 1 – 3 + k = 0 ⇒ k = 2
So the required line is x + 3y + 2 = 0

(ii) Any line perpendicular to 3x + 4y – 6 = 0 will be of the form 4x – 3y + k = 0.
It passes through (1, -1) ⇒ 4 + 3 + k = 0 ⇒ k = -7.
So the required line is 4x – 3y – 7 = 0

Question 5.
If (- 4, 7 ) is one vertex of a rhombus and if the equation of one diagonal is 5x – y + 7 = 0 then find the equation of another diagonal.
Answer:

In a rhombus, the diagonal cut at right angles.
The given diagonal is 5x – y + 7 = 0 and (- 4, 7) is not a point on the diagonal.
So it will be a point on the other diagonal which is perpendicular to 5x – y + 7 = 0.
The equation of a line perpendicular to 5x – y + 7 = 0 will be of the form x + 5y + k = 0.
It passes through (-4, 7) ⇒ -4 + 5(7) + k = 0 ⇒ k = -31
So the equation of the other diagonal is x + 5y – 31 = 0

Question 6.
Find the equation of the lines passing through the point of intersection of the lines 4x – y + 3 = 0 and 5x + 2y + 7 = 0 and
(i) through the point (-1,2)
(ii) parallel to x – y + 5 =0
(iii) perpendicular to x – 2y + 1 =0
Answer:
The equation of the straight line passing through the point of intersection of the lines.
4x – y + 3 = 0 and 5x + 2y + 7 = 0 is
( 4x – y + 3) + λ (5x + 2y + 7) = 0 ……… (1)

(i) Through the point (-1,2)
Given that line(1) passes through the point (-1, 2)
(1) ⇒ (4(-1) – 2 + 3) + λ (5(- 1) + 2(2) + 7) = 0
(-4 – 2 + 3) + λ (-5 + 4 + 7) = 0
– 3 + 6 λ = 0 ⇒ λ = \(\frac{3}{6}\) = \(\frac{1}{2}\)
∴ The equation of the required line is
(4x – y + 3) + \(\frac{1}{2}\) (5x + 2y + 7) = 0
2(4x – y + 3) + (5x + 2y + 7) = 0
8x – 2y + 6 + 5x + 2y + 7 = 0
13x +13 = 0 ⇒ x + 1 = 0

(ii) Equation of a line parallel to x – y + 5 = 0 will be of the form x – y + k = 0.
It passes through (-1, -1) ⇒ -1 + 1 + k = 0 ⇒ k = 0.
So the required line is x – y = 0 ⇒ x = y.

(iii) Perpendicular to x – 2y + 1 = 0
Given that the line (1) perpendicular to the line
x – 2y + 1 = 0 ………….. (3)
(1) ⇒ (4x – y + 3) + λ (5x + 2y + 7) = 0
4x – y + 3 + 5λx + 2λy + 7λ = 0
(4 + 5λ)x + (2λ – 1 )y + (3 + 7λ) = 0 ……….. (4)
Slope of this line (3) = \(-\frac{4+5 \lambda}{2 \lambda-1}\)
Slope of line (2) = \(-\frac{1}{-2}=\frac{1}{2}\)
Given that line (3) and line (4) are perpendicular

4 + 5λ = 2(2λ – 1 )
4 + 5λ = 4λ – 2
λ = – 6
Substituting the value of λ in equation (1) we have
(4x – y + 3) – 6 (5x + 2y + 7) = 0
4x – y + 3 – 30x – 12y – 42 = 0
-26x – 13y – 39 =0
2x + y + 3 = 0
which is the required equation.

Question 7.
Find the equations of two straight line which are parallel to the line 12x + 5y + 2 = 0 and at a unit distance from the point (1, – 1).
Answer:
The equation of the given line is
12x + 5y + 2 = 0 ……… (1)
Equation of any line parallel to the line (1) is
12x + 5y + k = 0 ………. (2)
Given that line (2) is at a unit distance from the point (1, – 1)

k = – 7 ± 13
k = -7 + 13 or k = – 7 – 13
k = 6 or k = – 20
∴ The equation of the required lines are
12x + 5y + 6 = 0 and 12x + 5y – 20 = 0

Question 8.
Find the equations of straight lines which are perpendicular to the line 3x + 4y – 6 = 0 and are at a distance of 4 units from (2, 1).
Answer:
The equation of the given line is
3x + 4y – 6 = 0 …………. (1)
The equation of any line perpendicular to line (1) is
4x – 3y + k = 0 …………. (2)
Given that this line is 4 units from the point (2, 1)

± 4 = \(\frac{5+k}{5}\)
5 + k = ± 20
k = ± 20 – 5
k = 20 – 5 or k = -20
k = 15 or k = -25
∴ The equation of the required lines are
4x – 3y + 15 = 0 and 4x – 3y – 25 = 0

Question 9.
Find the equation of a straight line parallel to 2x + 3y = 10 and which is such that the sum of its intercepts on the axes is 15.
Answer:
The equation of the given line is
2x + 3y = 10 ………….. (1)
The equation of any line parallel to (1) is
2x + 3y = k …………. (2)

Given that the sum of the intercepts of the line (2) on the axes is 15

∴ The equation of the required line is 2x + 3y = 18

Question 10.
Find the length of the perpendicular and the coordinates of the foot of the perpendicular from (-10, -2) to the line x + y – 2 = 0.
Answer:
The coordinate of the foot of the perpendicular from the point (x₁, y₁) on the line ax + by + c = 0 is

∴ The coordinate of the foot of the perpendicular from the point (- 10, – 2) on the line x + y – 2 = 0 is

x + 10 = y + 2 = \(\frac{14}{2}\)
x + 10 = y + 2 = 7
x + 10 = 7, y + 2 = 7
x = – 3, y = 5
∴ The required foot of the perpendicular is (- 3, 5).
Length of the perpendicular

Question 11.
If p₁ and p₂ are the lengths of the perpendiculars from the origin to the straight lines x sec θ + y cosec θ = 2a and x cos θ – y sin θ = a cos 2θ, then prove that p₁² + p₂² = a².
Answer:
Given P₁ is the length of the perpendicular from the origin to the straight line
x sec θ + y cosec θ – 2a = 0

Also given P₂ is the length of the perpendicular from the origin to the straight line
x cos θ – y sin θ – a cos 2θ = 0

Question 12.
Find the distance between the parallel lines
(i) 12x + 5y = 7 and 12x + 5y + 7 = 0
(ii) 3x – 4y + 5 = 0 and 6x – 8y – 15 = 0
Answer:
(i) 12x + 5y = 7 and 12x + 5y + 7 = 0
The equation of the given lines are
12x + 5y – 7 = 0 ……….. (1)
12x + 5y + 7 = 0 ……….. (2)
The distance between the parallel lines
ax + by + c₁ = 0 and ax + by + c₂ = 0 is
The equation of any line parallel to (1) is

The distance cannot be negative
∴ Required distance = \(\frac{14}{13}\)

(ii) 3x – 4y + 5 = 0 and 6x – 8y -15 = 0
The equation of the given lines are
3x – 4y + 5 = 0 ……….. (1)
6x – 8y – 15 = 0
3x – 4y – 1 = 0 ………… (2)
The distance between the parallel lines (1) and (2) is

Question 13.
Find the family of straight lines
(i) Perpendicular
(ii) Parallel to 3x + 4y – 12
Answer:
(i) Equation of lines perpendicular to 3x + 4y – 12 = 0 will be of the form 4x – 3y + k = 0, k ∈ R
(ii) Equation of lines parallel to 3x + 4y – 12 = 0 will be of the form 3x + 4y + k = 0, k ∈ R

Question 14.
If the line joining two points A (2, 0) and B (3, 1) is rotated about A in an anticlockwise direction through an angle of 15° , then find the equation of the line in the new position.
Answer:

Slope of the line AB
m = tan θ = \(\frac{1-0}{3-2}\)
tan θ = 1
θ = 45°
∴ The line AB makes an angle 45° with x-axis.
Given that the line AB is rotated through an angle of 15° about the point A in the anticlockwise direction.
∴ The angle made by the new line AB’ is 45° + 15° = 60°
Slope of the new line AB’ is m₁ = tan 60° = √3
∴ The equation of the new line AB’ is the equation of the straight line passing through the point A (2, 0) and having slope m₁ = √3
y – 0 = √3 (x – 2)
y = √3x – 2√3
√3x – y – 2√3 = 0

Question 15.
A ray of light coming from the point (1, 2) is reflected at a point A on the x – axis and it passes through the point (5, 3). Find the coordinates of point A.
Answer:

Let P(1, 2) and (5, 3) are the given points.
By the property of reflection,
∠XAB = ∠OAP = θ
(Angle of incidence = Angle of reflection)
Slope of the line OA (x – axis) m₁ = 0
Slope of the line joining the points P (1, 2) and A (x, 0)
Slope of AP, m₂ = \(\frac{2-0}{1-x}=\frac{2}{1-x}\)
Slope of the line joining the points B (5, 3 ) and A (x, 0)
Slope of AP, m₃ = \(\frac{3-0}{5-x}=\frac{3}{5-x}\)

From equations (1) and (2)
\(\frac{3}{5-x}\) = –\(\frac{2}{1-x}\)
3(1 – x) = – 2 (5 – x)
3 – 3x = – 10 + 2x
2x + 3x = 10 + 3
5x = 13 ⇒ x = \(\frac{13}{5}\)
∴ The required point A is \(\left(\frac{13}{5}, 0\right)\)

Question 16.
A line is drawn perpendicular to 5x = y + 7. Find the equation of the line if the area of the triangle formed by this line with co-ordinate axes is 10. sq. units.
Answer:

Let the given line be PQ whose equation is
5x = y + 7
5x – y – 7 = 0 ——- (1)
Let AB be the line perpendicular to the line PQ such that the area of the triangle OAB is 10 units.
The equation of the line AB is
– x – 5y + k = 0
x + 5y – k = 0
x + 5y = k ——- (2)

∴ A is (k, 0) and B is (0, \(\frac{\mathrm{k}}{5}\))
OA = k and OB = \(\frac{\mathrm{k}}{5}\)
Area of ∆OAB = \(\frac{1}{2}\) × OA × OB
= \(\frac{1}{2}\) × k × \(\frac{\mathrm{k}}{5}\)
Given area of ∆ OAB = 10
∴ \(\frac{\mathrm{k}^{2}}{10}\) = 10
k² = 100 ⇒ k = ±10
∴ The required equation of the straight line is
x + 5y = ±10

Question 17.
Find the image of the point (- 2, 3) about the line x + 2y – 9 = 0.
Answer:
The image of the point (x₁, y₁) about the line ax + by + c = 0 is

∴ The image of the point (- 2, 3) about the line x + 2y – 9 = 0 is

∴ The required point is (0, 7)

Question 18.
A photocopy store charges ₹ 1.50 per copy for the first 10 copies and ₹ 1.00 per copy after the 10^th copy. Let x be the number of copies, and y be the total cost of photo coping.
(i) Draw graph the cost as x goes from 0 to 50 copies
(ii) Find the cost of making 40 copies.
Answer:
(i) Draw graph of the cost as x goes from 0 to 50 copies:
Let x represent the number of copies and y represent the cost of photocopying.
Given photo copying charge for 1 copy is Rs. 1.50 for the first 10 copies and Rs. 1.00 per copy after the 10^th copy.
∴ The relation connecting the number of copies and cost of photocopying charge is given by
y = 1.50x, 0 ≤ x ≤ 10
y = 10(1.50) + (x – 10) (1)
y = 15 + x – 10
y = x + 5 ………… (1)

The graph for 0 to 50 copies:

When x = 10, y = 1.50 × x
⇒ y = 1.50 × 10 = 15
The corresponding point is (10 , 15)
When x = 20, y = x + 5
⇒ y = 20 + 5 = 25
The corresponding point is (20 , 25)
When x = 30, y = x + 5
⇒ y = 30 + 5 = 35
The corresponding point is (30, 35)
When x = 40, y = 40 + 5 = 45
The corresponding point is (40, 45 )
When x = 50, y = 50 + 5 = 55
The corresponding point is (50, 55 )
The cost of 40 copies is the value of y
When x = 40 , y = 40 + 5 = 45 rupees
Cost of 40 copies = 45 rupees

Question 19.
Find at least two equations of the straight lines in the family of file lines y = 5x + b for which b and the x – coordinate of the point of intersection of the lines with 3x – 4y = 6 are integers.
Answer:
The equations of the given straight lines are
y = 5x + b ……….. (1)
3x – 4y = 6 ……….. (2)
To find atleast two equations from the family y = 5x + b for which b is an integer and x – coordinate of the point of intersection of (1) and (2) is an integer. Solving (1)and (2) using equation (1) inequation (2) (2) ⇒ 3x – 4 (5x + b) = 6
3x – 20x – 4b = 6
-17x = 6 + 4b

The corresponding equation of the line is = 5x + 7
When b = – 10, we have x = \(\frac{6-40}{-17}\)
= \(\frac{-34}{-17}\) = 2
The corresponding equation of the line is y = 5x – 10
Thus y = 5x + 7 and y = 5x – 10 are the two straight lines belonging to the family such that b is an integer and the x – coordinate of the point of intersection with the line (2) is an integer.

Question 20.
Find all the equations of the straight lines in the family of the lines y = mx – 3 for which m and the x – coordinate of the point of intersection of the lines with x – y = 6 are integers.
Answer:
The equations of the given lines are
y = mx – 3 ………. (1)
x – y = 6 ………. (2)
Solving equations (1) and (2)
(2) ⇒ x – (mx – 3 ) = 6
x – mx + 3 = 6
x (1 – m) = 3
x = \(\frac{3}{1-\mathrm{m}}\) …….. (3)
From equation (3) let us find the values of x and m for which they are integers. The only values of m for which , x is an integer are m = 0, 2, -2
When m = 0, x = \(\frac{3}{1-0}\) = 3
The corresponding equation is
y = 0 . x – 3
y + 3 = 0

When m = 2, x = \(\frac{3}{1-2}\) = \(\frac{3}{-1}\) = – 3
The corresponding equation is y = -2x + 3
2x + y – 3 = 0

When m = – 2, x = \(\frac{3}{1+2}\) = \(\frac{3}{3}\) = 1
The corresponding equation is
y = – 2 x + 3
2x + y – 3 = 0
∴ The required equations of the lines are
y + 3 = 0 , 2x – y – 3 = 0 and
2x + y – 3 = 0

Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus Samacheer Kalvi 11th Maths Guide Pdf Chapter 6 Two Dimensional Analytical Geometry Ex 6.2 Text Book Back Questions and Answers, Notes.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 11th Maths Solutions Chapter 6 Two Dimensional Analytical Geometry Ex 6.2

Question 1.
Find the equation of the lines passing through the point (1, 1):
(i) with y – intercept – 4
(ii) with slope 3
(iii) and (-2, 3)
(iv) and the perpendicular from the origin makes an angle 60° with x – axis.
Answer:
(i) with y – intercept – 4
The equation the line with slope m and having y – intercept b is y = mx + b ——- (1)
Given b = – 4
∴ (1) ⇒ y = m x – 4
Given this line passes through the point (1, 1)
∴ 1 = m 1 – 4 ⇒ m = 5
∴ The required equation is y = 5x – 4

(ii) Slope m = 3, passing through (x₁, y₁) = (1, 1)
Equation of the line is y – y₁ = m(x – x₁)
(i.e) y- 1 = 3(x – 1) ⇒ y – 1 = 3x – 3 ⇒ 3x – y = 2

(iii) (-2, 3)
The equation of line joining the two points (x₁, y₁) and (x₂, y₂) is

Given (x₁, y₁) = (1, 1), (x₂, y₂) = (- 2, 3)
∴ The equation of the required line is

– 3 (y – 1) = 2 (x – 1)
– 3y + 3 = 2x – 2
2x + 3y – 2 – 3 = 0
2x + 3y – 5 = 0

(iv) The perpendicular from the origin makes an angle 60° with x – axis
The equation of the line in the normal form is x cos α + y sin α = p ——- (1)
Given α = 60°
∴ cos 60° = \(\frac{1}{2}\) , sin 60° = \(\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}\)
(1) ⇒ x . \(\frac{1}{2}\) + y . \(\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}\) = p
x + √3 = 2p —— (2)
This line passes through the point (1,1)
∴ 1 + √3 = 2p
Substituting for p in equation (2)
∴ The required equation is x + √3y = 1 + √3

Question 2.
If P (r, c) is mid point of a line segment between the axes then show that \(\frac{x}{\mathbf{r}}+\frac{\mathbf{y}}{\mathbf{c}}\) = 2
Answer:
Let AB be the line segment intercepted between the axes. Let A be (a, 0) and B be (0, b)

Given P (r, c) is the mid point of AB

The equation of the line AB having x-intercept a and y-intercept b is \(\frac{x}{a}+\frac{y}{b}\) = 1
Substituting for a, b in the above equation, we have

Question 3.
Find the equation of the line passing through the point (1, 5) and also divides the line segment between the coordinate axes in the ratio 3 : 10.
Answer:
Let the line divide the coordinate axis in the ratio 3 : 10.
∴ x-intercept = 3k
y-intercept = 10k
∴ The equation of the straight line is \(\frac{x}{3 k}+\frac{y}{10 k}\) = 1
This line passes through the point P (1, 5).

∴ The required equation is

Question 4.
If p is length of perpendicular from origin to the line whose intercepts on the axes are a and b, then show that \(\frac{1}{\mathbf{p}^{2}}=\frac{1}{\mathbf{a}^{2}}+\frac{1}{\mathbf{b}^{2}}\)
Answer:
The equation of the line with x – intercept a and y – intercept b is \(\frac{x}{a}+\frac{y}{b}\) = 1 ——- (1)
The length of the perpendicular from the origin (0, 0) to the line (1) is

Question 5.
The normal boiling point of water is 100° C or 212° F and the freezing point of water is 0° C or 32° F.
(i) Find the linear relationship between C and F. Find
(ii) the value of C for 98.6° F and
(iii) the value of F for 38° C.
Answer:
(i) Choose Celsius degree along the x-axis and Fahrenheit degree along the y-axis.
Given a Freezing point in Celsius = 0°C
The freezing point in Fahrenheit degree = 32° F
∴ The Freezing point is (0°, 32°)
Also given Boiling point in Celsius = 100°C
The boiling point in Fahrenheit = 212° F
∴ The Boding point is (100°, 212°)
Let C denote the Celsius degree and F denote the Fahrenheit degree.
The equation of the path connecting the freezing point (0°, 32°) and the boiling point (100°, 212° ) is

which is the required relation connecting C and F.

(ii) To find the value of C for 98.6° F
(1) For 98.6° F To find C.

(iii) To find the value of F for 38° C,
For 38° C To find F

Question 6.
An object was launched from a place P in constant speed to hit a target. At the 15^th second, it was 1400 m from the target, and at the 18^th second 800 m away. Find
(i) the distance between the place and the target
(ii) The distance covered by it in 15 seconds
(iii) time taken to hit the target.
Answer:
Let us take the time T along the x-axis and the Distance D along the y-axis.
Given when time T = 15 s , the distance D = 1400 m
The corresponding point is (15, 1400)
Also when time T = 18 s , the distance D = 800 m.
The corresponding point is (18, 800)

(i) The distance between the place and the target:
∴ The relation connecting T and D is the equation of the straight line joining the points (15, 1400) and (18, 800)

To find the distance between the target and the place, Put T = 0 in equation (1)

4400 – D = 0 ⇒ D = 4400 m.
Required distance = 4400 m.

(ii) The distance covered by it in 15 seconds:
Put T = 15 in the above equation
15 = \(\frac{1400-\mathrm{D}}{200}\) + 15
∴ \(\frac{1400-\mathrm{D}}{200}\) = 0 ⇒ D = 1400 m.

(iii) Time taken to hit the Target:
When the target is reached D = 0
∴ (1) ⇒ T = \(\frac{1400-0}{200}\) + 15
T = \(\frac{1400}{200}\) + 15
T = 7 + 15 = 22 seconds
∴ The time taken to hit the target is 22 seconds

Question 7.
The population of the city in the years 2005 and 2010 are 1, 35, 000 and 1, 45, 000 respectively. Find the approximate population in the year 2015. (assuming that the growth of population is constant).
Answer:
Let us choose the year along the x-axis and the population of the city along the y-axis.
Given In the year 2005 population is 1,35,000
The corresponding point is (2005, 1,35,000)
In the year 2010, population is 1,45,000
The corresponding point is (2010, 1,45,000)
Let Y denote the year and P denote the population.
The relation connecting Y and P is the equation of the straight line joining the points (2005, 1,35,000) and (2010, 1,45,000)

When y = 2015

P = 1,35,000 + 10 × 2,000
P = 1,35,000 + 20,000 = 1,55,000
∴ The population in the year 2015 is 1,55,000

Question 8.
Find the equation of the line if the perpendicular drawn from the origin makes an angle 30° with x – axis and its length is 12.
Answer:
Given length of the perpendicular p = 12
Angle made by the perpendicular α = 30°
The equation the straight line in the normal form is
x cos α + y sin α = p
∴ The required equation of the straight line is
x cos 30° + y sin 30° = 12
x\(\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}\) + y × \(\frac{1}{2}\) = 12
√3x + y = 24

Question 9.
Find the equation of the straight lines passing through (8, 3) and having intercepts whose sum is 1.
Answer:
Let a and b be the x and y-intercepts of the line.
Given a + b = 1
b = 1 – a —— (1)
The equation of the straight line is

The line passes through the point (8, 3)

8(1 – a) + 3a = a(1 – a)
8 – 8a + 3a = a – a²
a² – 5a + 8 – a = 0
a² – 6a + 8 = 0
a² – 4a – 2a + 8 = 0
a(a – 4) – 2(a – 4) = 0
(a- 4) (a – 2) = 0
a = 4 or a = 2
When a = 2, b = 1 – 2 = – 1
When a = 4, b = 1 – 4 = – 3
∴ The equation of the straight lines are
x – 2y = 2 and 3x – 4y = 12

Question 10.
Show that the points (1, 3), (2, 1) and \(\left(\frac{1}{2}, 4\right)\) are collinear, by using
(i) concept of slope
(ii) using a straight line and
(iii) any other method.
Answer:
Let the given points be A (1 , 3), B (2 , 1) and \(\left(\frac{1}{2}, 4\right)\)

(i) Slope Method:
A (1 , 3 ), B (2 , 1 ), C\(\left(\frac{1}{2}, 4\right)\)

From equations (1) and (2)
Slope of AB = Slope of BC
∴ The given points A, B, C are collinear.

(ii) Using a straight line
A(1 , 3) , B(2 , 1) , C\(\left(\frac{1}{2}, 4\right)\)
The equation of the straight line joining the points
A( 1 , 3) , B(2 , 1) is

-2(x- 1) = y – 3
– 2x + 2 = y – 3
2x + y – 2 – 3 = 0
2x+ y – 5 = 0 ——- (2)
Substituting the third point C \(\left(\frac{1}{2}, 4\right)\) in equation (2)
we have 2\(\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)\) + 4 – 5 = 0
1 + 4 – 5 = 0
0 = 0
∴ The third point C\(\left(\frac{1}{2}, 4\right)\) lies on the straight line AB.
Hence the points A , B , C are collinear.

(iii) Distance method:
A(1 , 3) , B(2 , 1) , C\(\left(\frac{1}{2}, 4\right)\)


Thus BA + AC = BC
∴ The points A, B, C are collinear.

Question 11.
A straight line is passing through the point A (1, 2) with slope \(\frac{5}{12}\). Find the points on the line which are 13 units away from A.
Answer:
Slope of the line m = tan θ = \(\frac{5}{12}\)
sin θ = \(\frac{5}{13}\), cos θ = \(\frac{12}{13}\)

The parametric equation of the line passing through the point (1, 2) making angle θ with x – axis is

Any point on this line is

(1 + r cos θ, 2 + r sin θ) ……… (1)
where r is the distance of any point from A (1, 2) on the line.
To find the point which is 13 units away from A (1, 2) on the line.

Substitute r = ± 13, cos θ = \(\frac{12}{13}\), sin θ = \(\frac{5}{13}\) in equation (1)
Required point = \(\left(1 \pm 13\left(\frac{12}{13}\right), 2 \pm 13\left(\frac{5}{13}\right)\right)\)
= (1 ± 12, 2 ± 5)
= (1 + 12, 2 + 5)
= (1 + 12, 2 + 5) or (1 – 12, 2 – 5)
= (13, 7) or (- 11, – 3)

Question 12.
A 150 m long train is moving with a constant velocity of 12.5 m/s.
(i) The equation of motion of the train.
(ii) Time taken to cross a pole.
(iii) The time to cross the bridge of length 850m is?
Answer:
Length of the train = 150 m
Constant velocity of the train = 12.5 m/s

(i) The equation of motion of the train:
Take time in seconds along the x-axis and distance in meters along the y-axis.
Let the train be at the origin.
∴ Length of the train = 150 m is the negative y-intercept
b = -150
The slope of the motion of the train m = 12.5 m/s
The equation of the line with slope-intercept form is
y = mx + b
∴ y = 12.5x – 150
which is the required equation of motion of the train.

(ii) Time taken to cross a pole:
The equation of motion is y = 12.5 x – 150
To find the time taken to cross the pole, Put y = 0
0 = 12.5 x – 150 ⇒ 12.5 x = 150
⇒ x = \(\frac{150}{12.5}\) = 12 sec

(iii) The time taken to cross the bridge of length 850 m
The equation of motion is y = 12.5 x – 150
To find the time taken to cross the bridge of length 850 m, put y = 850
850 = 12.5 x – 150
12.5 x = 850 + 150 = 1000
x = \(\frac{1000}{12.5}=\frac{10000}{125}\) = 80 sec

Question 13.
A spring was hung from a hook in the ceiling. A number of different weights were attached to the spring to make it stretch, and the total length of the spring was measured each time shown in the following table.

(a) Draw a graph showing the results.
(b) Find the equation relating the length of the spring to the weight on it.
(c) What is the actual length of the spring?
(d) If the spring stretches to 9 cm long, how much weight should be added?
(e) How long will the spring be when 6 kilograms of weight on it?
Answer:
Choose the weight along the x-axis and Length along the y-axis.
(a)

(b) The points are(2, 3), (4, 4), (5, 4.5), (8, 6) The relation connecting weight and Length is the equation of the straight line joining the points (2, 3) and (4, 4)

x – 2 = 2(y – 3)
x – 2 = 2y – 6
x – 2y + 6 – 2 = 0
x – 2y + 4 = 0 —– (1)
which the required relation connecting weight and length.

(c) To find the actual length of the spring, put weight x = 0 in equation (1)
0 – 2y + 4 = 0 ⇒ 2y = 4 ⇒ y = 2
∴ The actual length of the spring is 2 cm.

(d) If the spring stretch to 9 cm long, To find the required weight, put y = 9, in equation (1)
(1) ⇒ x – 2 (9) + 4 = 0
x – 18 +4 = 0 ⇒ x = 14
Weight to be added is 14 kg.

(e) Next we find the length of the string when a weight of 6 kg is added.
Put x = 6 in equation (1)
6 – 2y + 4 = 0 ⇒ 2y = 10 ⇒ y = 5cm
∴ Required length is 5 cm.

Question 14.
A family is using Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) of weight 14.2 kg for consumption. (Full weight 29.5 kg includes the empty cylinders tare weight of 15.3 kg.). If it is used at a constant rate, then it lasts for 24 days. Then the new cylinder is replaced
(i) Find the equation relating the quantity of gas in the cylinder to the days,
(ii) Draw the graph for the first 96 days.
Answer:
(i) Find the equation relating the quantity of gas in the cylinder to the days.
Given Total weight of cylinder = 29.5 kg
Weight of the gas inside the cylinder = 14.2 kg
Let x denote the number of days of consumption of the gas, y denote the quantity of gas inside a cylinder.
Initially x = 0 then y = 14.2
The corresponding point is (0, 14.2)
The gas inside the cylinder lasts for 24 days
∴ When x = 24, we have y = 0
The corresponding point is (24, 0)
∴ The linear relation between the quantity of gas in the cylinder to the number of days of consumption is the equation of the line joining the points (0, 14.2 ) and (24, 0).

which is the required relation

(ii) Draw the graph for the first 96 days:
The relation connecting the quantity of gas to the number of days of consumption is
y = –\(\frac{71}{120}\)x + 14.2
Let f(x) = –\(\frac{71}{120}\) x + 14.2
Here f(x) is a periodic function of period 24
∴ f(x + 24) = f(x)
When x = 0
f(0) = –\(\frac{71}{120}\) × 0 + 14.2 ⇒ y = 14.2
The corresponding point is (0, 14.2)

When x = 24
f(24) = –\(\frac{71}{120}\) × 0 + 14.2 ⇒ y = 14.2
⇒ f(24) = –\(\frac{71}{5}\) + 14.2
= – 14.2 + 14.2 = 0 ⇒ y = 0
Corresponding point is (24 , 0)

When x = 48
f(48) = f(24 + 24 + 0) = f(24 + 0)
= f(o) = o
Corresponding point is (48, 0)

When x = 72
f(72) = f(24 + 24 + 24 + 0)
= f(24 + 24 + 0) = f(24 + 0)
= f(0) = 0
Corresponding point is (72, 0)
The required graph is

Question 15.
In the shopping mall, there is a hall of cuboid shape with dimension 800 x 800 x 720 units, which needs to be added the facility of an escalator in the path as shown by the dotted line in the figure. Find
(i) the minimum total length of the escalator
(ii) the height at which the escalator changes its direction
(iii) the slopes of the escalator at the turning points.
Answer:
Give the dimension of the cube = 800 × 800 × 720

(i) Minimum total length of the escalator:

The path of the escalator is
from OA to AB to BC to CD
OE = 800, EA = \(\frac{1}{4}\) × height of the building
EA = \(\frac{1}{4}\) × 720 = 180
Since there are four steps for the escalator
∴ OA² = OE² + EA²
= 800² + 180²
= (40 × 20)² + (9 × 20)²
= 40² × 20² + 92 × 20²
= 20² (40² + 9²)
= 20² ( 1600 + 81)
= 20² × 1681
OA² = 20² × 41²
OA = \(\sqrt{20^{2} \times 41^{2}}\) = 20 × 41 = 820
Since ∆OAE ≡ ∆ ABB’ ≡ ∆ BCC ≡ ∆ CDD’
We have OA = AB = BC = CD
Total length of the escalator
= OA + AB + BC + CD
= 820 + 820 + 820 + 820
= 4 × 820
= 3280
Minimum length of the escalator = 3280 units

(ii) Lengths at which the escalator changes its direction:
The heights at which the escalator changes its direction
First step EA = \(\frac{1}{4}\) × 720 = 180 unis
Second step FB = \(\frac{1}{2}\) × 720 = 360 units
Third step GC = \(\frac{1}{3}\) × 720 = 540 units

(iii) The slopes of the escalator at the turning points.
In the right angle ∆ OAE
OE = 800, EA = 180
Let ∠ AOE = θ
The slope of the escalator OE 180

∴ Slope at each turning points is \(\frac{9}{40}\)